Female representation in Economics, as of September 2025

These statistics draw on the published economists registered with the RePEc Author Service. Gender attribution is performed through pattern matching with NamSor. A category is listed if it has at least 50 members.

Overall, 19273 of 72154 economists are female, or a proportion of 26.7%.

Listings by

• Country
• US state
• Field
• Cohort
• Ranking

Each table can be sorted by clicking on table headers.

Female representation in Economics by country

Attribution to country is based on affiliations. For economists with multiple affiliations, affiliation shares set by the economist are considered.

Country	# authors	# female	share(%)
Algeria	75.56	17	22.4
Argentina	407.93	103.41	25.3
Australia	1606.78	402.36	25
Austria	570.94	132.05	23.1
Azerbaijan	57.85	10	17.2
Bangladesh	199.74	27.65	13.8
Belgium	913.85	243.75	26.6
Bolivia	92.56	26.24	28.3
Brazil	1007.7	175.86	17.4
Bulgaria	262.42	130.92	49.8
Cameroun	74.15	15.68	21.1
Canada	1754.19	374.09	21.3
Chile	473.47	72.87	15.3
China	1620.16	446.02	27.5
Colombia	720.52	170.78	23.7
Croatia	168.61	88.48	52.4
Czech Republic	554.17	179.56	32.4
Denmark	446.12	109.77	24.6
Ecuador	140.37	38.08	27.1
Egypt	117.16	48.08	41
Estonia	56.69	18	31.7
Ethiopia	79.37	17.5	22
Finland	269.28	70.34	26.1
France	3898.65	1247.98	32
Germany	3647.62	917.37	25.1
Ghana	141.73	15.74	11.1
Greece	629.84	147.99	23.4
Hong Kong	163.7	29.9	18.2
Hungary	438.4	137.32	31.3
India	1283.6	374.48	29.1
Indonesia	456.15	122.56	26.8
Iran	162.12	21.5	13.2
Ireland	350.82	116.19	33.1
Israel	244.38	42	17.1
Italy	3631.52	1183.11	32.5
Japan	1292.57	173.66	13.4
Kazakhstan	66.9	18	26.9
Kenya	50.66	10.54	20.8
Lebanon	69.97	20.52	29.3
Luxembourg	186.13	48.13	25.8
Macao	50.9	15.9	31.2
North Macedonia	72.83	32.45	44.5
Malaysia	396.72	100.7	25.3
Mexico	448.78	86.63	19.3
Morocco	109.24	19.1	17.4
Netherlands	1215.4	280.39	23
New Zealand	288.52	66.62	23
Nigeria	408.59	72.88	17.8
Norway	499.43	96.86	19.3
Pakistan	554.45	125.09	22.5
Peru	260.12	44.39	17
Philippines	185.61	67.69	36.4
Poland	770.57	257.36	33.3
Portugal	719.3	260.96	36.2
Romania	1174.57	687.2	58.5
Russia	1641.48	743.4	45.2
Saudi Arabia	92.14	8.9	9.6
Singapore	210.84	45.75	21.6
Slovakia	156.56	53.6	34.2
Slovenia	53.16	13	24.4
South Africa	423.69	124.54	29.3
South Korea	429.39	98.04	22.8
Spain	2684.9	879.3	32.7
Sri Lanka	52.35	23.34	44.5
Sweden	745.57	187.37	25.1
Switzerland	1118.06	256.64	22.9
Taiwan	263.11	60.05	22.8
Thailand	162.01	63.94	39.4
Tunisia	269.05	89.7	33.3
Turkey	957.53	251.98	26.3
United Arab Emirates	115.63	23.04	19.9
United Kingdom	4013.45	1039.88	25.9
Ukraine	211.35	79.05	37.4
Uruguay	132.59	49.7	37.4
United States	12845.63	2984.56	23.2
Viet Nam	242.2	68.75	28.3

Female representation in Economics by US state

Attribution to state is based on affiliations. For economists with multiple affiliations, affiliation shares set by the economist are considered.

