Female representation in Economics, as of June 2025

These statistics draw on the published economists registered with the RePEc Author Service. Gender attribution is performed through pattern matching with NamSor. A category is listed if it has at least 50 members.

Overall, 19119 of 71625 economists are female, or a proportion of 26.6%.

Listings by

• Country
• US state
• Field
• Cohort
• Ranking

Each table can be sorted by clicking on table headers.

Female representation in Economics by country

Attribution to country is based on affiliations. For economists with multiple affiliations, affiliation shares set by the economist are considered.

Country	# authors	# female	share(%)
Algeria	74.56	17	22.7
Argentina	402.35	101.41	25.2
Australia	1608.08	403.35	25
Austria	567.04	130.14	22.9
Azerbaijan	55.85	10	17.9
Bangladesh	196.64	24.65	12.5
Belgium	915.43	244.74	26.7
Bolivia	90.56	25.24	27.8
Brazil	997.5	172.87	17.3
Bulgaria	259.32	129.92	50.1
Cameroun	70.15	13.68	19.5
Canada	1746.11	371.54	21.2
Chile	469.47	73.87	15.7
China	1606.46	444.46	27.6
Colombia	710.69	168.28	23.6
Croatia	166.61	86.48	51.9
Czech Republic	543.44	174.06	32
Denmark	442.23	109.88	24.8
Ecuador	134.88	37.08	27.4
Egypt	116.16	48.08	41.3
Estonia	56.69	18	31.7
Ethiopia	74.87	16.5	22
Finland	268.84	69.86	25.9
France	3885.56	1239.36	31.8
Germany	3634.33	915.26	25.1
Ghana	136.74	14.74	10.7
Greece	623.95	146.66	23.5
Hong Kong	163.36	30.56	18.7
Hungary	434.66	136.18	31.3
India	1246.46	361.59	29
Indonesia	451.65	123.06	27.2
Iran	161.02	21.5	13.3
Ireland	350.42	116.09	33.1
Israel	244.38	42	17.1
Italy	3620.01	1182.31	32.6
Japan	1283.17	173.33	13.5
Kazakhstan	65.9	18	27.3
Kenya	51.66	10.54	20.4
Lebanon	63.96	18.52	28.9
Luxembourg	182.93	47.13	25.7
Macao	50.89	15.9	31.2
North Macedonia	72.83	32.45	44.5
Malaysia	395.19	101.7	25.7
Mexico	443.43	85.63	19.3
Morocco	106.24	17.1	16
Netherlands	1211.63	278.99	23
New Zealand	288.45	66.62	23
Nigeria	398.59	71.88	18
Norway	497.22	93.96	18.8
Pakistan	548.95	122.09	22.2
Peru	258.92	44.39	17.1
Philippines	183.97	67.02	36.4
Poland	765.97	256.36	33.4
Portugal	713.8	257.96	36.1
Romania	1176.24	686.87	58.3
Russia	1626.26	736.2	45.2
Saudi Arabia	91.74	8.9	9.7
Singapore	212.08	45.75	21.5
Slovakia	154.13	53.1	34.4
Slovenia	52.16	12	23
South Africa	419.32	123.5	29.4
South Korea	429.59	99.13	23
Spain	2671.23	875.35	32.7
Sri Lanka	52.35	23.34	44.5
Sweden	742.98	185.89	25
Switzerland	1113.92	256.14	22.9
Taiwan	264.1	60.05	22.7
Thailand	156.01	63.94	40.9
Tunisia	266.06	88.2	33.1
Turkey	954.55	253	26.5
United Arab Emirates	113.65	22.04	19.3
United Kingdom	4008.29	1036.99	25.8
Ukraine	212.45	79.05	37.2
Uruguay	132.63	50.7	38.2
United States	12764.47	2954.49	23.1
Viet Nam	241.87	68.75	28.4

Female representation in Economics by US state

Attribution to state is based on affiliations. For economists with multiple affiliations, affiliation shares set by the economist are considered.

State	# authors	# female	share (%)
Alabama (United States)	100.39	22.81	22.7
Arkansas (United States)	52.38	10.16	19.3
Arizona (United States)	127.4	31.74	24.9
California (United States)	1199.64	260.58	21.7
Colorado (United States)	143.33	30.01	20.9
Connecticut (United States)	247.98	48.64	19.6
District of Columbia (United States)	2497.18	684.96	27.4
Delaware (United States)	50.52	18.02	35.6
Florida (United States)	255.8	57.78	22.5
Georgia (United States)	302.77	70.52	23.2
Iowa (United States)	83.18	22.25	26.7
Illinois (United States)	555.15	103.2	18.5
Indiana (United States)	279.17	59.93	21.4
Kansas (United States)	72.54	12.89	17.7
Kentucky (United States)	86.34	15.4	17.8
Louisiana (United States)	86.64	17.35	20
Massachusetts (United States)	928.05	214.69	23.1
Maryland (United States)	233.92	50.25	21.4
Maine (United States)	52.81	12.76	24.1
Michigan (United States)	299.57	56.79	18.9
Minnesota (United States)	169.57	38.73	22.8
Missouri (United States)	253.09	64.27	25.3
North Carolina (United States)	338.43	62.47	18.4
Nebraska (United States)	51.9	11	21.1
New Hampshire (United States)	69.84	17.77	25.4
New Jersey (United States)	206.16	45.1	21.8
New York (United States)	1023.59	238.93	23.3
Ohio (United States)	298.51	74.51	24.9
Oklahoma (United States)	86.7	23.87	27.5
Oregon (United States)	64.65	19.45	30
Pennsylvania (United States)	565.5	131.13	23.1
Rhode Island (United States)	87.39	16.5	18.8
South Carolina (United States)	87.74	18	20.5
Tennessee (United States)	157.75	31.24	19.8
Texas (United States)	552.5	116.88	21.1
Utah (United States)	116.44	19.8	17
Virginia (United States)	358.33	81.73	22.8
Washington (United States)	100.54	28.22	28
Wisconsin (United States)	165.63	37.97	22.9

Female representation in Economics by field

Field is determined by the proportion of papers announced through NEP that are in a particular field. Note that a paper may be is several fields.

