Research classified by Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) codes

---

Top JEL
/ J: Labor and Demographic Economics
/ / J3: Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs
/ / / J31: Wage Level and Structure; Wage Differentials

2025

• Isaac Baley & Ana Figueiredo & Cristiano Mantovani & Alireza Sepahsalari, 2025, "Self-Insurance in Turbulent Labor Markets," Working Papers, Barcelona School of Economics, number 1538, Dec.
• Aner Sela, 2025, "Elimination contests with long-run efforts," Working Papers, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Department of Economics, number 2508.
• Aner Sela & Chen Cohen & Ishay Rabi, 2025, "Admission Policies in Parallel Contests," Working Papers, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Department of Economics, number 2510.
• Jaanika Meriküll & Matthias Rottner, 2025, "Monetary policy and earnings inequality: inflation dependencies," BIS Working Papers, Bank for International Settlements, number 1271, Jun.
• Thomas Amossé & Alex Bryson & John Forth & Héloïse Petit, 2025, "The micro‐foundations of employment systems: An empirical case study of Britain and France," British Journal of Industrial Relations, London School of Economics, volume 63, issue 1, pages 3-29, March, DOI: 10.1111/bjir.12812.
• Sam Desiere & Christian Walter, 2025, "The Shift Premium: Evidence From a Discrete Choice Experiment," British Journal of Industrial Relations, London School of Economics, volume 63, issue 3, pages 508-524, September, DOI: 10.1111/bjir.12874.
• Cuong Viet Nguyen, 2025, "The Impact of Minimum Wages on Employment: Evidence From a Lower Middle‐Income Country," The Developing Economies, Institute of Developing Economies, volume 63, issue 2, pages 137-182, June, DOI: 10.1111/deve.12419.
• Francesco Devicienti & Elena Grinza & Alessandro Manello & Davide Vannoni, 2025, "Employer cooperation, productivity and wages: new evidence from inter‐firm formal network agreements," Economica, London School of Economics and Political Science, volume 92, issue 365, pages 1-41, January, DOI: 10.1111/ecca.12553.
• Francesco Devicienti & Bernardo Fanfani, 2025, "Firms' margins of adjustment to wage growth: the case of Italian collective bargaining," Economica, London School of Economics and Political Science, volume 92, issue 365, pages 107-149, January, DOI: 10.1111/ecca.12558.
• Paul Redmond & Seamus McGuinness, 2025, "The impact of a minimum wage increase on hours worked: heterogeneous effects by gender and sector," Economica, London School of Economics and Political Science, volume 92, issue 365, pages 84-106, January, DOI: 10.1111/ecca.12555.
• Micole De Vera & Javier Garcia‐Brazales, 2025, "Establishment size and the task content of jobs: evidence from 46 countries," Economica, London School of Economics and Political Science, volume 92, issue 366, pages 548-579, April, DOI: 10.1111/ecca.12563.
• Andrew Leigh, 2025, "Returns to Education in Australia 2001–2022," Economic Papers, The Economic Society of Australia, volume 44, issue 1, pages 62-76, March, DOI: 10.1111/1759-3441.12417.
• Meredith M. Paker & Judy Z. Stephenson & Patrick Wallis, 2025, "Nominal wage patterns, monopsony, and labour market power in early modern England," Economic History Review, Economic History Society, volume 78, issue 1, pages 179-206, February, DOI: 10.1111/ehr.13346.
• João Pereira & Raul Ramos & Pedro S. Martins, 2025, "Wage Cyclicality and Labor Market Institutions," Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, Wiley Blackwell, volume 64, issue 4, pages 598-615, October, DOI: 10.1111/irel.12387.
• Norio Horie & Ichiro Iwasaki & Olga Kupets & Xinxin Ma & Satoshi Mizobata & Mihoko Satogami, 2025, "Wage–experience profiles in China and Eastern Europe: A large meta‐analysis," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, volume 39, issue 1, pages 172-200, February, DOI: 10.1111/joes.12605.
• Michael Neugart & Anna Zaharieva, 2025, "Social networks, promotions, and the glass‐ceiling effect," Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, Wiley Blackwell, volume 34, issue 2, pages 370-402, May, DOI: 10.1111/jems.12603.
• Stelios Roupakias, 2025, "Employment and Distributional Effects of Greece's National Minimum Wage," LABOUR, CEIS, volume 39, issue 1, pages 43-60, March, DOI: 10.1111/labr.12284.
• Elisa Meneghello & Martina Menon & Federico Perali & Furio Rosati, 2025, "The shadow wage of child labor: An application to Nepal," Review of Development Economics, Wiley Blackwell, volume 29, issue 1, pages 359-383, February, DOI: 10.1111/rode.13132.
• Mike Brewer & Nye Cominetti & Stephen P. Jenkins, 2025, "What Do We Know About Income and Earnings Volatility?," Review of Income and Wealth, International Association for Research in Income and Wealth, volume 71, issue 2, May, DOI: 10.1111/roiw.70013.
• Hanna Pesola & Matti Sarvimäki & Tuomo Virkola, 2025, "Paths to integration: earnings, skill investments, and outmigration across immigrant admission categories," Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Wiley Blackwell, volume 127, issue 4, pages 742-764, October, DOI: 10.1111/sjoe.70000.
• Malte Sandner & Ipek Yükselen, 2025, "Unraveling the gender wage gap: Exploring early career patterns among university graduates," Scottish Journal of Political Economy, Scottish Economic Society, volume 72, issue 2, May, DOI: 10.1111/sjpe.12405.
