Research classified by Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) codes

2011

• Helena Holmlund & Mikael Lindahl & Erik Plug, 2011, "The Causal Effect of Parents' Schooling on Children's Schooling: A Comparison of Estimation Methods," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, volume 49, issue 3, pages 615-651, September.
• Philip Oreopoulos & Kjell G. Salvanes, 2011, "Priceless: The Nonpecuniary Benefits of Schooling," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, volume 25, issue 1, pages 159-184, Winter.
• Antonio Caparrós Ruiz (ed.), 2011, "Investigaciones de Economía de la Educación," E-books Investigaciones de Economía de la Educación, Asociación de Economía de la Educación, number 06, edition 1, ISBN: ARRAY(0xa35c1438), June.
• Ángel Torrico González & Rafael Caballero Fernández & Teodoro Galache Laza & Trinidad Gómez Núñez & Fátima Pérez García & Carlos Rivas Sánchez & José Sánchez Maldonado & Pedro Avellaneda Berteli, 2011, "Aproximación a la eficiencia de las unidades funcionales de la rama de Ciencias Sociales y Jurídicas del sistema universitario andaluz," Investigaciones de Economía de la Educación volume 6, Asociación de Economía de la Educación, chapter 1, in: Antonio Caparrós Ruiz, "Investigaciones de Economía de la Educación 6".
• José Manuel Cordero Ferrera & Eva Crespo Cebada & Francisco Pedraja & Rosa Simancas Rodríguez, 2011, "El rendimiento educativo y sus determinantes según PISA: Una revisión de la literatura en España," Investigaciones de Economía de la Educación volume 6, Asociación de Economía de la Educación, chapter 2, in: Antonio Caparrós Ruiz, "Investigaciones de Economía de la Educación 6".
• José Manuel Cordero Ferrera & César Manchón López & Mª Ángeles García Valiñas, 2011, "Los resultados educativos españoles en PISA 2009 y sus condicionantes," Investigaciones de Economía de la Educación volume 6, Asociación de Economía de la Educación, chapter 4, in: Antonio Caparrós Ruiz, "Investigaciones de Economía de la Educación 6".
• Héctor R. Gertel & Roberto F. Giuliodori & Santiago Gastelu & María Luz Vera, 2011, "Beyond Results: What Makes the Difference Between Argentina, Chile and Mexico in PISA 2009?," Investigaciones de Economía de la Educación volume 6, Asociación de Economía de la Educación, chapter 5, in: Antonio Caparrós Ruiz, "Investigaciones de Economía de la Educación 6".
• Diego Dueñas Fernández & Carlos Iglesias Fernández & Raquel Llorente Heras, 2011, "La gestión del tiempo de ocio y estudio por parte de los jóvenes: ¿cómo afectan las nuevas tecnologías?," Investigaciones de Economía de la Educación volume 6, Asociación de Economía de la Educación, chapter 6, in: Antonio Caparrós Ruiz, "Investigaciones de Economía de la Educación 6".
• Álvaro Choi de Mendizábal & Jorge Calero Martínez & Oriol Escardíbul Ferrà, 2011, "Hell to touch the sky? Private tutoring and academic achievement in Korea," Investigaciones de Economía de la Educación volume 6, Asociación de Economía de la Educación, chapter 7, in: Antonio Caparrós Ruiz, "Investigaciones de Economía de la Educación 6".
• Natalia Soledad Kruger, 2011, "La segmentación educativa en Argentina: exploración empírica en base a PISA 2009," Investigaciones de Economía de la Educación volume 6, Asociación de Economía de la Educación, chapter 8, in: Antonio Caparrós Ruiz, "Investigaciones de Economía de la Educación 6".
• José Luis Albanchez Blanco & José Luis Iranzo Acosta, 2011, "Estimación del diferencial de conflictividad escolar entre los alumnos de educación secundaria obligatoria y no obligatoria," Investigaciones de Economía de la Educación volume 6, Asociación de Economía de la Educación, chapter 9, in: Antonio Caparrós Ruiz, "Investigaciones de Economía de la Educación 6".
• Sandra Nieto Viramontes & Raul Ramos Lobo, 2011, "¿La sobreeducación de los padres afecta al rendimiento académico de sus hijos?," Investigaciones de Economía de la Educación volume 6, Asociación de Economía de la Educación, chapter 11, in: Antonio Caparrós Ruiz, "Investigaciones de Economía de la Educación 6".
• Eva Crespo Cebada & Daniel Santín González & Francisco Pedraja Chaparro, 2011, "Publicly finance schools productivity comparison for Basque Country through a new Educational Malmquist index approach," Investigaciones de Economía de la Educación volume 6, Asociación de Economía de la Educación, chapter 13, in: Antonio Caparrós Ruiz, "Investigaciones de Economía de la Educación 6".
• Carlos Díaz Caro & Daniel Santín González, 2011, "Efectos de una reasignación del porcentaje de inmigrantes en el bienestar social educativo," Investigaciones de Economía de la Educación volume 6, Asociación de Economía de la Educación, chapter 14, in: Antonio Caparrós Ruiz, "Investigaciones de Economía de la Educación 6".
• Javier Valbuena, 2011, "Family background, gender and cohort effects on schooling decisions," Investigaciones de Economía de la Educación volume 6, Asociación de Economía de la Educación, chapter 15, in: Antonio Caparrós Ruiz, "Investigaciones de Economía de la Educación 6".
• Alberto Vaquero García, 2011, "El abandono escolar temprano en España ¿Es posible su reducción?," Investigaciones de Economía de la Educación volume 6, Asociación de Economía de la Educación, chapter 16, in: Antonio Caparrós Ruiz, "Investigaciones de Economía de la Educación 6".
• Cristina Vilaplana Prieto, 2011, "Bullying and absenteeism among children with special needs," Investigaciones de Economía de la Educación volume 6, Asociación de Economía de la Educación, chapter 17, in: Antonio Caparrós Ruiz, "Investigaciones de Economía de la Educación 6".