State	# authors	# female	share (%)
Alabama (United States)	101.89	22.81	22.3
Arkansas (United States)	51.38	10.16	19.7
Arizona (United States)	126.65	31.49	24.8
California (United States)	1202.1	259.08	21.5
Colorado (United States)	145.83	32.01	21.9
Connecticut (United States)	255.05	51.14	20
District of Columbia (United States)	2506.96	689.39	27.4
Delaware (United States)	50.52	18.02	35.6
Florida (United States)	260.05	57.78	22.2
Georgia (United States)	307.45	71.52	23.2
Iowa (United States)	84.43	22	26
Illinois (United States)	554.63	105.2	18.9
Indiana (United States)	289.12	61.93	21.4
Kansas (United States)	70.54	12.89	18.2
Kentucky (United States)	87.84	15.4	17.5
Louisiana (United States)	86.64	17.35	20
Massachusetts (United States)	931.95	215.03	23
Maryland (United States)	235.23	50.75	21.5
Maine (United States)	53.81	12.76	23.7
Michigan (United States)	300.54	57.13	19
Minnesota (United States)	170.07	37.73	22.1
Missouri (United States)	251.56	65.27	25.9
North Carolina (United States)	339.93	60.47	17.7
Nebraska (United States)	56.4	13	23
New Hampshire (United States)	70.84	17.77	25
New Jersey (United States)	205.16	45.1	21.9
New York (United States)	1034.43	246.9	23.8
Ohio (United States)	299.83	74.51	24.8
Oklahoma (United States)	86.7	23.87	27.5
Oregon (United States)	64.65	19.45	30
Pennsylvania (United States)	565.4	134.13	23.7
Rhode Island (United States)	85.89	16.5	19.2
South Carolina (United States)	87.74	18	20.5
Tennessee (United States)	157.75	31.24	19.8
Texas (United States)	553.51	115.38	20.8
Utah (United States)	118.94	21.3	17.9
Virginia (United States)	357.3	80.73	22.5
Washington (United States)	101.04	29.22	28.9
Wisconsin (United States)	167.58	38.97	23.2

Female representation in Economics by field

Field is determined by the proportion of papers announced through NEP that are in a particular field. Note that a paper may be is several fields.