• Jośé Ignacio Giménez-Nadal & José Alberto Molina & Jorge Velilla, 2025, "Commuting, Wages, and Household Decisions," Boston College Working Papers in Economics, Boston College Department of Economics, number 1087, Mar.
• Jorge Velilla & José Alberto Molina & Pierre-André Chiappori, 2025, "The price of breaking up: Wage shocks and household dissolution," Boston College Working Papers in Economics, Boston College Department of Economics, number 1096, Sep.
• Ignacio Belloc & Pierre-André Chiappori & José Alberto Molina & Jorge Velilla, 2025, "Effects of wage shocks and saving changes on leisure time: The role of dynamic intra-household commitment," Boston College Working Papers in Economics, Boston College Department of Economics, number 1099, Oct.
• Maria Balgova & Tsegay Tekleselassie & Lukas Hensel & Marc Witte, 2025, "Wage information and applicant selection," Bank of England Staff Working Paper series, Bank of England, number 1148, Oct.
• Yosuke Kido & Kotaro Suita, 2025, "Labor Cost Passthrough: Evidence from Japanese Long-term Subnational Data," Bank of Japan Working Paper Series, Bank of Japan, number 25-E-5, Apr.
• Francesco Roncone, 2025, "The Impact of Within-Occupation Technological Change on Spatial Sorting and Wage Inequality," Working Papers, Dipartimento Scienze Economiche, Universita' di Bologna, number wp1208, Jul.
• Francesca Barigozzi & Natalia Montinari & Giovanni Righetto & Alessandro Tampieri, 2025, "Beyond Human Capital: Mobility intentions, IT skills, and the Early Gender Wage Gap," Working Papers, Dipartimento Scienze Economiche, Universita' di Bologna, number wp1212, Sep.
• Francesca Barigozzi & Natalia Montinari & Giovanni Righetto & Alessandro Tampieri, 2025, "Statistical Discrimination Revisited: Explaining the Early Gender Wage Gap with Graduate Data," Working Papers, Dipartimento Scienze Economiche, Universita' di Bologna, number wp1217, Dec.
• Johannes Weber, 2025, "Local Unemployment, Worker Mobility and Labor Market Outcomes: Evidence from Germany," CRC TR 224 Discussion Paper Series, University of Bonn and University of Mannheim, Germany, number crctr224_2025_662, Mar.
• Renske Stans & Laura Ehrmantraut & Malin Siemers & Pia Pinger, 2025, "The Impact of Higher Education on Employer Perceptions," CRC TR 224 Discussion Paper Series, University of Bonn and University of Mannheim, Germany, number crctr224_2025_665, Mar.
• Hannah Illing & Hanna Schwank & Linh Tô, 2025, "Hiring and the Dynamics of the Gender Gap," CRC TR 224 Discussion Paper Series, University of Bonn and University of Mannheim, Germany, number crctr224_2025_689, May.
• Zainab Iftikhar & Anna Zaharieva, 2025, "Problem or Opportunity? Immigration, Job Search, Entrepreneurship and Labor Market Outcomes Of Natives in Germany," CRC TR 224 Discussion Paper Series, University of Bonn and University of Mannheim, Germany, number crctr224_2025_714, Nov.
• Filauro Stefano & Grünberger Klaus & Narazani Edlira, 2025, "Coordinated Minimum Wage Policies: Impacts on EU-Level Income Inequality," The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, De Gruyter, volume 25, issue 2, pages 209-246, DOI: 10.1515/bejeap-2024-0103.
• Yan Weibo & Zhang Kezhong, 2025, "College Expansion and Heterogeneous College Premiums: Evidence from the Marginal Treatment Effect in China," The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, De Gruyter, volume 25, issue 4, pages 1091-1120, DOI: 10.1515/bejeap-2024-0295.
• Ma Eunseong, 2025, "Real Wage Cyclicality and Monetary Policy," The B.E. Journal of Macroeconomics, De Gruyter, volume 25, issue 2, pages 461-498, DOI: 10.1515/bejm-2023-0189.
• Keshavarz Haddad GholamReza & Maitah Mansoor & Bassam Abdel Jabar, 2025, "Impact of Tariff and Exchange Rate Regimes Reform on the Wages: Evidence from Iran 2001–2004 Microdata," Journal of Globalization and Development, De Gruyter, volume 16, issue 1, pages 105-132, DOI: 10.1515/jgd-2024-0059.
• Riad Marina A., 2025, "The Nexus Between Using Technology and the Gender Wage Gap in the Labor Market: Evidence from Egypt," Review of Middle East Economics and Finance, De Gruyter, volume 21, issue 3, pages 295-316, DOI: 10.1515/rmeef-2025-0018.
• Liu, K. & Mogstad, M. & Salvanes, K. G., 2025, "Returns to Education with Earnings Uncertainty and Employment Risk over the Life Cycle," Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge, number 2549, Jun.
• Seula Kim, 2025, "Workers’ Job Prospects and Young Firm Dynamics," Working Papers, Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau, number 25-09, Jan.
• Christopher R. Bollinger & Charles Hokayem & James P. Ziliak, 2025, "Earnings Measurement Error, Nonresponse and Administrative Mismatch in the CPS," Working Papers, Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau, number 25-48, Jul.
• Joseph Staudt, 2025, "Double-Pane Glass Ceiling: Commercial Engagement and the Female-Male Earnings Gap for Faculty," Working Papers, Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau, number 25-68, Sep.
• Minwoo Hyun, 2025, "Trapped or Transferred: Worker Mobility and Labor Market Power in the Energy Transition," Working Papers, Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau, number 25-76, Dec.