• Susana Morales Sequera & Carmen Pérez-Esparrells, 2011, "El fracaso escolar en la educación secundaria: Factores que explican las diferencias regionales," Investigaciones de Economía de la Educación volume 6, Asociación de Economía de la Educación, chapter 19, in: Antonio Caparrós Ruiz, "Investigaciones de Economía de la Educación 6".
• Rossana Patron & Marcel Vaillant, 2011, "Public expenditure on education and skill formation: are there simple rules to maximise skills?," Investigaciones de Economía de la Educación volume 6, Asociación de Economía de la Educación, chapter 23, in: Antonio Caparrós Ruiz, "Investigaciones de Economía de la Educación 6".
• Vìctor Salas Opazo, 2011, "Estructura, diferenciación y convergencia de los aranceles universitarios en Chile, 1999 a 2009," Investigaciones de Economía de la Educación volume 6, Asociación de Economía de la Educación, chapter 24, in: Antonio Caparrós Ruiz, "Investigaciones de Economía de la Educación 6".
• Santos Lopez Leyva & Rosario Alonso Bajo & José Mateo Bastidas Morales, 2011, "Universidades de clase mundial e indicadores de competitividad económica de los países," Investigaciones de Economía de la Educación volume 6, Asociación de Economía de la Educación, chapter 26, in: Antonio Caparrós Ruiz, "Investigaciones de Economía de la Educación 6".
• Mikolaj Herbst & Jakub Rok, 2011, "Equity of access to higher education in the transforming economy. Evidence from Poland," Investigaciones de Economía de la Educación volume 6, Asociación de Economía de la Educación, chapter 29, in: Antonio Caparrós Ruiz, "Investigaciones de Economía de la Educación 6".
• Piergiacomo Sibiano & Tommaso Agasisti, 2011, "Efficiency of public spending in education: A challenge among Italian regions," Investigaciones de Economía de la Educación volume 6, Asociación de Economía de la Educación, chapter 31, in: Antonio Caparrós Ruiz, "Investigaciones de Economía de la Educación 6".
• Caroline Rizza & Celeste Amorim Varum, 2011, "Directions in entrepreneurship education (EE) in Europe," Investigaciones de Economía de la Educación volume 6, Asociación de Economía de la Educación, chapter 32, in: Antonio Caparrós Ruiz, "Investigaciones de Economía de la Educación 6".
• Carlos Iglesias Fernández & Raquel Llorente Heras & Diego Dueñas Fernández, 2011, "La movilidad international de los doctores españoles: ¿cuáles son sus determinantes?," Investigaciones de Economía de la Educación volume 6, Asociación de Economía de la Educación, chapter 37, in: Antonio Caparrós Ruiz, "Investigaciones de Economía de la Educación 6".
• José Manuel Pastor Monsálvez & Lorenzo Serrano Martínez & Francisco Pérez García & Ángel Soler Guillén & Irene Zaera Cuadrado & Laura Hernández Lahiguera, 2011, "La formación continua: Ornamento en la prosperidad y refugio en la adversidad," Investigaciones de Economía de la Educación volume 6, Asociación de Economía de la Educación, chapter 47, in: Antonio Caparrós Ruiz, "Investigaciones de Economía de la Educación 6".
• Isabel Neira Gómez & Marta Portela, 2011, "Determinantes del capital social," Investigaciones de Economía de la Educación volume 6, Asociación de Economía de la Educación, chapter 60, in: Antonio Caparrós Ruiz, "Investigaciones de Economía de la Educación 6".
• Jiradate Thasayaphan, 2011, "School-based Management Framework and Education Efficiency," Applied Economics Journal, Kasetsart University, Faculty of Economics, Center for Applied Economic Research, volume 18, issue 2, pages 1-16, December.
• Friedhelm Pfeiffer & Ruben R. Seiberlich, 2011, "Disconnected Young Adults in Germany: Initial Evidence," Schmollers Jahrbuch : Journal of Applied Social Science Studies / Zeitschrift für Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin, volume 131, issue 2, pages 253-262, DOI: 10.3790/schm.131.2.253.
• Katja Coneus & Johannes Gernandt & Marianne Saam, 2011, "Noncognitive Skills, School Achievements and Educational Dropout," Schmollers Jahrbuch : Journal of Applied Social Science Studies / Zeitschrift für Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin, volume 131, issue 4, pages 547-568, DOI: 10.3790/schm.131.4.547.
• Lutz Bellmann & Christian Hohendanner & Reinhard Hujer, 2011, "Regional Determinants of Employer-Provided Further Training," Schmollers Jahrbuch : Journal of Applied Social Science Studies / Zeitschrift für Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin, volume 131, issue 4, pages 581-598, DOI: 10.3790/schm.131.4.581.
• Alka Obadić & Aleksander Aristovnik, 2011, "Relative efficiency of higher education in Croatia and Slovenia: an international comparison," The AMFITEATRU ECONOMIC journal, Academy of Economic Studies - Bucharest, Romania, volume 13, issue 30, pages 362-376, June.
• Paul Pocatilu & Cristian Ciurea, 2011, "Modern Solutions For Economic Higher Education In The Knowledge-Based Society," The AMFITEATRU ECONOMIC journal, Academy of Economic Studies - Bucharest, Romania, volume 13, issue 30, pages 497-511, June.
• Anca Gabriela Ilie & Mihaela Maftei & Oana Antonia Colibasanu, 2011, "Sustainable Success in Higher Education by Sharing the Best Practices as a Result of Benchmarking Process," The AMFITEATRU ECONOMIC journal, Academy of Economic Studies - Bucharest, Romania, volume 13, issue Special N, pages 688-697, November.
• Lavy, Victor & Schlosser, Analia, 2011, "Mechanisms and Impacts of Gender Peer Effects at School," Foerder Institute for Economic Research Working Papers, Tel-Aviv University > Foerder Institute for Economic Research, number 275745, DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.275745.
