Female representation in Economics, as of April 2025

These statistics draw on the published economists registered with the RePEc Author Service. Gender attribution is performed through pattern matching with NamSor. A category is listed if it has at least 50 members.

Overall, 19065 of 71402 economists are female, or a proportion of 26.7%.

Listings by

• Country
• US state
• Field
• Cohort
• Ranking

Each table can be sorted by clicking on table headers.

Female representation in Economics by country

Attribution to country is based on affiliations. For economists with multiple affiliations, affiliation shares set by the economist are considered.

Country	# authors	# female	share(%)
Algeria	74.56	17	22.7
Argentina	401.82	101.4	25.2
Australia	1606.73	403.3	25.1
Austria	565.38	128.95	22.8
Azerbaijan	54.85	10	18.2
Bangladesh	194.95	24.65	12.6
Belgium	901.06	240.44	26.6
Bolivia	90.56	25.24	27.8
Brazil	984.01	169.37	17.2
Bulgaria	259.32	129.92	50.1
Cameroun	69.89	13.68	19.5
Canada	1746.57	371.14	21.2
Chile	468.88	73.87	15.7
China	1595.57	441.46	27.6
Colombia	706.51	166.28	23.5
Croatia	166.61	86.48	51.9
Czech Republic	540.91	174.06	32.1
Denmark	439.87	107.88	24.5
Ecuador	134.38	37.08	27.5
Egypt	114.64	48.08	41.9
Estonia	56.69	18	31.7
Ethiopia	74.37	16.5	22.1
Finland	266.69	69.86	26.1
France	3870.55	1240.38	32
Germany	3621.22	913.18	25.2
Ghana	135.74	14.74	10.8
Greece	617.86	144.66	23.4
Hong Kong	160.86	30.06	18.6
Hungary	434.96	136.18	31.3
India	1241.91	360.59	29
Indonesia	451.65	123.06	27.2
Iran	162.02	21.5	13.2
Ireland	350.38	116.09	33.1
Israel	245.38	42	17.1
Italy	3606.15	1178.13	32.6
Japan	1277.92	171.43	13.4
Kazakhstan	65.9	18	27.3
Lebanon	63.46	18.52	29.1
Luxembourg	181.93	46.13	25.3
North Macedonia	72.83	32.45	44.5
Malaysia	396.09	101.6	25.6
Mexico	442.03	85.72	19.3
Morocco	103.24	17.1	16.5
Netherlands	1209.59	276.91	22.8
New Zealand	287.44	66.72	23.2
Nigeria	400.03	71.88	17.9
Norway	499.72	95.96	19.2
Pakistan	548.95	122.09	22.2
Peru	256.94	44.39	17.2
Philippines	183.02	67.06	36.6
Poland	759.12	255.36	33.6
Portugal	716.69	258.86	36.1
Romania	1176.24	686.87	58.3
Russia	1650.04	748.2	45.3
Saudi Arabia	91.74	8.9	9.7
Singapore	210.63	45.75	21.7
Slovakia	153.88	53.1	34.5
Slovenia	52.16	12	23
South Africa	416.17	124.4	29.8
South Korea	422.93	97.97	23.1
Spain	2666.58	874.35	32.7
Sri Lanka	52.35	23.34	44.5
Sweden	745.98	186.39	24.9
Switzerland	1113.78	255.99	22.9
Taiwan	262.1	60.05	22.9
Thailand	155.76	63.94	41
Tunisia	264.06	87.2	33
Turkey	952.99	251	26.3
United Arab Emirates	113.65	22.04	19.3
United Kingdom	3993.19	1029.33	25.7
Ukraine	210.2	76.8	36.5
Uruguay	132.63	50.7	38.2
United States	12756.95	2944.62	23
Viet Nam	241.87	68.75	28.4

Female representation in Economics by US state

Attribution to state is based on affiliations. For economists with multiple affiliations, affiliation shares set by the economist are considered.