• Tito Boeri & Tommaso Crescioli & Andrea Garnero & Lorenzo G. Luisetto, 2025, "Collective bargaining and monopsony: The regulation of noncompete agreements in France," CEP Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE, number dp2079, Feb.
• Yan Hu & Stephan Maurer, 2025, "Minority bureaucrats' networks and career progression: evidence from the Chinese maritime customs service," CEP Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE, number dp2138, Dec.
• Sona Badalyan, 2025, "Crowded Career Ladders? Intra-Firm Spillovers of Raised Retirement Age," CERGE-EI Working Papers, The Center for Economic Research and Graduate Education - Economics Institute, Prague, number wp810, Dec.
• Iacopo Morchio & Christian Moser, 2025, "The Gender Pay Gap: Micro Sources and Macro Consequences," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 11617.
• Gabriel Burdin & Jose Garcia-Louzao, 2025, "Employee-Owned Firms and the Careers of Young Workers," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 11632.
• Sumit Chowdhury & Sugata Marjit & Gouranga Das, 2025, "Free Trade Agreement (FTA) and Employment," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 11657.
• Jackie M.L. Chan & Michael Irlacher & Michael Koch & Luca Macedoni, 2025, "Wage Setting in Multiproduct Firms," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 11674.
• Jose Garcia-Louzao & Linas Tarasonis, 2025, "Earnings Inequality and Risk over Two Decades of Economic Development in Lithuania," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 11680.
• Andrea Diem & Christian Gschwendt & Stefan C. Wolter, 2025, "Assessing the Value of Incomplete University Degrees: Experimental Evidence from HR Recruiters," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 11688.
• Renske Stans & Laura Ehrmantraut & Malin Siemers & Pia Pinger, 2025, "The Impact of Higher Education on Employer Perceptions," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 11714.
• Celina Högn & Lea Mayer & Johannes Rincke & Erwin Winkler, 2025, "Preferences for Gender Diversity in High-Profile Jobs," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 11732.
• Eren Gürer & Erol Taymaz, 2025, "Skill-Biased Wage Effects of Domestic Outsourcing," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 11758.
• Benjamin Lochner & Christian Merkl, 2025, "Gender-Specific Application Behaviour, Matching, and the Residual Gender Earnings Gap," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 11813.
• Barbara Biasi & Wayne Sandholtz, 2025, "The Political Consequences of Controversial Education Reform: Lessons from Wisconsin’s Act 10," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 11817.
• David Dorn & Florian Schoner & Moritz Seebacher & Lisa Simon & Ludger Woessmann, 2025, "Multidimensional Skills on LinkedIn Profiles: Measuring Human Capital and the Gender Skill Gap," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 11846.
• Christoph Becker & Dietmar Fehr & Hannes Rau & Stefan T. Trautmann & Yilong Xu, 2025, "Fairness Properties of Compensation Schemes," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 11943.
• Maor Milgrom, 2025, "The Costs of Job Displacement and the Demand for Industry-Specific Human Capital," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 11950.
• J. Atsu Amegashie, 2025, "The CPI, Inflation, and the Cost of Living: A Proposal," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 11973.
• Lennart Ziegler, 2025, "How Do Caseworkers Affect Job Search Outcomes?," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 12100.
• Nickolas Gagnon & Kristof Bosmans & Arno Riedl, 2025, "Unfair Chances and Labor Supply," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 12102.
• Mikko Silliman & Alexander L.P. Willén, 2025, "Beyond Training: Worker Agency, Informal Learning, and Competition," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 12114.
• Jakob Beuschlein & Jósef Sigurdsson & Horng Chern Wong, 2025, "The Labor Market Consequences of Acquisitions," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 12162.
• César Barreto & Christian Merkl, 2025, "Ex Ante Heterogeneity, Separations, and Labor Market Dynamics," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 12165.
• Hanna Brosch & Philipp Lergetporer & Florian Schoner, 2025, "Worker Beliefs About Firm Training," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 12183.
• Ann-Kristin Becker & Erik Hornung, 2025, "Industrialization and the Return to Labor: Evidence from Prussia," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 12237.
• Brett A. McCully & Torsten Jaccard & Christoph Albert, 2025, "Immigrants, Imports, and Welfare: Evidence from Household Purchase Data," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 12278.
• Lukas B. Freund, 2025, "Superstar Teams," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 12303.
• Peter S. Arcidiacono & Attila Gyetvai & Arnaud Maurel & Ekaterina Jardim, 2025, "Identification and Estimation of Continuous-Time Job Search Models with Preference Shocks," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 12320.
• Martin Eckhoff Andresen & Andreas Kostøl & Ross Milton & Corina Mommaerts & Luisa Wallossek, 2025, "Monthly Earnings Volatility and Household Pooling," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 12323.
• Francine D. Blau & Isaac Cohen & Matthew Comey & Lawrence Kahn & Nikolai Boboshko, 2025, "The Minimum Wage and Inequality Between Groups," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 12371.
• Lukas Buchheim & Sebastian Link & Sascha Möhrle, 2025, "Wie präzise sind die Lohnerwartungen deutscher Unternehmen?," ifo Schnelldienst, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, volume 78, issue 04, pages 29-32, April.
• Joop Age Harm Adema & Lasha Chargaziia & Yvonne Giesing & Panu Poutvaara, 2025, "Arbeitsmarktchancen statt Wohlfahrtsstaat: Wie ukrainische Geflüchtete ihr Zielland wählen," ifo Schnelldienst, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, volume 78, issue 09, pages 58-63, September.
• Katrin Demmelhuber, 2025, "Fachkräftemangel trotz Konjunkturflaute Strategien deutscher Unternehmen," ifo Schnelldienst, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, volume 78, issue 09, pages 64-70, September.