• Amarante, Véronica & Ferrando, Mery & Vigorito, Andrea, 2011, "School Attendance, Child Labor and Cash Transfer: An impact evaluation of PANES," PEP Policy Briefs, Partnership for Economic Policy (PEP), number 164618, Nov, DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.164618.
• Gius, Mark P., 2011, "The Effects of Participation in High School Athletics and the National Honor Society on Future Earnings," Review of Applied Economics, Lincoln University, Department of Financial and Business Systems, volume 7, issue 01-2, pages 1-12, April, DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.143425.
• Gardner, Justin G., 2011, "The Killer Course Hypothesis," 2011 Annual Meeting, February 5-8, 2011, Corpus Christi, Texas, Southern Agricultural Economics Association, number 98798, DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.98798.
• Malik Fahim BASHIR & Muhammad Mazhar IQBAL & Khalid ZAMAN, 2011, "Estimating Private Rate Of Retun On Higher Education In Pakistan," Review of Economic and Business Studies, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, issue 7, pages 179-197, May.
• Marta-Christina SUCIU & Remus Marian AVRAM & Emanuela Maria AVRAM & Raluca EFTIMIE, 2011, "The Potential Of The Investment In Education In Creating Socio-Economic Development In The New Economy And The Knowledge-Based Society," Review of Economic and Business Studies, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, issue 7, pages 255-264, May.
• Ildikó Hrubos, 2011, "The Changing Role of Universities in our Society," Society and Economy, Akadémiai Kiadó, Hungary, volume 33, issue 2, pages 347-360, August.
• Juan Ignacio Zoloa, 2011, "Los Cambios en la Distribución del Ingreso de Argentina entre 1998 Y 2005: Un Análisis de Microdescomposiciones Utilizando Información de Paneles," IIE, Working Papers, IIE, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, number 086, Jun.
• Claudia PIGINI, 2011, "The Determinants of University Students Success: a Bivariate Latent Variable Model," Working Papers, Universita' Politecnica delle Marche (I), Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche e Sociali, number 354, Jan.
• Bulent Kirmizi, 2011, "Teaching Abilities Of German Teacher Candidates," Anadolu University Journal of Social Sciences, Anadolu University, volume 11, issue 2, pages 193-206, May.
• Luiz Guilherme Scorzafave & Rodrigo Araujo Ferreira, 2011, "Desigualdade de Proficiência no Ensino Fundamental Público Brasileiro: Uma Análise de Decomposição," Economia, ANPEC - Associação Nacional dos Centros de Pós-Graduação em Economia [Brazilian Association of Graduate Programs in Economics], volume 12, issue 2, pages 337-359.
• Roberto Manolio Valladão Flores & Luiz GuilhermeDácar da Silva Scorzafave, 2011, "Uma análisedos efeitos da segregação racial sobre aproficiência dos alunos do ensino fundamental brasileiro," Anais do XXXVII Encontro Nacional de Economia [Proceedings of the 37th Brazilian Economics Meeting], ANPEC - Associação Nacional dos Centros de Pós-Graduação em Economia [Brazilian Association of Graduate Programs in Economics], number 201.
• Miguel Nathan Foguel & Fernando Veloso, 2011, "Inequality Of Opportunity Of Daycare Andpreschool Services In Brazil," Anais do XXXVIII Encontro Nacional de Economia [Proceedings of the 38th Brazilian Economics Meeting], ANPEC - Associação Nacional dos Centros de Pós-Graduação em Economia [Brazilian Association of Graduate Programs in Economics], number 129.
• María Marta Coria, 2011, "Eficiencia técnica de las universidades argentinas de gestión estatal," Ensayos de Política Económica, Departamento de Investigación Francisco Valsecchi, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina., volume 1, issue 5, pages 44-64, Octubre.
• Silvia Montoya, 2011, "Neighborhoods attributes as determinants of children´s academic achievement," Ensayos de Política Económica, Departamento de Investigación Francisco Valsecchi, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina., volume 1, issue 5, pages 7-43, Octubre.
• Angel de la Fuente & María Gundín, 2011, "Indicadores de desempeño educativo regional: metodología y resultados para los cursos 2005-06 a 2007-08," UFAE and IAE Working Papers, Unitat de Fonaments de l'Anàlisi Econòmica (UAB) and Institut d'Anàlisi Econòmica (CSIC), number 882.11, Sep.
• Facundo Albornoz & Antonio Cabrales & Esther Hauk, 2011, "Immigration and the School System," UFAE and IAE Working Papers, Unitat de Fonaments de l'Anàlisi Econòmica (UAB) and Institut d'Anàlisi Econòmica (CSIC), number 888.11, Nov.
• David Kiss, 2011, "Are Immigrants and Girls Graded Worse? Results of a Matching Approach," Working Papers, Bavarian Graduate Program in Economics (BGPE), number 099, May.
• Angel De la Fuente & Maria Gundin, 2011, "Indicadores de desempeno educativo regional: metodologia y resultados para los cursos 2005-06 a 2007-08," Working Papers, BBVA Bank, Economic Research Department, number 1129, Sep.
• Juan Ramon Garcia, 2011, "Desempleo juvenil en Espana. Causas y soluciones," Working Papers, BBVA Bank, Economic Research Department, number 1130, Sep.
• Juan Ramon Garcia, 2011, "Youth unemployment in Spain: causes and solutions," Working Papers, BBVA Bank, Economic Research Department, number 1131, Sep.
• Paolo Sestito & Marco Tonello, 2011, "Quality differentials in Italian Universities' freshmen: the case of Medical and Dental Surgery schools," Questioni di Economia e Finanza (Occasional Papers), Bank of Italy, Economic Research and International Relations Area, number 90, Apr.
• Morales-Ramos Eduardo, 2011, "The returns to education in Mexico," Working Papers, Banco de México, number 2011-07, Sep.
• Leonardo Bonilla Mejía, 2011, "Doble jornada escolar y calidad de la educación en Colombia," Documentos de trabajo sobre Economía Regional y Urbana, Banco de la Republica de Colombia, number 143, Apr, DOI: 10.32468/dtseru.143.
