Female representation in Economics, as of November 2025

These statistics draw on the published economists registered with the RePEc Author Service. Gender attribution is performed through pattern matching with NamSor. A category is listed if it has at least 50 members.

Overall, 19402 of 72574 economists are female, or a proportion of 26.7%.

Listings by

• Country
• US state
• Field
• Cohort
• Ranking

Each table can be sorted by clicking on table headers.

Female representation in Economics by country

Attribution to country is based on affiliations. For economists with multiple affiliations, affiliation shares set by the economist are considered.

Country	# authors	# female	share(%)
Algeria	77.56	17	21.9
Argentina	408.95	103.43	25.2
Australia	1614.77	403.52	24.9
Austria	574.85	134.7	23.4
Azerbaijan	59.85	11	18.3
Bangladesh	203.74	26.15	12.8
Belgium	918.59	242.9	26.4
Bolivia	94.06	26.24	27.8
Brazil	1027.09	181.76	17.6
Bulgaria	263	132	50.1
Cameroun	74.15	15.68	21.1
Canada	1754.87	375.09	21.3
Chile	474.47	73.87	15.5
China	1637.76	450.27	27.4
Colombia	723.51	170.78	23.6
Croatia	170.71	90.42	52.9
Czech Republic	563.22	184.56	32.7
Denmark	446.71	109.47	24.5
Ecuador	141.92	39.08	27.5
Egypt	118.11	48.7	41.2
Estonia	56.69	18	31.7
Ethiopia	80.44	17.5	21.7
Finland	271.28	70.34	25.9
France	3915.67	1251.99	31.9
Germany	3695.35	939.11	25.4
Ghana	141.73	15.74	11.1
Greece	630.89	148.04	23.4
Hong Kong	164.7	29.9	18.1
Hungary	437.9	136.32	31.1
India	1289.98	377.47	29.2
Indonesia	459.65	122.56	26.6
Iran	170.06	23.5	13.8
Ireland	356.22	117.59	33
Israel	244.98	42	17.1
Italy	3645.24	1187.46	32.5
Japan	1292.57	173.66	13.4
Kazakhstan	66.9	18	26.9
Kenya	50.66	10.54	20.8
Lebanon	70.97	21.52	30.3
Luxembourg	188.02	48.13	25.5
Macao	51.9	16.89	32.5
North Macedonia	72.83	32.45	44.5
Malaysia	399.76	102.7	25.6
Mexico	451.1	86.8	19.2
Morocco	114.64	21.1	18.4
Netherlands	1220.21	283.89	23.2
New Zealand	288.98	66.62	23
Nigeria	410.65	72.88	17.7
Norway	498.1	97.63	19.6
Pakistan	552.95	124.09	22.4
Peru	262.12	45.39	17.3
Philippines	199.2	71.69	35.9
Poland	775.61	257.36	33.1
Portugal	719.8	260.96	36.2
Romania	1177.07	688.7	58.5
Russia	1649.48	747.4	45.3
Saudi Arabia	93.14	8.9	9.5
Singapore	211.84	46.75	22
Slovakia	157.36	53.8	34.1
Slovenia	53.96	13	24
South Africa	427.6	128.54	30
South Korea	430.72	98.04	22.7
Spain	2708.25	886.69	32.7
Sri Lanka	52.35	23.34	44.5
Sweden	748.44	189.37	25.3
Switzerland	1121.92	257.77	22.9
Taiwan	266.13	60.05	22.5
Thailand	163.01	64.94	39.8
Tunisia	269.05	89.7	33.3
Turkey	964.38	253.98	26.3
United Arab Emirates	115.54	23.04	19.9
United Kingdom	4020.02	1045.62	26
Ukraine	213.35	79.05	37
Uruguay	132.59	49.7	37.4
United States	12904.64	3001.58	23.2
Viet Nam	249.07	69.25	27.8

Female representation in Economics by US state

Attribution to state is based on affiliations. For economists with multiple affiliations, affiliation shares set by the economist are considered.