• Ramona Schmid, 2025, "Mindestlohn in Deutschland Chance zur Verringerung der Lohnungleichheit zwischen Männern und Frauen?," ifo Schnelldienst, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, volume 78, issue 10, pages 60-63, October.
• Dorn, David & Schoner, Florian & Seebacher, Moritz & Simon, Lisa & Woessmann, Ludger, 2025, "Multidimensional Skills on LinkedIn Profiles: Measuring Human Capital and the Gender Skill Gap," CAGE Online Working Paper Series, Competitive Advantage in the Global Economy (CAGE), number 754.
• Arellano-Bover, Jaime & San, Shmuel, 2025, "The Role of Firms and Job Mobility in the Assimilation of Immigrants: Former Soviet Union Jews in Israel 1990-2019," CAGE Online Working Paper Series, Competitive Advantage in the Global Economy (CAGE), number 764.
• Becker, Ann-Kristin & Hornung, Erik, 2025, "Industrialization and the return to labor: Evidence from Prussia," CAGE Online Working Paper Series, Competitive Advantage in the Global Economy (CAGE), number 779.
• Clément Nedoncelle & Léa Marchal & Amandine Aubry & Jérôme Héricourt, 2025, "Does Immigration Affect Native Wages? A Meta-Analysis," Working Papers, CEPII research center, number 2025-07, May.
• Raquel Fonseca & Étienne Lalé & François Langot & Thepthida Sopraseuth, 2025, "The College Premium Rollercoaster and the Rebound of Lifetime Wage Growth: A Structural Analysis," CIRANO Working Papers, CIRANO, number 2025s-28, Sep.
• Cauê Dobbin & Daniel Fernandez & Tom Zohar, 2025, "Separations Revisited: Do Layoffs or Quits Drive Lower Separation Rates in High-Quality Firms?," Working Papers, CEMFI, number wp2025_2524, Oct.
• Francesco Amodio & Emanuele Brancati & Nicolás de Roux & Michele Di Maio, 2025, "Labor Market Institutions and Wage-Setting Power: Evidence from Latin America and the Caribbean," Documentos CEDE, Universidad de los Andes, Facultad de Economía, CEDE, number 2025-26, Aug.
• Eduardo Lora, 2025, "Anatomía de la concentración del ingreso en Colombia," Revista Desarrollo y Sociedad, Universidad de los Andes,Facultad de Economía, CEDE, volume 99, issue 1, pages 11-32.
• Owen Eli Ceballos Mina & Humberto Guadarrama Gómez, 2025, "La automatización del empleo en México y sus efectos sobre las disparidades salariales," Revista Desarrollo y Sociedad, Universidad de los Andes,Facultad de Economía, CEDE, volume 100, issue 1, pages 11-31, DOI: 10.13043/DYS.100.1.
• Hernán Vallejo, 2025, "Employment Differentiation, Minimum Wages, and Firm Exit," Revista Desarrollo y Sociedad, Universidad de los Andes,Facultad de Economía, CEDE, volume 101, issue 1, pages 11-24, August, DOI: 10.13043/DYS.101.1.
• Gathmann, Christina & Grimm, Felix & Winkler, Erwin, 2025, "AI, Task Changes in Jobs, and Worker Reallocation," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 19864, Jan.
• Datta, Nikhil & Machin, Stephen, 2025, "Government Contracting and Living Wages > Minimum Wages," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 19878, Jan.
• Bilal, Adrien & Lhuillier, Hugo, 2025, "Outsourcing, Inequality and Aggregate Output," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 19985, Feb.
• Mogstad, Magne & Salvanes, Kjell G & Torsvik, Gaute, 2025, "Income Equality in The Nordic Countries: Myths, Facts, and Lessons," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 20002, Mar.
• Principe, Francesco & van Ours, Jan C., 2025, "Labor Market Dynamics in a Highly Competitive Industry," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 20054, Mar.
• Biasi, Barbara & Sandholtz, Wayne, 2025, "The Political Consequences of Controversial Education Reform: Lessons from Wisconsin’s Act 10," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 20174, Apr.
• Garbinti, Bertrand & García-Peñalosa, Cecilia & Pecheu, Vladimir & Savignac, Frederique, 2025, "Explaining the Dynamics of the Gender Gap in Lifetime Earnings," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 20177, Apr.
• Chen, Yujiang River & Teulings, Coen, 2025, "Agglomeration and Human Capital," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 20201, May.
• Carrillo-Tudela, Carlos & Darougheh, Saman & Visschers, Ludo, 2025, "Confused about Careers? Untangling Occupational Mobility, Miscoding and Distance," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 20217, May.
• Dorn, David & Schoner, Florian & Seebacher, Moritz & Simon, Lisa & Woessmann, Ludger, 2025, "Multidimensional Skills on LinkedIn Profiles: Measuring Human Capital and the Gender Skill Gap," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 20258, May.
• Fuchs, Johann & Gersbach, Hans & Schmassmann, Samuel, 2025, "The Complexity Premium," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 20290, May.
• Arkhangelsky, Dmitry & Yanagimoto, Kazuharu & Zohar, Tom, 2025, "On Causal Inference with Model-Based Outcomes," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 20400, Jul.
• Caplin, Andrew & Leth-Petersen, Søren & Tonetti, Christopher, 2025, "Beliefs and Realities of Work and Care After Childbirth," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 20423, Jul.
• Bar-Isaac, Heski & Levy, Raphaël, 2025, "Training for Adverse Selection," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 20530, Aug.