State	# authors	# female	share (%)
Alabama (United States)	101.39	22.81	22.4
Arkansas (United States)	52.38	10.16	19.3
Arizona (United States)	126.4	31.74	25.1
California (United States)	1201.74	259.58	21.6
Colorado (United States)	143.33	30.01	20.9
Connecticut (United States)	247.44	48.34	19.5
District of Columbia (United States)	2499.19	685.07	27.4
Florida (United States)	255.8	57.78	22.5
Georgia (United States)	302.52	69.91	23.1
Iowa (United States)	82.18	22.25	27
Illinois (United States)	556.6	104.15	18.7
Indiana (United States)	278.52	58.93	21.1
Kansas (United States)	72.03	12.89	17.9
Kentucky (United States)	86.34	15.4	17.8
Louisiana (United States)	86.04	17.35	20.1
Massachusetts (United States)	921.43	212.08	23
Maryland (United States)	235.17	51.25	21.7
Maine (United States)	52.81	12.76	24.1
Michigan (United States)	301.23	56.79	18.8
Minnesota (United States)	169.57	38.73	22.8
Missouri (United States)	253.59	64.77	25.5
North Carolina (United States)	336.03	61.97	18.4
Nebraska (United States)	51.9	11	21.1
New Hampshire (United States)	70.34	17.77	25.2
New Jersey (United States)	206.91	45.85	22.1
New York (United States)	1026.94	239.33	23.3
Ohio (United States)	297.41	73.52	24.7
Oklahoma (United States)	87.7	23.87	27.2
Oregon (United States)	62.65	18.45	29.4
Pennsylvania (United States)	565.36	131.12	23.1
Rhode Island (United States)	87.99	16.5	18.7
South Carolina (United States)	86.74	18	20.7
Tennessee (United States)	157.75	31.24	19.8
Texas (United States)	543.1	109.85	20.2
Utah (United States)	118.94	21.3	17.9
Virginia (United States)	359.83	82.24	22.8
Washington (United States)	101.04	28.22	27.9
Wisconsin (United States)	165.63	37.97	22.9

Female representation in Economics by field

Field is determined by the proportion of papers announced through NEP that are in a particular field. Note that a paper may be is several fields.