• Luis Armando Galvis & Leonardo Bonilla Mejía, 2011, "Desigualdades en la distribución del nivel educativo de los docentes en Colombia," Documentos de trabajo sobre Economía Regional y Urbana, Banco de la Republica de Colombia, number 151, Aug, DOI: 10.32468/dtseru.151.
• Juan D. Baron & Leonardo Bonilla, 2011, "La calidad de los maestros en Colombia: Desempeño en el examen de Estado del ICFES y la probabilidad de graduarse en el área de educación," Documentos de trabajo sobre Economía Regional y Urbana, Banco de la Republica de Colombia, number 152, Aug, DOI: 10.32468/dtseru.152.
• Leonardo Bonilla Mejía & Luis Armando Galvis, 2011, "Profesionalización docente y la calidad de la educación escolar en Colombia," Documentos de trabajo sobre Economía Regional y Urbana, Banco de la Republica de Colombia, number 154, Sep, DOI: 10.32468/dtseru.154.
• Facundo Albornoz & Antonio Cabrales & Esther Hauk, 2015, "Immigration and the School System," Working Papers, Barcelona School of Economics, number 590, Sep.
• Torberg Falch & Sofia Sandgren Massih, 2011, "The Effect Of Education On Cognitive Ability," Economic Inquiry, Western Economic Association International, volume 49, issue 3, pages 838-856, July.
• Eleonora Patacchini & Yves Zenou, 2011, "Neighborhood Effects And Parental Involvement In The Intergenerational Transmission Of Education," Journal of Regional Science, Wiley Blackwell, volume 51, issue 5, pages 987-1013, December, DOI: j.1467-9787.2011.00722.x.
• Maria De Paola & Vincenzo Scoppa, 2011, "The Effects Of Class Size On The Achievement Of College Students," Manchester School, University of Manchester, volume 79, issue 6, pages 1061-1079, December, DOI: j.1467-9957.2010.02208.x.
• A. Tampieri, 2011, "Meeting at School. Assortative Matching in Partnerships and Over-Education," Working Papers, Dipartimento Scienze Economiche, Universita' di Bologna, number wp726, Jan.
• A. Tampieri, 2011, "Sex and the Uni: How Assortative Matching Affects Graduate Earnings," Working Papers, Dipartimento Scienze Economiche, Universita' di Bologna, number wp748, May.
• A. Tampieri, 2011, "Social Background Effects on School and Job Opportunities," Working Papers, Dipartimento Scienze Economiche, Universita' di Bologna, number wp779, Sep.
• G. Brunello & M. Fort & N. Schneeweis & R. Winter-Ebmer, 2011, "The Causal Effect of Education on Health: What is the Role of Health Behaviors?," Working Papers, Dipartimento Scienze Economiche, Universita' di Bologna, number wp788, Sep.
• A. Tampieri, 2011, "Students' Social Origins and Targeted Grade Inflation," Working Papers, Dipartimento Scienze Economiche, Universita' di Bologna, number wp801, Dec.
• M. Daniele Paserman & Victor Lavy & Analia Schlosser, 2011, "“Inside the Black Box of Ability Peer Effects: Evidence from Variation in the Proportion of Low Achievers in the Classroom”," Boston University - Department of Economics - Working Papers Series, Boston University - Department of Economics, number WP2011-044, Jan.
• Riccardo Leoni, 2011, "Employability of graduates and development of competencies: mind the gap and mind the step! Empirical evidence for Italy," Working Papers (-2012), University of Bergamo, Department of Economics, number 1101.
• Matt Dickson & Sarah Smith, 2011, "What determines the return to education: An extra year or hurdle cleared?," The Centre for Market and Public Organisation, The Centre for Market and Public Organisation, University of Bristol, UK, number 11/256, Feb.
• Karin Monstad & Carol Propper & Kjell G. Salvanes, 2011, "Is teenage motherhood contagious? Evidence from a Natural Experiment," The Centre for Market and Public Organisation, The Centre for Market and Public Organisation, University of Bristol, UK, number 11/262, Jul.
• David Johnston & Carol Propper & Stephen Pudney & Michael Shields, 2011, "Child Mental Health and Educational Attainment: Multiple Observers and the Measurement Error Problem," The Centre for Market and Public Organisation, The Centre for Market and Public Organisation, University of Bristol, UK, number 11/264, Jul.
• Radu Oprea & Ancuta Daniela Sarpe & Cristi Dumitru, 2011, "Entrepreneurship In Times Of Economic And Financial Crises, Methods Of Adaptation And Survival," Manager Journal, Faculty of Business and Administration, University of Bucharest, volume 14, issue 1, pages 212-226, December.
• Seema S. Shenoy & Dr.A.H.Sequeira & Dr. Devaraj K, 2011, "A New Paradigm For Indian Supermarket Retailers Based On Customer-Centric Strategic Approach," Manager Journal, Faculty of Business and Administration, University of Bucharest, volume 14, issue 1, pages 238-248, December.
• Ioan Moldovan & Maria Moldovan & Alexandra Nistor Lung, 2011, "Evolution of participation of the adult Romanian population to professional education and training in Romania,in comparison with the European Union," Manager Journal, Faculty of Business and Administration, University of Bucharest, volume 14, issue 1, pages 85-93, December.
• Anna Makles & Kerstin Schneider, 2011, "Segregation in primary schools - Do school districts really matter? Evidence from policy reforms," Schumpeter Discussion Papers, Universitätsbibliothek Wuppertal, University Library, number sdp11003, Mar.
• John Richards, 2011, "School Dropouts: Who Are They and What Can Be Done?," e-briefs, C.D. Howe Institute, number 109, Jan.
• Rothstein, Jesse & Wozny, Nathan, 2011, "Permanent Income and the Black-White Test Score Gap," Department of Economics, Working Paper Series, Department of Economics, Institute for Business and Economic Research, UC Berkeley, number qt86k5x83k, Mar.