• Amodio, Francesco & Brancati, Emanuele & de Roux, Nicolás & Di Maio, Michele, 2025, "Labor Market Institutions and Wage-Setting Power: Evidence from Latin America and the Caribbean," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 20539, Aug.
• Derenoncourt, Ellora & Gerard, Francois & Lagos, Lorenzo & Montialoux, Claire, 2025, "What Do (Thousands of) Union Do? Union-Specific Pay Premia and Inequality," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 20557, Aug.
• Biasi, Barbara & Cullen, Zöe & Gilman, Julia & Roussille, Nina, 2025, "How Does Wage Inequality Affect The Labor Movement?," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 20566, Aug.
• Gottlieb, Charles & Grobovsek, Jan & Monge-Naranjo, Alexander, 2025, "From Skills to Occupations: Comparative Advantage and Cross-Country Income Differences," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 20630, Sep.
• Beuschlein, Jakob Elias & Sigurdsson, Jósef & Wong, Horng Chern, 2025, "The Labor Market Consequences of Acquisitions," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 20685, Sep.
• Coskun, Sena & Gartner, Hermann & Taskin, Ahmet Ali, 2025, "Rent Sharing and the Gender Bargaining Gap: Evidence from the Banking Sector," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 20752, Oct.
• Gunnesmo, Marius Fredagsvik & Hansen, Casper Worm, 2025, "Labor-Market Effects of Introducing the 8-Hour Workday," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 20785, Oct.
• Ferrando, Mery & Katzkowicz, Noemi & Ubfal, Diego & Le Barbanchon, Thomas, 2025, "The Lasting Effects of Working while in School: A Long-Term Follow-Up," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 20798, Oct.
• Becker, Ann-Kristin & Hornung, Erik, 2025, "Industrialization and the Return to Labor: Evidence from Prussia," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 20810, Nov.
• McCully, Brett & Jaccard, Torsten & Albert, Christoph, 2025, "Immigrants, Imports, and Welfare: Evidence from Household Purchase Data," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 20880, Dec.
• Stans, Renske & Ehrmantraut, Laura & Siemers, Malin & Pinger, Pia, 2025, "The Impact of Higher Education on Employer Perceptions," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 20909, Dec.
• Baley, Isaac & Figueiredo, Ana & Mantovani, Cristiano & Sepahsalari, Alireza, 2025, "Self-Insurance in Turbulent Labor Markets," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 20918, Dec.
• Faia, Ester & Glaeser, Edward & Viarengo, Martina & Simonelli, Saverio, 2025, "Agglomeration, Segregation and Imperial Origins," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 20926, Dec.
• Dustmann, Christian & Otten, Sebastian & Schönberg, Uta & Stuhler, Jan, 2025, "The Effects of Immigration on Places and People: Identification and Interpretation," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 20959, Dec.
• Simonetta Longhi, 2025, "Success stories and continuing challenges: A longitudinal analysis of gender-ethnic wage gaps in the UK," RFBerlin Discussion Paper Series, ROCKWOOL Foundation Berlin (RFBerlin), number 2507, Mar.
• David Card & Francesco Devicienti & Mariacristina Rossi & Andrea Weber, 2025, "The Gender Gap in Career Trajectories: Do Firms Matter?," RFBerlin Discussion Paper Series, ROCKWOOL Foundation Berlin (RFBerlin), number 2510, Apr.
• Lukas Delgado-Prieto & Álvaro Jáñez, 2025, "Monopsony Power and Firm Organization," RFBerlin Discussion Paper Series, ROCKWOOL Foundation Berlin (RFBerlin), number 25100, Nov.
• Mery Ferrando & Noemi Katzkowicz & Thomas Le Barbanchon & Diego Ubfal, 2025, "The Lasting Effects of Working while in School: A Long-Term Follow-Up," RFBerlin Discussion Paper Series, ROCKWOOL Foundation Berlin (RFBerlin), number 25102, Nov.
• Patrick Bayer & Kerwin Charles & Ellora Derenoncourt, 2025, "Racial Inequality in the Labor Market," RFBerlin Discussion Paper Series, ROCKWOOL Foundation Berlin (RFBerlin), number 25106, Nov.
• Lukas Freund & Lukas Mann, 2025, "Job Transformation, Specialization, and the Labor Market Effects of AI," RFBerlin Discussion Paper Series, ROCKWOOL Foundation Berlin (RFBerlin), number 25117, Nov.
• Ihsaan Bassier & Joshua Budlender, 2025, "When do employers share? Rent sharing, monopsony and minimum wages," RFBerlin Discussion Paper Series, ROCKWOOL Foundation Berlin (RFBerlin), number 25122, Nov.
• Maria Olsson & Oskar Nordström Skans, 2025, "The Rules of the Game: Local Wage Bargaining and the Gender Pay Gap," RFBerlin Discussion Paper Series, ROCKWOOL Foundation Berlin (RFBerlin), number 25128, Nov.
• Antoine Bertheau & Christian Hoeck, 2025, "Firms' Beliefs About Wage Setting," RFBerlin Discussion Paper Series, ROCKWOOL Foundation Berlin (RFBerlin), number 25133, Dec.
• David Dorn & Florian Schoner & Moritz Seebacher & Lisa Simon & Ludger Woessmann, 2025, "Multidimensional Skills on LinkedIn Profiles: Measuring Human Capital and the Gender Skill Gap," RFBerlin Discussion Paper Series, ROCKWOOL Foundation Berlin (RFBerlin), number 25136, Dec.