Field	# authors	# female	share (%)
NEP-ACC: Accounting and Auditing	164.53	47.59	28.9
NEP-AFR: Africa	281.53	66.3	23.5
NEP-AGE: Economics of Ageing	335.44	108.85	32.4
NEP-AGR: Agricultural Economics	1461.54	409.35	28
NEP-ARA: MENA - Middle East and North Africa	367.45	106.05	28.8
NEP-BAN: Banking	892.75	209.73	23.4
NEP-BEC: Business Economics	443.76	97.3	21.9
NEP-BIG: Big Data	262.87	58.99	22.4
NEP-CBA: Central Banking	1271.93	249.84	19.6
NEP-CBE: Cognitive and Behavioural Economics	355.44	81.46	22.9
NEP-CDM: Collective Decision-Making	326.3	68.98	21.1
NEP-CFN: Corporate Finance	262.93	55.61	21.1
NEP-CIS: Confederation of Independent States	445.04	181.13	40.7
NEP-CMP: Computational Economics	362.2	78.17	21.5
NEP-CNA: China	284.05	91.91	32.3
NEP-COM: Industrial Competition	723.31	139.35	19.2
NEP-CSE: Economics of Strategic Management	322.4	101.13	31.3
NEP-CTA: Contract Theory and Applications	163.22	29.97	18.3
NEP-CUL: Cultural Economics	79.62	30.45	38.2
NEP-CWA: Central and Western Asia	268.93	69.23	25.7
NEP-DCM: Discrete Choice Models	213.29	53.48	25
NEP-DEM: Demographic Economics	192.06	83.61	43.5
NEP-DES: Economic Design	158.55	31	19.5
NEP-DEV: Development	711.26	212.58	29.8
NEP-DGE: Dynamic General Equilibrium	1264.97	235.31	18.6
NEP-ECM: Econometrics	819.66	121.21	14.7
NEP-EDU: Education	467.73	148.94	31.8
NEP-EEC: European Economics	753.89	195.07	25.8
NEP-EFF: Efficiency and Productivity	499.9	124.3	24.8
NEP-ENE: Energy Economics	1483.33	363.17	24.4
NEP-ENT: Entrepreneurship	349.87	84.49	24.1
NEP-ENV: Environmental Economics	1928.25	532.99	27.6
NEP-ETS: Econometric Time Series	350.74	53.49	15.2
NEP-EUR: Microeconomic European Issues	820.67	307.26	37.4
NEP-EVO: Evolutionary Economics	147.08	23.06	15.6
NEP-EXP: Experimental Economics	1275.88	356.72	27.9
NEP-FDG: Financial Development and Growth	457.12	112.63	24.6
NEP-FLE: Financial Literacy and Education	66.56	26.76	40.2
NEP-FMK: Financial Markets	238.56	41.75	17.5
NEP-FOR: Forecasting	238.57	51.04	21.3
NEP-GEN: Gender	118.85	65.57	55.1
NEP-GEO: Economic Geography	515.13	115.9	22.5
NEP-GER: German Papers	182.55	45.41	24.8
NEP-GRO: Economic Growth	209.22	40.59	19.4
NEP-GTH: Game Theory	630.01	114.68	18.2
NEP-HAP: Economics of Happiness	111.11	32.56	29.3
NEP-HEA: Health Economics	922.09	319.76	34.6
NEP-HIS: Business, Economic and Financial History	907.46	196.45	21.6
NEP-HME: Heterodox Microeconomics	265.16	71.07	26.8
NEP-HPE: History and Philosophy of Economics	268.16	43.9	16.3
NEP-HRM: Human Capital and Human Resource Management	262.11	74.69	28.4
NEP-IAS: Insurance Economics	247.64	64.24	25.9
NEP-ICT: Information and Communication Technologies	145.04	38.45	26.5
NEP-IFN: International Finance	230.74	46.89	20.3
NEP-IND: Industrial Organization	199.65	39.16	19.6
NEP-INO: Innovation	625.51	175.37	28
NEP-INT: International Trade	1289.36	342.22	26.5
NEP-INV: Investment	61	15.75	25.8
NEP-IPR: Intellectual Property Rights	144	34.24	23.7
NEP-ISF: Islamic Finance	194.81	57.31	29.4
NEP-IUE: Informal and Underground Economics	144.3	43.34	30
NEP-KNM: Knowledge Management and Knowledge Economy	134.31	40.74	30.3
NEP-LAB: Labour Economics	1223.53	389.48	31.8
NEP-LAM: Central and South America	191.26	54.13	28.3
NEP-LAW: Law and Economics	304.02	82.99	27.2
NEP-LMA: Labor Markets - Supply, Demand, and Wages	569.1	170.4	29.9
NEP-LTV: Unemployment, Inequality and Poverty	220.04	58.23	26.4
NEP-MAC: Macroeconomics	3560.57	687.1	19.2
NEP-MFD: Microfinance	107.71	28.79	26.7
NEP-MIC: Microeconomics	628.1	89.27	14.2
NEP-MIG: Economics of Human Migration	374.18	129.5	34.6
NEP-MKT: Marketing	89.04	23.94	26.8
NEP-MON: Monetary Economics	1580.03	316.93	20
NEP-MST: Market Microstructure	98.52	21.6	21.9
NEP-NET: Network Economics	195.65	40.2	20.5
NEP-NEU: Neuroeconomics	72.4	31.31	43.2
NEP-OPM: Open Economy Macroeconomics	383.46	83.42	21.7
NEP-ORE: Operations Research	336.31	64.28	19.1
NEP-PAY: Payment Systems and Financial Technology	392.53	109.54	27.9
NEP-PBE: Public Economics	624.01	143.92	23
NEP-PKE: Post Keynesian Economics	179.31	33.41	18.6
NEP-POL: Positive Political Economics	433.83	101.41	23.3
NEP-PPM: Project, Program and Portfolio Management	68.46	20.38	29.7
NEP-PUB: Public Finance	254.51	57.56	22.6
NEP-REG: Regulation	380.47	85.08	22.3
NEP-RES: Resource Economics	62.4	14.89	23.8
NEP-RMG: Risk Management	397.73	77.23	19.4
NEP-SBM: Small Business Management	468.73	131.77	28.1
NEP-SEA: South East Asia	644.47	158.29	24.5
NEP-SOC: Social Norms and Social Capital	281.95	78.84	27.9
NEP-SOG: Sociology of Economics	88.1	22.87	25.9
NEP-SPO: Sports and Economics	85.25	7.46	8.7
NEP-TID: Technology and Industrial Dynamics	359.84	93.65	26
NEP-TRA: Transition Economics	700.63	258.3	36.8
NEP-TRE: Transport Economics	196.11	50.95	25.9
NEP-TUR: Tourism Economics	63.2	18.38	29
NEP-UPT: Utility Models and Prospect Theory	353.36	69.56	19.6
NEP-URE: Urban and Real Estate Economics	2052.73	562.27	27.3