• Rothstein, Jesse & Wozny, Nathan, 2011, "Permanent Income and the Black-White Test Score Gap," Institute for Research on Labor and Employment, Working Paper Series, Institute of Industrial Relations, UC Berkeley, number qt86k5x83k, Mar.
• Stephen Machin & James Vernoit, 2011, "Changing School Autonomy: Academy Schools and their Introduction to England's Education," CEE Discussion Papers, Centre for the Economics of Education, LSE, number 0123, Apr.
• Claire Crawford & Elena Meschi & Anna Vignoles, 2011, "Post-16 Educational Choices and Institutional Value Added at Key Stage 5," CEE Discussion Papers, Centre for the Economics of Education, LSE, number 0124, Apr.
• Joan Wilson, 2011, "Are England’s Academies More Inclusive or More ‘Exclusive’? The Impact of Institutional Change on the Pupil Profile of Schools," CEE Discussion Papers, Centre for the Economics of Education, LSE, number 0125, May.
• Lorraine Dearden & Emla Fitzsimons & Gill Wyness, 2011, "The Impact of Tuition Fees and Support on University Participation in the UK," CEE Discussion Papers, Centre for the Economics of Education, LSE, number 0126, Jul.
• Stephen Gibbons & Sandra McNally & Martina Viarengo, 2011, "Does Additional Spending Help Urban Schools? An Evaluation Using Boundary Discontinuities," CEE Discussion Papers, Centre for the Economics of Education, LSE, number 0128, Sep.
• Yona Rubinstein & Sheetal Sekhri, 2011, "Do Public Colleges in Developing Countries Provide Better Education than Private ones? Evidence from General Education Sector in India," CEE Discussion Papers, Centre for the Economics of Education, LSE, number 0130, Dec.
• Amparo Castelló-Climent & Ana Hidalgo-Cabrillana, 2011, "The Role of Educational Quality and Quantity in the Process of Economic Development," CEP Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE, number dp1087, Nov.
• Stephen Gibbons & Sandra McNally & Martina Viarengo, 2011, "Does Additional Spending Help Urban Schools? An Evaluation Using Boundary Discontinuities," SERC Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE, number 0090, Aug.
• Sara Cools & Jon H. Fiva & Lars J. Kirkebøen, 2011, "Causal Effects of Paternity Leave on Children and Parents," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 3513.
• Guido Schwerdt & Martin R. West, 2011, "The Impact of Alternative Grade Configurations on Student Outcomes through Middle and High School," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 3530.
• Philipp Mandel & Bernd Süssmuth, 2011, "Total Instructional Time Exposure and Student Achievement: An Extreme Bounds Analysis Based on German State-Level Variation," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 3580.
• Gerald Eisenkopf & Zohal Hessami & Urs Fischbacher & Heinrich Ursprung, 2011, "Academic Performance and Single-Sex Schooling: Evidence from a Natural Experiment in Switzerland," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 3592.
• Elke Lüdemann, 2011, "Schooling and the Formation of Cognitive and Non-cognitive Outcomes," ifo Beiträge zur Wirtschaftsforschung, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, number 39, October.
• Marc Piopiunik, 2011, "Microeconometric Analyses of Education Production in Germany," ifo Beiträge zur Wirtschaftsforschung, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, number 40, October.
• Regina T. Riphahn & Parvati Trübswetter, 2011, "Die Veränderung der Bildungsmobilität in Ost- und Westdeutschland nach der Wiedervereinigung," ifo Dresden berichtet, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, volume 18, issue 06, pages 7-13, December.
• Stefan Arent & Wolfgang Nagl & Joachim Ragnitz, 2011, "Einkommensentwicklung im Freistaat Sachsen," ifo Dresden Studien, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, number 61, February.
• Mario Larch & Gernot Nerb & Rigmar Osterkamp, 2007, "Foreign trade business development and export trends in Bavaria," ifo Forschungsberichte, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, number 39.
• Hans Schedl & Kai Sülzle & Andreas Kuhlmann, 2007, "Sector-specific regulation: transitory or ad infinitum? An international status report on regulatory institutions," ifo Forschungsberichte, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, number 40.
• Ludger Wößmann, 2011, "Die Bedeutung von Bildung für die Wirtschaftsentwicklung: Eine neue wirtschaftshistorische Forschungsagenda anhand preußischer Kreisdaten, Teil 2," ifo Schnelldienst, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, volume 64, issue 01, pages 41-47, January.
• Mariya Aleksynska & Ahmed Tritah, 2011, "Occupation-Education Mismatch of Immigrant Workers in Europe: Context and Policies," Working Papers, CEPII research center, number 2011-16, Jul.
• Michela Ponzo & Vincenzo Scoppa, 2011, "The Long-Lasting Effects Of School Entry Age: Evidence From Italian Students," Working Papers, Università della Calabria, Dipartimento di Economia, Statistica e Finanza "Giovanni Anania" - DESF, number 201101, Jan.
• Maria De Paola & Francesca Gioia, 2011, "Risk Aversion And Major Choice: Evidence From Italian Students," Working Papers, Università della Calabria, Dipartimento di Economia, Statistica e Finanza "Giovanni Anania" - DESF, number 201107, Jul.
• Maria De Paola & Vincenzo Scoppa, 2011, "The Effectiveness Of Remedial Courses In Italy: A Fuzzy Regression Discontinuity Design," Working Papers, Università della Calabria, Dipartimento di Economia, Statistica e Finanza "Giovanni Anania" - DESF, number 201114, Nov.
• B. Cesi & D. Paolini, 2011, "University choice, peer group and distance," Working Paper CRENoS, Centre for North South Economic Research, University of Cagliari and Sassari, Sardinia, number 201101.
• Leonardo Bonilla Mejía, 2011, "Doble jornada escolar y calidad de la educación en Colombia," Documentos de Trabajo Sobre Economía Regional y Urbana, Banco de la República, Economía Regional, number 8352, Apr, DOI: 10.32468/dtseru.143.