• Peter Arcidiacono & Attila Gyetvai & Arnaud Maurel & Ekaterina Jardim, 2025, "Identification and Estimation of Continuous-Time Job Search Models with Preference Shocks," RFBerlin Discussion Paper Series, ROCKWOOL Foundation Berlin (RFBerlin), number 25153, Dec.
• Valentina Melentyeva & Lukas Riedel, 2025, "Child Penalty Estimation andMothers Age at First Birth," RFBerlin Discussion Paper Series, ROCKWOOL Foundation Berlin (RFBerlin), number 2519, Jun.
• David Deming & Mikko Silliman, 2025, "Skills and human capital in the labor market," RFBerlin Discussion Paper Series, ROCKWOOL Foundation Berlin (RFBerlin), number 2520, Jun.
• Christian Dustmann & Uta Schoenberg, 2025, "Linking Empirical Evidence to Theory: A Framework for Understanding Immigrations Labor Market Effects," RFBerlin Discussion Paper Series, ROCKWOOL Foundation Berlin (RFBerlin), number 2522, Jun.
• Daron Acemoglu & Fredric Kong & Pascual Restrepo, 2025, "Tasks At Work: Comparative Advantage, Technology and Labor Demand," RFBerlin Discussion Paper Series, ROCKWOOL Foundation Berlin (RFBerlin), number 2535, Jul.
• David Autor & David Dorn & Gordon Hanson & Maggie Jones & Bradley Setzler, 2025, "Places versus People: The Ins and Outs of Labor Market Adjustment to Globalization," RFBerlin Discussion Paper Series, ROCKWOOL Foundation Berlin (RFBerlin), number 2537, Jul.
• Matthew Nibloe, 2025, "Levelling Down: The Distributional Consequences of Public Pay Caps," RFBerlin Discussion Paper Series, ROCKWOOL Foundation Berlin (RFBerlin), number 2547, Jul.
• Alexandre Mas, 2025, "Non-Wage Amenities," RFBerlin Discussion Paper Series, ROCKWOOL Foundation Berlin (RFBerlin), number 2551, Aug.
• Ian Gregory-Smith & Alex Bryson & Rafael Gomez, 2025, "Discrimination in retention decisions and its impact on career earnings. Evidence from the National Football League," RFBerlin Discussion Paper Series, ROCKWOOL Foundation Berlin (RFBerlin), number 2554, Aug.
• Ellora Derenoncourt & François Gerard & Lorenzo Lagos & Claire Montialoux, 2025, "What Do (Thousands of) Unions Do? Union-Specific Pay Premia and Inequality," RFBerlin Discussion Paper Series, ROCKWOOL Foundation Berlin (RFBerlin), number 2558, Aug.
• Peter Fredriksson & Dogan Gülümser & Lena Hensvik, 2025, "Outside Job Opportunities and the Gender Gap in Pay," RFBerlin Discussion Paper Series, ROCKWOOL Foundation Berlin (RFBerlin), number 2571, Sep.
• Jakob Beuschlein & Jósef Sigurdsson & Horng Chern Wong, 2025, "The Labor Market Consequences of Acquisitions," RFBerlin Discussion Paper Series, ROCKWOOL Foundation Berlin (RFBerlin), number 2576, Sep.
• Christian Dustmann & Sebastian Otten & Uta Schönberg & Jan Stuhler, 2025, "The Effects of Immigration on Places and People - Identification and Interpretation," RFBerlin Discussion Paper Series, ROCKWOOL Foundation Berlin (RFBerlin), number 2586, Oct.
• Christian Bayer & Moritz Kuhn, 2025, "Job levels and Wages," RFBerlin Discussion Paper Series, ROCKWOOL Foundation Berlin (RFBerlin), number 2587, Oct.
• Sonia Bhalotra & Manuel Fernández & Fan Wang, 2025, "The Distribution of the Gender Wage Gap: An Equilibrium Model," RFBerlin Discussion Paper Series, ROCKWOOL Foundation Berlin (RFBerlin), number 2593, Nov.
• Sydnee Caldwell & Ingrid Haegele & Jörg Heining, 2025, "Bargaining and Inequality in the Labor Market," RFBerlin Discussion Paper Series, ROCKWOOL Foundation Berlin (RFBerlin), number 2599, Nov.
• Bertrand Garbinti & Cecilia Garcia-Pe˜nalosa & Vladimir Pecheu & Frédérique Savignac, 2025, "Explaining the Dynamics of the Gender Gap in Lifetime Earnings," Working Papers, Center for Research in Economics and Statistics, number 2025-06, Apr.
• Andrea Albanese & Lorenzo Cappellari & Marco Ovidi, 2025, "Earning ability over the life cycle," DISCE - Working Papers del Dipartimento di Economia e Finanza, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Dipartimenti e Istituti di Scienze Economiche (DISCE), number def148, Dec.
• Carrillo-Tudela, Carlos & Darougheh, Saman & Visschers, Lodewijk Pieter, 2025, "Confused about careers? Untangling occupational mobility, miscoding and distance," UC3M Working papers. Economics, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. Departamento de Economía, number 46536, Apr.
• Arthur JACOBS & Freddy HEYLEN, 2025, "Demographic change, secular stagnation, and inequality: automation as a blessing?," JODE - Journal of Demographic Economics, Cambridge University Press, volume 91, issue 4, pages 508-548, December, DOI: 10.1017/dem.2024.10.
• Seungduck Lee, 2025, "Asset Liquidity and Monetary Policy," Annals of Economics and Finance, Society for AEF, volume 26, issue 1, pages 443-463, May.
• Joseph G. Altonji & John Eric Humphries & Yagmur Yuksel & Ling Zhong, 2025, "Decomposing Trends in the Gender Gap for Highly Educated Workers," Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers, Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics, Yale University, number 2457, Aug.