Field	# authors	# female	share (%)
NEP-ACC: Accounting and Auditing	163.2	48.1	29.4
NEP-AFR: Africa	275.91	64.12	23.2
NEP-AGE: Economics of Ageing	331.81	109.2	32.9
NEP-AGR: Agricultural Economics	1411.46	398.53	28.2
NEP-ARA: MENA - Middle East and North Africa	356.98	103.57	29
NEP-BAN: Banking	876.37	209.49	23.9
NEP-BEC: Business Economics	434.56	96.86	22.2
NEP-BIG: Big Data	259.43	59.96	23.1
NEP-CBA: Central Banking	1243.6	245.16	19.7
NEP-CBE: Cognitive and Behavioural Economics	353.9	82.54	23.3
NEP-CDM: Collective Decision-Making	319.5	66.22	20.7
NEP-CFN: Corporate Finance	252.71	53.42	21.1
NEP-CIS: Confederation of Independent States	438.98	180.04	41
NEP-CMP: Computational Economics	356.27	77.46	21.7
NEP-CNA: China	270.15	87.9	32.5
NEP-COM: Industrial Competition	715.13	136.34	19
NEP-CSE: Economics of Strategic Management	316	98.11	31
NEP-CTA: Contract Theory and Applications	160.62	29.95	18.6
NEP-CUL: Cultural Economics	77.93	28.39	36.4
NEP-CWA: Central and Western Asia	275.76	71.64	25.9
NEP-DCM: Discrete Choice Models	202.96	50.25	24.7
NEP-DEM: Demographic Economics	184.3	79.73	43.2
NEP-DES: Economic Design	153.32	29.96	19.5
NEP-DEV: Development	698.12	211.94	30.3
NEP-DGE: Dynamic General Equilibrium	1257.35	235.42	18.7
NEP-ECM: Econometrics	810.74	121.61	15
NEP-EDU: Education	468.89	149.29	31.8
NEP-EEC: European Economics	721.63	183.71	25.4
NEP-EFF: Efficiency and Productivity	487.67	121.68	24.9
NEP-ENE: Energy Economics	1441.25	354.35	24.5
NEP-ENT: Entrepreneurship	344.01	81.99	23.8
NEP-ENV: Environmental Economics	1857.6	515.44	27.7
NEP-ETS: Econometric Time Series	341.91	51.66	15.1
NEP-EUR: Microeconomic European Issues	808.11	300.87	37.2
NEP-EVO: Evolutionary Economics	145.19	22.37	15.4
NEP-EXP: Experimental Economics	1258.66	348.94	27.7
NEP-FDG: Financial Development and Growth	436.79	108.66	24.8
NEP-FIN: Finance	68.82	9.12	13.2
NEP-FLE: Financial Literacy and Education	63.43	26.2	41.3
NEP-FMK: Financial Markets	238.24	41.88	17.5
NEP-FOR: Forecasting	231.8	49.88	21.5
NEP-GEN: Gender	114.88	63.31	55.1
NEP-GEO: Economic Geography	508.43	113.66	22.3
NEP-GER: German Papers	176.18	43.3	24.5
NEP-GRO: Economic Growth	206.32	39.97	19.3
NEP-GTH: Game Theory	619.33	109.23	17.6
NEP-HAP: Economics of Happiness	109.01	34.53	31.6
NEP-HEA: Health Economics	904.92	310.45	34.3
NEP-HIS: Business, Economic and Financial History	881.73	188.51	21.3
NEP-HME: Heterodox Microeconomics	257	66.99	26
NEP-HPE: History and Philosophy of Economics	268.31	43.67	16.2
NEP-HRM: Human Capital and Human Resource Management	257.32	73.36	28.5
NEP-IAS: Insurance Economics	252.22	64.57	25.6
NEP-ICT: Information and Communication Technologies	143.63	41.06	28.5
NEP-IFN: International Finance	216.01	44.7	20.6
NEP-IND: Industrial Organization	194.46	38.66	19.8
NEP-INO: Innovation	627.27	173.42	27.6
NEP-INT: International Trade	1295.51	342.26	26.4
NEP-INV: Investment	54.66	14.5	26.5
NEP-IPR: Intellectual Property Rights	143.59	34.02	23.6
NEP-ISF: Islamic Finance	197.02	58.29	29.5
NEP-IUE: Informal and Underground Economics	139.51	41.27	29.5
NEP-KNM: Knowledge Management and Knowledge Economy	135.79	41.58	30.6
NEP-LAB: Labour Economics	1206.57	378.57	31.3
NEP-LAM: Central and South America	189.01	53.79	28.4
NEP-LAW: Law and Economics	294.36	79.9	27.1
NEP-LMA: Labor Markets - Supply, Demand, and Wages	549.7	162.09	29.4
NEP-LTV: Unemployment, Inequality and Poverty	223.68	60.84	27.1
NEP-MAC: Macroeconomics	3591.38	691.01	19.2
NEP-MFD: Microfinance	106.03	28.98	27.3
NEP-MIC: Microeconomics	607.23	85.58	14
NEP-MIG: Economics of Human Migration	372.02	128.74	34.6
NEP-MKT: Marketing	89.8	24.39	27.1
NEP-MON: Monetary Economics	1541.52	310.98	20.1
NEP-MST: Market Microstructure	97.61	20.87	21.3
NEP-NET: Network Economics	188.26	37.15	19.7
NEP-NEU: Neuroeconomics	68.79	30.2	43.9
NEP-OPM: Open Economy Macroeconomics	376.53	82.35	21.8
NEP-ORE: Operations Research	343.76	65.96	19.1
NEP-PAY: Payment Systems and Financial Technology	380.46	107.88	28.3
NEP-PBE: Public Economics	621.38	140.37	22.5
NEP-PKE: Post Keynesian Economics	175.72	32.21	18.3
NEP-POL: Positive Political Economics	421.18	95.53	22.6
NEP-PPM: Project, Program and Portfolio Management	64.85	19.15	29.5
NEP-PUB: Public Finance	252.89	55.77	22
NEP-REG: Regulation	373.5	81.47	21.8
NEP-RES: Resource Economics	61.77	14.86	24
NEP-RMG: Risk Management	394.71	75.99	19.2
NEP-SBM: Small Business Management	453.96	126.39	27.8
NEP-SEA: South East Asia	625.49	152.47	24.3
NEP-SOC: Social Norms and Social Capital	280.02	79.02	28.2
NEP-SOG: Sociology of Economics	85.62	21.71	25.3
NEP-SPO: Sports and Economics	83.78	6.63	7.9
NEP-TID: Technology and Industrial Dynamics	354.68	92.32	26
NEP-TRA: Transition Economics	691.53	255.35	36.9
NEP-TRE: Transport Economics	193	50.5	26.1
NEP-TUR: Tourism Economics	62.71	16.82	26.8
NEP-UPT: Utility Models and Prospect Theory	347.48	65.64	18.8
NEP-URE: Urban and Real Estate Economics	2022.11	546.72	27