• Luis Armando Galvis & Leonardo Bonilla Mej�a, 2011, "Las desigualdades en la distribución del nivel educativo de los docentes en Colombia," Documentos de Trabajo Sobre Economía Regional y Urbana, Banco de la República, Economía Regional, number 8918, Aug, DOI: 10.32468/dtseru.151.
• Juan D. Barón & Leonardo Bonilla Mej�a, 2011, "La calidad de los maestros en Colombia: Desempeno en el examen de Estado del ICFES y la probabilidad de graduarse en el área de educación," Documentos de Trabajo Sobre Economía Regional y Urbana, Banco de la República, Economía Regional, number 8944, Sep, DOI: 10.32468/dtseru.152.
• Leonardo Bonilla Mejía & Luis Armando Galvis, 2011, "Profesionalización docente y la calidad de la educación escolar en Colombia," Documentos de Trabajo Sobre Economía Regional y Urbana, Banco de la República, Economía Regional, number 9005, Sep, DOI: 10.32468/dtseru.154.
• Theodore Breton, 2011, "Were Mankiw, Romer, and Weil Right? A reconciliation of the Micro and Macro Effects of Schooling on Income," Documentos de Trabajo de Valor Público, Universidad EAFIT, number 10601, Oct.
• Theodore Breton, 2011, "Does investment in schooling raise national income? Evidence from cross-country studies," Documentos de Trabajo de Valor Público, Universidad EAFIT, number 10605, Jun.
• Andrés Ramirez Hassan & Luis Guillermo Vélez Álvarez & Liz Jeanneth Londono Sierra & Yudy Elena Giraldo Pérez- Daniel Londono Cano, 2011, "Regulación y bienestar económico: evaluación de la regulación de servicios públicos domiciliarios de acueducto y electricidad en Colombia," Documentos de Trabajo de Valor Público, Universidad EAFIT, number 10606, May.
• Andrés Ramirez Hassan & Daniel Londono Cano & Edwar Londono Zapata, 2011, "Un sistema casi ideal de demanda para el gasto en Colombia: una estimación utilizando el método generalizado de los momentos en el periodo 1968-2007," Documentos de Trabajo de Valor Público, Universidad EAFIT, number 10607, May.
• Sandra Milena Chica Gómez & Diana Maritza Galvis Gutiérrez & Andrés Ramírez Hassan, 2011, "Determinantes del rendimiento académico en Colombia: pruebas ICFES Saber 11º, 2009," Documentos de Trabajo de Valor Público, Universidad EAFIT, number 10609, Apr.
• Theodore R. Breton, 2011, "The Quality vs. the Quantity of Schooling: What Drives Economic Growth?," Documentos de Trabajo de Valor Público, Universidad EAFIT, number 11829, Jan.
• Pablo César Manyoma Velásquez & Juan Pablo Orejuela Cabrera & Cristiam Andr�s Gil Conz�lez, 2011, "Methodology to determine the installed capacity of an academic program," Estudios Gerenciales, Universidad Icesi.
• Daniel Alberto Álvarez Watson & Henry Orlando Bola�os Burbano & Francisco Orlando Vel�squez V�squez, 2011, "Institución Educativa Técnico Industrial Pedro Antonio Molina: eje de desarrollo y bienestar para la comunidad," Estudios Gerenciales, Universidad Icesi.
• Alma Espino, 2011, "Evaluación de los desajustes entre oferta y demanda laboral por calificaciones en el mercado laboral de Uruguay," Revista de Economía del Rosario, Universidad del Rosario.
• Carlos Hernán Isáziga, 2011, "Tendencias Curriculares En La Educación Superior," Revista de Economía y Administración, Universidad Autónoma de Occidente.
• Gustavo Adolfo Hernández, 2011, "¿Cuán rentable es la educación superior en Colombia?," Revista Lecturas de Economía, Universidad de Antioquia, CIE.
• Karina Acevedo González & Ra�l Quejada P�rez & Martha Y�nez Contreras, 2011, "Determinantes y consecuencias del trabajo infantil: un análisis de la literatura," Revista Facultad de Ciencias Económicas, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada.
• Jhorland Ayala Garcia & Shirly Marrugo Llorente & Bernardo Saray Ricardo, 2011, "Antecedentes familiares y rendimiento académico en los colegios oficiales de Cartagena," Revista Economía y Región, Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar, volume 5, issue 2, pages 43-85.
• Leonardo Gasparini & Guillero Cruces & Leopoldo Tornarolli, 2011, "Recent Trends In Income Inequality In Latin America," Economía Journal, The Latin American and Caribbean Economic Association - LACEA, volume 0, issue Spring 20, pages 147-201.
• Andrés Fernando Jola S., 2011, "Determinantes de la calidad de la educación media en Colombia: un análisis de los resultados PISA 2006 y del plan sectorial "Revolución Educativa"," Coyuntura Económica, Fedesarrollo.
• Leonardo Bonilla M., 2011, "Doble jornada escolar y calidad de la educación en Colombia," Coyuntura Económica, Fedesarrollo.
• Luis Guillermo Vélez Á., 2011, "La reforma de la Ley 30: ganadores y perdedores," Coyuntura Económica, Fedesarrollo.
• Daniel Londono Cano & Edwar Londono Zapata & Andrés Ramirez Hassan, 2011, "Un sistema casi ideal de demanda para el gasto en Colombia: Una estimación utilizando el método generalizado de los momentos en el período 1968-2007," Revista Ecos de Economía, Universidad EAFIT.
• Theodore Richard Breton, 2011, "Does Investment in Schooling Raise National Income? Evidence from Cross-Country Studies," Revista Ecos de Economía, Universidad EAFIT.
• Juan Carlos Duque & Raúl Ramos & Vicente Royuela, 2011, "Research networks and scientific production in Economics: The recent Spanish Experience," Revista Ecos de Economía, Universidad EAFIT.
• Romina Lucanera & Germán González, 2011, "Internacionalización del proceso productivo: una resena sobre la literatura especializada," Revista Ecos de Economía, Universidad EAFIT.