• Свилена Михайлова, 2025, "Междуотраслови Различия И Неравенство В Заплатите В Българската Икономика: Роля На Предприятията Под Чуждестранен Контрол," Electronic magazine "Dialogue", D. A. Tsenov Academy of Economics, Svishtov, Bulgaria, issue 1 Year 20, pages 61-76.
• Sónia Cabral & Joana Garcia & Raquel Miranda & Susana Peralta & João Pereira dos Santos, 2025, "Treasure Islands, Real Jobs? Workers and Anti-Avoidance Policies in a Tax Paradise," Working Papers, EU Tax Observatory, number 026, Jan.
• Fiona Herrmann & Katharina Wrohlich, 2025, "Gender Pay Gap Increases with Age among All Educational Backgrounds," DIW Weekly Report, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research, volume 15, issue 18/19, pages 109-115.
• Markus M. Grabka, 2025, "Income Distribution: Signs of a Trend Reversal In the Poverty Risk; Single Parents Less Frequently at Risk of Poverty," DIW Weekly Report, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research, volume 15, issue 7/8, pages 43-52.
• Fiona Herrmann & Katharina Wrohlich, 2025, "Gender Pay Gap steigt in allen Bildungsgruppen mit dem Alter stark an," DIW Wochenbericht, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research, volume 92, issue 10, pages 131-137.
• Markus M. Grabka, 2025, "Armutsrisiko stagniert, ist aber bei Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund und Erwerbslosen weiterhin hoch," DIW Wochenbericht, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research, volume 92, issue 42, pages 663-671.
• Markus M. Grabka & Erich Wittenberg, 2025, "Löhne und Einkommen haben sich seit 1995 inflationsbereinigt positiv entwickelt: Interview," DIW Wochenbericht, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research, volume 92, issue 42, pages 672-672.
• Markus M. Grabka, 2025, "Einkommensverteilung: Anzeichen für Trendbruch beim Armutsrisiko – Alleinerziehende seltener von Armut bedroht," DIW Wochenbericht, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research, volume 92, issue 8, pages 103-113.
• Dominik Boddin & Thilo Kroeger, 2025, "Manufacturing Work Beyond Manufacturing Industries: A Reassessment of Structural Change," Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research, number 2144.
• Lucía Ramirez Leira & Octavio Bertin & Leonardo Gasparini, 2025, "Primas Salariales por Calificación y Salario Mínimo: Evidencia para América Latina," CEDLAS, Working Papers, CEDLAS, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, number 0345, Feb.
• Lucía Ramírez Leira & Carlo Lombardo & Leonardo Gasparini, 2025, "Wage Floors Set in Collective Bargaining: Evidence on Wages and Employment in Argentina," CEDLAS, Working Papers, CEDLAS, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, number 0353, Aug.
• Mariana Marchionni & Julián Pedrazzi & María Florencia Pinto, 2025, "Women, Motherhood, and Structural Transformation. Insights from Rural Latin America," CEDLAS, Working Papers, CEDLAS, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, number 0360, Nov.
• Carlos Carrillo-Tudela & Saman Darougheh & Ludo Visschers, 2025, "Confused about Careers? Untangling Occupational Mobility, Miscoding and Distance," Edinburgh School of Economics Discussion Paper Series, Edinburgh School of Economics, University of Edinburgh, number 320, Apr.
• Yan Hu & Stephan Maurer, 2025, "Minority Bureaucrats' Networks and Career Progression: Evidence from the Chinese Maritime Customs Service," Edinburgh School of Economics Discussion Paper Series, Edinburgh School of Economics, University of Edinburgh, number 325, Dec.
• Jaanika Merikyll & Matthias Rottner, 2025, "Monetary policy and earnings inequality.Inflation dependencies," Bank of Estonia Working Papers, Bank of Estonia, number wp2025-05, Jun, revised 13 Jun 2025.
• Sauciuc, Ashley K., 2025, "The effects of performance-based incentive frequency on collusion," Accounting, Organizations and Society, Elsevier, volume 114, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.aos.2025.101591.
• Li, Yanjun & Wan, Yuanyuan & Xie, Shenxiang, 2025, "The employment effects of regional market integration: Evidence from China," Journal of Asian Economics, Elsevier, volume 101, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.asieco.2025.102053.
• Luo, Changyuan & Zeng, Shuai & Zhao, Yi, 2025, "The other side of the China syndrome: Export opportunities and gender income inequality in China," Journal of Asian Economics, Elsevier, volume 101, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.asieco.2025.102054.
• Zou, Yueqing & Chen, Yuanyuan, 2025, "Hidden cost of automation: Do industrial robots take a toll on our mental health?," Journal of Asian Economics, Elsevier, volume 101, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.asieco.2025.102078.
• Chen, Zihao & Tian, Xu, 2025, "The relaxation of birth control policies adversely affects women's income: Evidence from China's universal two-child policy," China Economic Review, Elsevier, volume 90, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.chieco.2024.102340.
• Jones, Melanie & Kaya, Ezgi & Nan, Jiarui, 2025, "Overeducation, earnings and job satisfaction among graduates in China," China Economic Review, Elsevier, volume 93, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.chieco.2025.102448.
• Liu, Tingyu & Huang, Peng & Wang, Qiaoru, 2025, "Artificial intelligence and intra-firm pay dispersion: Evidence from China," China Economic Review, Elsevier, volume 93, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.chieco.2025.102501.
• Tang, Wei & Wang, Lili, 2025, "Quantifying the distributional effects of urbanization and migration in China," China Economic Review, Elsevier, volume 94, issue PA, DOI: 10.1016/j.chieco.2025.102513.