State	# authors	# female	share (%)
Alabama (United States)	103.89	24.81	23.8
Arkansas (United States)	51.38	10.16	19.7
Arizona (United States)	127.65	31.49	24.6
California (United States)	1210.51	260.58	21.5
Colorado (United States)	146.33	32.01	21.8
Connecticut (United States)	256.95	51.14	19.9
District of Columbia (United States)	2510.13	691.64	27.5
Delaware (United States)	50.52	18.02	35.6
Florida (United States)	257.15	56.78	22
Georgia (United States)	310.45	72.52	23.3
Iowa (United States)	83.43	22	26.3
Illinois (United States)	558.22	104.7	18.7
Indiana (United States)	287.62	61.43	21.3
Kansas (United States)	70.54	12.89	18.2
Kentucky (United States)	87.84	15.4	17.5
Louisiana (United States)	86.64	17.35	20
Massachusetts (United States)	932.46	215.7	23.1
Maryland (United States)	234.81	49.75	21.1
Maine (United States)	54.81	13.76	25.1
Michigan (United States)	309.05	59.13	19.1
Minnesota (United States)	172.07	37.73	21.9
Missouri (United States)	255.31	66.27	25.9
North Carolina (United States)	340.53	60.47	17.7
Nebraska (United States)	56.4	13	23
New Hampshire (United States)	71.84	17.77	24.7
New Jersey (United States)	204.12	45.1	22
New York (United States)	1039.78	246.9	23.7
Ohio (United States)	303.83	76.01	25
Oklahoma (United States)	86.7	23.87	27.5
Oregon (United States)	64.39	19.45	30.2
Pennsylvania (United States)	564.15	134.13	23.7
Rhode Island (United States)	85.89	17.5	20.3
South Carolina (United States)	89.74	20	22.2
Tennessee (United States)	156.6	30.24	19.3
Texas (United States)	558.58	115.38	20.6
Utah (United States)	119.05	21.4	17.9
Virginia (United States)	365.3	83.74	22.9
Washington (United States)	103.24	30.22	29.2
Wisconsin (United States)	166.58	38.97	23.3

Female representation in Economics by field

Field is determined by the proportion of papers announced through NEP that are in a particular field. Note that a paper may be is several fields.