• Fabio Enrique Gómez Meneses & Mar�a Alexandra Z�rate Camelo, 2011, "Gasto público en educación frente al comportamiento de los principales agregados económicos en Latinoamérica," Revista Finanzas y Politica Economica, Universidad Católica de Colombia, volume 3, issue 1, pages 27-38.
• Nelson Torres Vega, 2011, "Desplazamiento forzado y enfoque diferencial una posibilidad de intervención / Acción en ámbitos de exclusión," Revista Tendencias, Universidad de Narino, volume 12, issue 2, pages 106-122.
• Zenou, Yves & Patacchini, Eleonora & Rainone, Edoardo, 2011, "Dynamic Aspects of Teenage Friendships and Educational Attainment," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 8223, Feb.
• Gould, Eric & Simhon, Avi, 2011, "Does Quality Time Produce Quality Children? Evidence on the Intergenerational Transmission of Human Capital using Parental Deat," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 8258, Feb.
• Oosterbeek, Hessel & Leuven, Edwin & de Haan, Monique, 2011, "Scale economies can offset the benefits of competition: Evidence from a school consolidation reform in a universal voucher syst," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 8272, Feb.
• Auriol, Emmanuelle & Demonsant, Jean-Luc, 2011, "Education and Migration Choices in Hierarchical Societies: The Case of Matam, Senegal," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 8311, Apr.
• Salvanes, Kjell G & Propper, Carol & Monstad, Karin, 2011, "Is teenage motherhood contagious? Evidence from a Natural Experiment," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 8505, Aug.
• Toivanen, Otto & Väänänen, Lotta, 2011, "Education and Invention," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 8537, Aug.
• Steiner, Viktor & Glocker, Daniela, 2011, "Returns to Education across Europe," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 8568, Sep.
• Hauk, Esther & Albornoz-Crespo, Facundo, 2011, "Immigration and the School System," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 8653, Nov.
• Brunello, Giorgio & Winter-Ebmer, Rudolf & Schneeweis, Nicole & Fort, Margherita, 2011, "The Causal Effect of Education on Health: What is the Role of Health Behaviors?," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 8707, Dec.
• van Ours, Jan C. & Ohinata, Asako, 2011, "How immigrant children affect the academic achievement of native Dutch children," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 8718, Dec.
• Philipp C. Bauer & Christoph A. Schaltegger, 2011, "Income Equality, School Performance and Educational Mobility," CREMA Working Paper Series, Center for Research in Economics, Management and the Arts (CREMA), number 2011-03, Feb.
• Mehtabul Azam & Geeta Kingdon, 2011, "Are girls the fairer sex in India? Revisiting intra-household allocation of education expenditure," CSAE Working Paper Series, Centre for the Study of African Economies, University of Oxford, number 2011-10.
• Massimiliano Bratti & Mariapia Mendola, 2011, "Parental Health and Child Schooling," Development Working Papers, Centro Studi Luca d'Agliano, University of Milano, number 318, Oct, revised 17 Oct 2011.
• Anna de Paoli, 2011, "Education, Teenage Fertility and Labour Market Participation, Evidence from Ecuador," Development Working Papers, Centro Studi Luca d'Agliano, University of Milano, number 319, Oct, revised 17 Oct 2011.
• Albornoz, Facundo & Berlinski, Samuel & Cabrales, Antonio, 2011, "Incentives, resources and the organization of the school system," UC3M Working papers. Economics, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. Departamento de Economía, number we1103, Mar.
• Hui He, 2011, "Why Have Girls Gone to College? A Quantitative Examination of the Female College Enrollment Rate in the United States: 1955-1980," Annals of Economics and Finance, Society for AEF, volume 12, issue 1, pages 41-64, May.
• Torgler, Benno & García-Valiñas, María A. & Macintyre, Alison, 2011, "Participation in environmental organizations: an empirical analysis," Environment and Development Economics, Cambridge University Press, volume 16, issue 5, pages 591-620, October.
• Mevlude Akbulut-Yuksel & Mutlu Yuksel, 2011, "The Long-Term Direct and External Effects of Jewish Expulsions in Nazi Germany," Working Papers, Dalhousie University, Department of Economics, number daleconwp2011-02, Jul.
• Daniel Kemptner & Jan Marcus, 2011, "Spillover Effects of Maternal Education on Child's Health and Schooling," SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research, DIW Berlin, The German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), number 375.
• Julia Reilich, 2011, "Smoking and Returns to Education: Empirical Evidence for Germany," SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research, DIW Berlin, The German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), number 420.
• Antje Kröger & Kathryn Anderson, 2011, "Remittances and Children's Capabilities: New Evidence from Kyrgyzstan, 2005-2008," Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research, number 1170.
• Juan Ignacio Zoloa, 2011, "Los cambios en la Distribución del Ingreso de Argentina entre 1998 y 2005," CEDLAS, Working Papers, CEDLAS, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, number 0122, Sep.
• Leonardo Gasparini & David Jaume & Monserrat Serio & Emmanuel Vazquez, 2011, "La segregación escolar en Argentina. Reconstruyendo la Evidencia," CEDLAS, Working Papers, CEDLAS, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, number 0123, Oct.
• Michele Raitano & Francesco Vona, 2011, "The economic impact of upward and downward occupational mobility: A comparison of eight EU member states," Working Papers, Doctoral School of Economics, Sapienza University of Rome, number 13, revised 2011.
• Botezat, A, 2011, "The Cultural Capital of Immigrant Families and The Impact on Student Performance: Evidence from Germany," Regional and Sectoral Economic Studies, Euro-American Association of Economic Development, volume 11, issue 2.
• Martín-Arnaiz, J.L, 2011, "Los vínculos entre el nivel educativo y la cuota de mercado en África," Regional and Sectoral Economic Studies, Euro-American Association of Economic Development, volume 11, issue 2.
• Hermann, Z. & Horn, D., 2011, "How are inequality of opportunity and mean student performance related? A quantile regression approach using PISA data," Regional and Sectoral Economic Studies, Euro-American Association of Economic Development, volume 11, issue 3.