Female representation in Economics by cohort

Cohort is based on information listed in the RePEc Genealogy.

Cohort	# authors	# female	share (%)
1971	62	3	4.8
1972	57	1	1.7
1973	70	5	7.1
1974	73	1	1.3
1975	95	3	3.1
1976	93	8	8.6
1977	66	2	3
1978	92	9	9.7
1979	86	5	5.8
1980	96	6	6.2
1981	110	3	2.7
1982	108	9	8.3
1983	132	15	11.3
1984	117	12	10.2
1985	137	8	5.8
1986	159	19	11.9
1987	160	22	13.7
1988	179	30	16.7
1989	188	18	9.5
1990	203	23	11.3
1991	218	31	14.2
1992	230	35	15.2
1993	250	38	15.2
1994	232	40	17.2
1995	300	48	16
1996	323	59	18.2
1997	295	44	14.9
1998	346	76	21.9
1999	379	80	21.1
2000	466	90	19.3
2001	440	108	24.5
2002	473	112	23.6
2003	460	103	22.3
2004	452	90	19.9
2005	510	115	22.5
2006	516	122	23.6
2007	584	145	24.8
2008	609	148	24.3
2009	608	156	25.6
2010	585	162	27.6
2011	582	144	24.7
2012	572	120	20.9
2013	546	144	26.3
2014	515	124	24
2015	513	126	24.5
2016	437	102	23.3
2017	431	96	22.2
2018	407	105	25.7
2019	353	79	22.3
2020	329	84	25.5
2021	268	75	27.9
2022	252	57	22.6
2023	221	63	28.5
2024	141	33	23.4

Female representation in Economics by ranking

Proportion of females in 5-percentile groups taken from the rankings of economists, all-time publications and last 10 years of publications.

%ile	All (%)	10Y (%)
1-1	5.7	10.3
2-2	9.6	12.1
3-3	8.4	14.2
4-4	10	14.4
5-5	13.4	18.6
6-10	14.8	19.9
11-15	18.6	21.1
16-20	20.1	22.8
21-25	23.1	25.1
26-30	25.7	26.1
31-40	25.3	26.9
41-50	28.6	28.7
51-100

The data presented here are experimental. They are based on a sample of the research output in Economics and Finance. Only material catalogued in RePEc is considered. For any citation based criterion, only works that could be parsed by the CitEc project are considered. For any ranking of people, only those registered with the RePEc Author Service can be taken into account. And for rankings of institutions, only those listed in EDIRC and claimed as affiliation by the respective, registered authors can be measured. Thus, this list is by no means based on a complete sample. You can help making this more comprehensive by encouraging more publications to be listed (instructions) and more authors to register (form). For more details on the various rankings that are available as well for documentation, follow this link.

Credits:

• Citations from CitEc project by José Manuel Barrueco Cruz, University of Valencia, Spain. Hardware provided by Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Económicas (IVIE), Valencia, Spain.
• Abstract views and downloads statistics from LogEc project by Sune Karlsson, Örebro University, Sweden.
• Author registration, institution database, and ranking computations by Christian Zimmermann.
• RePEc has been initiated by Thomas Krichel.