Field	# authors	# female	share (%)
NEP-ACC: Accounting and Auditing	167.68	48.73	29
NEP-AFR: Africa	282.45	66.97	23.7
NEP-AGE: Economics of Ageing	339.16	109.6	32.3
NEP-AGR: Agricultural Economics	1480.26	414.38	27.9
NEP-ARA: MENA - Middle East and North Africa	367.66	106.6	28.9
NEP-BAN: Banking	897.66	209.8	23.3
NEP-BEC: Business Economics	452.49	100.7	22.2
NEP-BIG: Big Data	271.8	62.15	22.8
NEP-CBA: Central Banking	1289.85	253.48	19.6
NEP-CBE: Cognitive and Behavioural Economics	356.84	83.23	23.3
NEP-CDM: Collective Decision-Making	328.09	69.42	21.1
NEP-CFN: Corporate Finance	266.71	58.91	22
NEP-CIS: Confederation of Independent States	447.14	181.3	40.5
NEP-CMP: Computational Economics	366.78	78.09	21.2
NEP-CNA: China	285.07	90.6	31.7
NEP-COM: Industrial Competition	727.09	140.45	19.3
NEP-CSE: Economics of Strategic Management	325.36	100.83	30.9
NEP-CTA: Contract Theory and Applications	164.56	30.05	18.2
NEP-CUL: Cultural Economics	83.67	32	38.2
NEP-CWA: Central and Western Asia	264.99	68.72	25.9
NEP-DCM: Discrete Choice Models	216.81	52.88	24.3
NEP-DEM: Demographic Economics	195.29	85.91	43.9
NEP-DES: Economic Design	164.32	31.85	19.3
NEP-DEV: Development	726.77	220.18	30.2
NEP-DGE: Dynamic General Equilibrium	1277.62	237.49	18.5
NEP-ECM: Econometrics	837.16	125.46	14.9
NEP-EDU: Education	470.79	148.93	31.6
NEP-EEC: European Economics	764.2	198.11	25.9
NEP-EFF: Efficiency and Productivity	504.73	123.71	24.5
NEP-ENE: Energy Economics	1509.57	370.93	24.5
NEP-ENT: Entrepreneurship	357.31	90.37	25.2
NEP-ENV: Environmental Economics	1981.07	545.05	27.5
NEP-ETS: Econometric Time Series	356.71	53.33	14.9
NEP-EUR: Microeconomic European Issues	829.11	311.02	37.5
NEP-EVO: Evolutionary Economics	149.7	23.18	15.4
NEP-EXP: Experimental Economics	1302.38	366.5	28.1
NEP-FDG: Financial Development and Growth	468.8	114.99	24.5
NEP-FLE: Financial Literacy and Education	69.7	28.65	41.1
NEP-FMK: Financial Markets	245.93	41.77	16.9
NEP-FOR: Forecasting	239.16	50.35	21
NEP-GEN: Gender	118.42	65.78	55.5
NEP-GEO: Economic Geography	520.66	116.15	22.3
NEP-GER: German Papers	193.46	51.14	26.4
NEP-GRO: Economic Growth	213.78	42.45	19.8
NEP-GTH: Game Theory	636.05	113.99	17.9
NEP-HAP: Economics of Happiness	111.16	31.92	28.7
NEP-HEA: Health Economics	938.9	328.01	34.9
NEP-HIS: Business, Economic and Financial History	922.45	201.62	21.8
NEP-HME: Heterodox Microeconomics	273.83	75.29	27.4
NEP-HPE: History and Philosophy of Economics	272.45	43.36	15.9
NEP-HRM: Human Capital and Human Resource Management	266.79	75.87	28.4
NEP-IAS: Insurance Economics	247.95	64.45	25.9
NEP-ICT: Information and Communication Technologies	147.45	39.26	26.6
NEP-IFN: International Finance	236.14	48.44	20.5
NEP-IND: Industrial Organization	202.26	39.52	19.5
NEP-INO: Innovation	632.59	175.62	27.7
NEP-INT: International Trade	1316.57	353.06	26.8
NEP-INV: Investment	68.37	19.48	28.4
NEP-IPR: Intellectual Property Rights	143.16	33.39	23.3
NEP-ISF: Islamic Finance	198.26	59.95	30.2
NEP-IUE: Informal and Underground Economics	145.28	44.83	30.8
NEP-KNM: Knowledge Management and Knowledge Economy	137.24	40.62	29.6
NEP-LAB: Labour Economics	1240.62	395.8	31.9
NEP-LAM: Central and South America	192.06	54.65	28.4
NEP-LAW: Law and Economics	311.52	83.04	26.6
NEP-LMA: Labor Markets - Supply, Demand, and Wages	587.39	175.81	29.9
NEP-LTV: Unemployment, Inequality and Poverty	223.74	60.4	26.9
NEP-MAC: Macroeconomics	3569.74	687.85	19.2
NEP-MFD: Microfinance	110.31	31.4	28.4
NEP-MIC: Microeconomics	638.32	88.26	13.8
NEP-MIG: Economics of Human Migration	380.4	130.43	34.2
NEP-MKT: Marketing	90.09	24.64	27.3
NEP-MON: Monetary Economics	1607.27	324.36	20.1
NEP-MST: Market Microstructure	99.71	21.97	22
NEP-NET: Network Economics	201.78	42.82	21.2
NEP-NEU: Neuroeconomics	73.38	31.82	43.3
NEP-OPM: Open Economy Macroeconomics	390.11	85.77	21.9
NEP-ORE: Operations Research	338.05	64.03	18.9
NEP-PAY: Payment Systems and Financial Technology	400.54	109.22	27.2
NEP-PBE: Public Economics	637.96	149.07	23.3
NEP-PKE: Post Keynesian Economics	179.68	33.29	18.5
NEP-POL: Positive Political Economics	440.05	101.62	23
NEP-PPM: Project, Program and Portfolio Management	72.17	22.54	31.2
NEP-PUB: Public Finance	262.45	60.46	23
NEP-REG: Regulation	384.9	85.96	22.3
NEP-RES: Resource Economics	64.46	15.14	23.4
NEP-RMG: Risk Management	406.32	77.69	19.1
NEP-SBM: Small Business Management	483.36	139.27	28.8
NEP-SEA: South East Asia	666.37	167.57	25.1
NEP-SOC: Social Norms and Social Capital	290.01	81.05	27.9
NEP-SOG: Sociology of Economics	90.46	23.01	25.4
NEP-SPO: Sports and Economics	89.11	7.99	8.9
NEP-TID: Technology and Industrial Dynamics	365.05	94.61	25.9
NEP-TRA: Transition Economics	716.54	260.71	36.3
NEP-TRE: Transport Economics	201.89	52.74	26.1
NEP-TUR: Tourism Economics	66.95	18.38	27.4
NEP-UPT: Utility Models and Prospect Theory	357.21	70	19.5
NEP-URE: Urban and Real Estate Economics	2094.39	573.59	27.3