• Chen, Xi & Wang, Ziqi, 2025, "Cognitive ability, non-cognitive ability and occupational attainment in China," China Economic Review, Elsevier, volume 94, issue PC, DOI: 10.1016/j.chieco.2025.102590.
• He, Zhaozhao, 2025, "Non-compete agreements, innovation value and efficiency," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, volume 90, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2024.102698.
• Anderson, Ronald W. & Jõeveer, Karin, 2025, "Bankers’ pay and the evolving structure of US banking," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, volume 95, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2025.102864.
• Behar, Alberto, 2025, "The elasticity of substitution between skilled and unskilled labor in developing countries: A directed technical change perspective," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, volume 174, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103411.
• Krafft, Caroline, 2025, "Do employers discriminate against married women? Evidence from a field experiment in Egypt," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, volume 174, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103452.
• Bassier, Ihsaan & Gautham, Leila, 2025, "The firm-pay gender gap and formal sector churn over the life cycle," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, volume 176, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103498.
• Gehrke, Esther & Genthner, Robert & Kis-Katos, Krisztina, 2025, "Regulating manufacturing FDI: Local labor market responses to a protectionist policy in Indonesia," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, volume 177, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103563.
• Zhang, Kun & Feltovich, Nick & Zhang, Yanren, 2025, "Pride and persistence: Social comparisons in production," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, volume 179, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jedc.2025.105169.
• Hahn, Volker & Schürle, Annika, 2025, "How does inflation affect different age groups?," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, volume 180, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jedc.2025.105200.
• Yang, Guanyi, 2025, "Better late than never: Macroeconomic impact of intermittent college enrollment and tuition subsidies," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, volume 181, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jedc.2025.105219.
• Wang, Tiantian & Wei, Qian & Sun, Ruiqi, 2025, "Interest rate liberalization and labor cost stickiness: A quasi-natural experiment from China," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, volume 85, issue C, pages 1663-1675, DOI: 10.1016/j.eap.2024.12.025.
• Qin, Ni & Zeng, Junwei & Wang, Qiyao, 2025, "Labor mobility and corporate wage inequity: Evidence from the Hukou reform in China," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, volume 87, issue C, pages 1909-1926, DOI: 10.1016/j.eap.2025.07.042.
• Dou, Zheng & Lai, Chong, 2025, "Risk-incentive trade-off in moral hazard with risk management: Theoretical analysis and empirical verification," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, volume 148, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.econmod.2025.107083.
• Chen, Xi & Wu, Xinyi, 2025, "Non-cognitive skills and earnings of informal workers in China," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, volume 149, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.econmod.2025.107106.
• Kumar, Kaushalendra & Singh, Ashish & Gautam, Santosh Kumar & Singh, Abhishek, 2025, "Calorie consumption and wages: Evidence from India’s labor market," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, volume 152, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.econmod.2025.107279.
• Dong, Yanfei & Li, Qingyuan, 2025, "Fertility policy and household labor supply: Evidence from China's Universal Two-Child Policy," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, volume 153, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.econmod.2025.107345.
• Han, Xiao & Liu, Zining & Zheng, Wei, 2025, "Does public long-term care insurance affect spousal labor supply? Evidence from China," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, volume 153, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.econmod.2025.107355.
• Bellani, Luna & Hidalgo-Hidalgo, Marisa, 2025, "Bridging the gender gap: Women’s education and political representation," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, volume 104, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.econedurev.2024.102605.
• Wang, Jiyuan & Alessie, Rob & Angelini, Viola, 2025, "Why do parents underinvest in their children’s education? Evidence from China," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, volume 107, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.econedurev.2025.102676.
• Darolia, Rajeev & Guo, Chuanyi & Kim, Youngran, 2025, "The Labor Market Returns to Very Short-Term Rapid Postsecondary Certificates," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, volume 107, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.econedurev.2025.102681.
• Galvez-Soriano, Oscar, 2025, "Foreign language skills and labor market outcomes: The case of English in Mexico," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, volume 108, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.econedurev.2025.102702.
• Bonacini, Luca & Patriarca, Fabrizio & Santoni, Edoardo, 2025, "Background wage premia, beyond education: Firm sorting and unobserved abilities of graduates," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, volume 109, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.econedurev.2025.102733.
• Roos, Louisa, 2025, "The true gender pay gap: Accounting for the distribution of unpaid labour," Economics Letters, Elsevier, volume 247, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.econlet.2024.112144.
• Garibaldi, Pietro & Gomes, Pedro & Sopraseuth, Thepthida, 2025, "Output costs of education and skill mismatch in OECD countries," Economics Letters, Elsevier, volume 250, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.econlet.2025.112278.
• Biasi, Paola & De Paola, Maria, 2025, "The role of parental leave policies in mitigating child penalties: insights from Italy," Economics Letters, Elsevier, volume 253, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.econlet.2025.112355.
• Hua, Sudong, 2025, "Brand capital and rent sharing: Evidence from firm-level data," Economics Letters, Elsevier, volume 255, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.econlet.2025.112473.
• Muñoz, Ercio & Saavedra, Melanie & Sansone, Dario, 2025, "Intersex people and household income: Evidence from a nationally representative survey in Chile," Economics Letters, Elsevier, volume 255, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.econlet.2025.112530.
• Doi, Yasuhiro & Suzuki, Kensuke, 2025, "Foreign–native wage gap and tasks: Evidence from the Japanese labor market," Economics Letters, Elsevier, volume 255, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.econlet.2025.112571.