• Krüger, N., 2011, "The Segmentation of the Argentine Education System: Evidence from PISA 2009," Regional and Sectoral Economic Studies, Euro-American Association of Economic Development, volume 11, issue 3.
• Gigena, M. & Vera, M.L. & Giuliodori, R . & Gertel, H., 2011, "Exploring the gap difference in 2000-2009 PISA Test Scores between Argentina, Chile and Mexico," Regional and Sectoral Economic Studies, Euro-American Association of Economic Development, volume 11, issue 3.
• Nieto, S. & Ramos, R., 2011, "¿La sobreeducación de los padres afecta al rendimiento académico de sus hijos?," Regional and Sectoral Economic Studies, Euro-American Association of Economic Development, volume 11, issue 3.
• Denny, K., 2011, "Do teachers make better parents? The differential performance of teachers’ children at school," Regional and Sectoral Economic Studies, Euro-American Association of Economic Development, volume 11, issue 3.
• Cordero, J.M., & García Valiñas, M.A & Manchón, C. & Muñiz,M. A., 2011, "La educación medioambiental en España: Una aproximación a partir de los datos de PISA 2006," Regional and Sectoral Economic Studies, Euro-American Association of Economic Development, volume 11, issue 3.
• Malwina Mejer, 2011, "Entrepreneurial Scientists and their Publication Performance. An Insight from Belgium," Working Papers ECARES, ULB -- Universite Libre de Bruxelles, number ECARES 2011-017, Jul.
• Philip Verwimp & Jan Van Bavel, 2011, "Schooling, Violent Conglict and Gender in Burundi," Working Papers ECARES, ULB -- Universite Libre de Bruxelles, number ECARES 2011-030, Oct.
• Campante, Filipe R. & Chor, Davin, 2011, ""The People Want the Fall of the Regime": Schooling, Political Protest, and the Economy," Working Paper Series, Harvard University, John F. Kennedy School of Government, number rwp11-018, Mar.
• LABAR, Kelly & BRESSON, Florent, 2011, "A multidimensional analysis of poverty in China from 1991 to 2006," China Economic Review, Elsevier, volume 22, issue 4, pages 646-668, DOI: 10.1016/j.chieco.2011.08.005.
• Rønning, Marte, 2011, "Who benefits from homework assignments?," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, volume 30, issue 1, pages 55-64, February.
• Lefebvre, Pierre & Merrigan, Philip & Verstraete, Matthieu, 2011, "Public subsidies to private schools do make a difference for achievement in mathematics: Longitudinal evidence from Canada," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, volume 30, issue 1, pages 79-98, February.
• Waddell, Glen R. & Singell Jr., Larry D., 2011, "Do no-loan policies change the matriculation patterns of low-income students?," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, volume 30, issue 2, pages 203-214, April.
• Fitzpatrick, Maria D. & Grissmer, David & Hastedt, Sarah, 2011, "What a difference a day makes: Estimating daily learning gains during kindergarten and first grade using a natural experiment," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, volume 30, issue 2, pages 269-279, April.
• Schwerdt, Guido & Wuppermann, Amelie C., 2011, "Is traditional teaching really all that bad? A within-student between-subject approach," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, volume 30, issue 2, pages 365-379, April.
• Yamamura, Eiji, 2011, "The role of social trust in reducing long-term truancy and forming human capital in Japan," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, volume 30, issue 2, pages 380-389, April.
• Aslam, Monazza & Kingdon, Geeta, 2011, "What can teachers do to raise pupil achievement?," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, volume 30, issue 3, pages 559-574, June.
• Breton, Theodore R., 2011, "The quality vs. the quantity of schooling: What drives economic growth?," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, volume 30, issue 4, pages 765-773, August.
• Altindag, Duha & Cannonier, Colin & Mocan, Naci, 2011, "The impact of education on health knowledge," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, volume 30, issue 5, pages 792-812, October.
• Asadullah, M. Niaz & Chaudhury, Nazmul, 2011, "Poisoning the mind: Arsenic contamination of drinking water wells and children's educational achievement in rural Bangladesh," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, volume 30, issue 5, pages 873-888, October.
• Eren, Ozkan & Henderson, Daniel J., 2011, "Are we wasting our children's time by giving them more homework?," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, volume 30, issue 5, pages 950-961, October.
• Clark, Damon & See, Edward, 2011, "The impact of tougher education standards: Evidence from Florida," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, volume 30, issue 6, pages 1123-1135, DOI: 10.1016/j.econedurev.2011.05.010.
• Delaney, Liam & Harmon, Colm & Redmond, Cathy, 2011, "Parental education, grade attainment and earnings expectations among university students," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, volume 30, issue 6, pages 1136-1152, DOI: 10.1016/j.econedurev.2011.04.004.
• Devereux, Paul J. & Fan, Wen, 2011, "Earnings returns to the British education expansion," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, volume 30, issue 6, pages 1153-1166, DOI: 10.1016/j.econedurev.2011.03.004.
• Dickson, Matt & Smith, Sarah, 2011, "What determines the return to education: An extra year or a hurdle cleared?," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, volume 30, issue 6, pages 1167-1176, DOI: 10.1016/j.econedurev.2011.05.004.
• Sansani, Shahar, 2011, "The effects of school quality on long-term health," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, volume 30, issue 6, pages 1320-1333, DOI: 10.1016/j.econedurev.2011.06.003.
• Mehta, Aashish & Felipe, Jesus & Quising, Pilipinas & Camingue, Sheila, 2011, "Overeducation in developing economies: How can we test for it, and what does it mean?," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, volume 30, issue 6, pages 1334-1347, DOI: 10.1016/j.econedurev.2011.06.004.
• Gonzalez, Naihobe & Oyelere, Ruth Uwaifo, 2011, "Are returns to education on the decline in Venezuela and does Mission Sucre have a role to play?," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, volume 30, issue 6, pages 1348-1369, DOI: 10.1016/j.econedurev.2011.07.007.