Female representation in Economics by cohort

Cohort is based on information listed in the RePEc Genealogy.

Cohort	# authors	# female	share (%)
1970	50	0	0
1971	64	3	4.6
1972	58	1	1.7
1973	74	5	6.7
1974	76	1	1.3
1975	98	4	4
1976	93	8	8.6
1977	70	2	2.8
1978	93	9	9.6
1979	86	5	5.8
1980	97	6	6.1
1981	114	3	2.6
1982	111	9	8.1
1983	134	15	11.1
1984	120	13	10.8
1985	140	9	6.4
1986	166	20	12
1987	163	22	13.4
1988	182	31	17
1989	194	19	9.7
1990	208	23	11
1991	225	31	13.7
1992	238	36	15.1
1993	257	40	15.5
1994	244	42	17.2
1995	306	49	16
1996	332	63	18.9
1997	300	45	15
1998	354	77	21.7
1999	387	82	21.1
2000	481	96	19.9
2001	446	110	24.6
2002	486	113	23.2
2003	471	109	23.1
2004	460	95	20.6
2005	527	117	22.2
2006	526	127	24.1
2007	603	153	25.3
2008	634	159	25
2009	626	161	25.7
2010	603	164	27.1
2011	607	149	24.5
2012	594	129	21.7
2013	570	148	25.9
2014	529	128	24.1
2015	541	134	24.7
2016	462	108	23.3
2017	458	105	22.9
2018	443	117	26.4
2019	384	88	22.9
2020	357	92	25.7
2021	308	86	27.9
2022	280	58	20.7
2023	265	74	27.9
2024	180	43	23.8
2025	94	23	24.4

Female representation in Economics by ranking

Proportion of females in 5-percentile groups taken from the rankings of economists, all-time publications and last 10 years of publications.

%ile	All (%)	10Y (%)
1-1	5.6	10.3
2-2	10.4	12.1
3-3	7.9	14.8
4-4	10.7	14.7
5-5	13.2	18.7
6-10	14.9	19.7
11-15	18.8	21.1
16-20	20.8	23.1
21-25	23.7	25.1
26-30	24.8	25.7
31-40	26	27.1
41-50	28	29
51-100

The data presented here are experimental. They are based on a sample of the research output in Economics and Finance. Only material catalogued in RePEc is considered. For any citation based criterion, only works that could be parsed by the CitEc project are considered. For any ranking of people, only those registered with the RePEc Author Service can be taken into account. And for rankings of institutions, only those listed in EDIRC and claimed as affiliation by the respective, registered authors can be measured. Thus, this list is by no means based on a complete sample. You can help making this more comprehensive by encouraging more publications to be listed (instructions) and more authors to register (form). For more details on the various rankings that are available as well for documentation, follow this link.

Credits:

• Citations from CitEc project by José Manuel Barrueco Cruz, University of Valencia, Spain. Hardware provided by Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Económicas (IVIE), Valencia, Spain.
• Abstract views and downloads statistics from LogEc project by Sune Karlsson, Örebro University, Sweden.
• Author registration, institution database, and ranking computations by Christian Zimmermann.
• RePEc has been initiated by Thomas Krichel.