Female representation in Economics by cohort

Cohort is based on information listed in the RePEc Genealogy.

Cohort	# authors	# female	share (%)
1971	63	3	4.7
1972	58	1	1.7
1973	73	5	6.8
1974	76	1	1.3
1975	97	4	4.1
1976	94	8	8.5
1977	70	2	2.8
1978	93	9	9.6
1979	85	5	5.8
1980	97	6	6.1
1981	113	3	2.6
1982	111	9	8.1
1983	134	15	11.1
1984	120	13	10.8
1985	140	9	6.4
1986	164	20	12.1
1987	160	22	13.7
1988	182	31	17
1989	191	18	9.4
1990	204	23	11.2
1991	223	31	13.9
1992	236	36	15.2
1993	257	39	15.1
1994	241	42	17.4
1995	303	48	15.8
1996	329	61	18.5
1997	297	44	14.8
1998	354	77	21.7
1999	384	82	21.3
2000	473	95	20
2001	445	110	24.7
2002	482	113	23.4
2003	468	107	22.8
2004	459	95	20.6
2005	523	117	22.3
2006	523	126	24
2007	597	150	25.1
2008	626	154	24.6
2009	619	159	25.6
2010	598	164	27.4
2011	599	148	24.7
2012	586	125	21.3
2013	564	148	26.2
2014	519	125	24
2015	534	132	24.7
2016	453	105	23.1
2017	451	103	22.8
2018	432	114	26.3
2019	377	86	22.8
2020	345	89	25.7
2021	296	83	28
2022	268	58	21.6
2023	255	72	28.2
2024	170	41	24.1
2025	77	21	27.2

Female representation in Economics by ranking

Proportion of females in 5-percentile groups taken from the rankings of economists, all-time publications and last 10 years of publications.

%ile	All (%)	10Y (%)
1-1	5.8	10.2
2-2	9.9	13.1
3-3	8.1	14.1
4-4	10.3	13.7
5-5	13	20.4
6-10	15.1	19.5
11-15	18.6	20.8
16-20	20.7	23.6
21-25	23.7	24.8
26-30	25.1	25.3
31-40	25.8	27.2
41-50	28.1	28.7
51-100

The data presented here are experimental. They are based on a sample of the research output in Economics and Finance. Only material catalogued in RePEc is considered. For any citation based criterion, only works that could be parsed by the CitEc project are considered. For any ranking of people, only those registered with the RePEc Author Service can be taken into account. And for rankings of institutions, only those listed in EDIRC and claimed as affiliation by the respective, registered authors can be measured. Thus, this list is by no means based on a complete sample. You can help making this more comprehensive by encouraging more publications to be listed (instructions) and more authors to register (form). For more details on the various rankings that are available as well for documentation, follow this link.

Credits:

• Citations from CitEc project by José Manuel Barrueco Cruz, University of Valencia, Spain. Hardware provided by Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Económicas (IVIE), Valencia, Spain.
• Abstract views and downloads statistics from LogEc project by Sune Karlsson, Örebro University, Sweden.
• Author registration, institution database, and ranking computations by Christian Zimmermann.
• RePEc has been initiated by Thomas Krichel.