Field	# authors	# female	share (%)
NEP-ACC: Accounting and Auditing	162.08	46.07	28.4
NEP-AFR: Africa	277.08	65.14	23.5
NEP-AGE: Economics of Ageing	332.21	109.8	33
NEP-AGR: Agricultural Economics	1427.58	401.61	28.1
NEP-ARA: MENA - Middle East and North Africa	357.69	102.62	28.6
NEP-BAN: Banking	887.1	211.22	23.8
NEP-BEC: Business Economics	436.36	97.22	22.2
NEP-BIG: Big Data	263.69	59.03	22.3
NEP-CBA: Central Banking	1257.47	247.41	19.6
NEP-CBE: Cognitive and Behavioural Economics	355.01	83.05	23.3
NEP-CDM: Collective Decision-Making	321.62	67.27	20.9
NEP-CFN: Corporate Finance	255.21	53.54	20.9
NEP-CIS: Confederation of Independent States	439.54	180.31	41
NEP-CMP: Computational Economics	357.45	78.49	21.9
NEP-CNA: China	273.02	89.28	32.7
NEP-COM: Industrial Competition	716.27	136.34	19
NEP-CSE: Economics of Strategic Management	317.48	98.95	31.1
NEP-CTA: Contract Theory and Applications	163.24	29.56	18.1
NEP-CUL: Cultural Economics	78.77	28.96	36.7
NEP-CWA: Central and Western Asia	272.19	70.89	26
NEP-DCM: Discrete Choice Models	210.16	53.59	25.5
NEP-DEM: Demographic Economics	190.11	82.48	43.3
NEP-DES: Economic Design	153.38	30.19	19.6
NEP-DEV: Development	703.3	211.68	30
NEP-DGE: Dynamic General Equilibrium	1258.63	235.91	18.7
NEP-ECM: Econometrics	815.67	122.86	15
NEP-EDU: Education	465.58	147.38	31.6
NEP-EEC: European Economics	729.35	186.44	25.5
NEP-EFF: Efficiency and Productivity	491.48	122.43	24.9
NEP-ENE: Energy Economics	1461.28	356.6	24.4
NEP-ENT: Entrepreneurship	344.7	82.04	23.8
NEP-ENV: Environmental Economics	1875.85	517.93	27.6
NEP-ETS: Econometric Time Series	342.42	51.85	15.1
NEP-EUR: Microeconomic European Issues	807.16	301.87	37.3
NEP-EVO: Evolutionary Economics	144.72	22.8	15.7
NEP-EXP: Experimental Economics	1262.61	352.87	27.9
NEP-FDG: Financial Development and Growth	443.5	108.8	24.5
NEP-FIN: Finance	68.2	9.11	13.3
NEP-FLE: Financial Literacy and Education	63.89	26.84	42
NEP-FMK: Financial Markets	239.54	42.02	17.5
NEP-FOR: Forecasting	231.94	50.85	21.9
NEP-GEN: Gender	115.89	62.47	53.9
NEP-GEO: Economic Geography	510.37	115.36	22.6
NEP-GER: German Papers	178.52	44.5	24.9
NEP-GRO: Economic Growth	205.48	40.64	19.7
NEP-GTH: Game Theory	613.98	108.96	17.7
NEP-HAP: Economics of Happiness	111.66	33.71	30.1
NEP-HEA: Health Economics	909.05	313.46	34.4
NEP-HIS: Business, Economic and Financial History	887.54	192.05	21.6
NEP-HME: Heterodox Microeconomics	256.23	66.51	25.9
NEP-HPE: History and Philosophy of Economics	265.49	42.03	15.8
NEP-HRM: Human Capital and Human Resource Management	257	73.13	28.4
NEP-IAS: Insurance Economics	250.07	64.6	25.8
NEP-ICT: Information and Communication Technologies	142.95	40.72	28.4
NEP-IFN: International Finance	221.52	46.14	20.8
NEP-IND: Industrial Organization	195.09	38.91	19.9
NEP-INO: Innovation	624.45	171.92	27.5
NEP-INT: International Trade	1280.25	338.55	26.4
NEP-INV: Investment	57.22	14.83	25.9
NEP-IPR: Intellectual Property Rights	143.15	34.11	23.8
NEP-ISF: Islamic Finance	193.07	56.84	29.4
NEP-IUE: Informal and Underground Economics	138.57	41.24	29.7
NEP-KNM: Knowledge Management and Knowledge Economy	135.3	41.2	30.4
NEP-LAB: Labour Economics	1206.84	378.82	31.3
NEP-LAM: Central and South America	186.88	52.74	28.2
NEP-LAW: Law and Economics	294.91	80.09	27.1
NEP-LMA: Labor Markets - Supply, Demand, and Wages	552.35	163.72	29.6
NEP-LTV: Unemployment, Inequality and Poverty	221.39	58.43	26.3
NEP-MAC: Macroeconomics	3559.48	683.95	19.2
NEP-MFD: Microfinance	106.27	29.18	27.4
NEP-MIC: Microeconomics	607.87	84.38	13.8
NEP-MIG: Economics of Human Migration	370.04	127.47	34.4
NEP-MKT: Marketing	90.87	24.89	27.3
NEP-MON: Monetary Economics	1548.37	313.5	20.2
NEP-MST: Market Microstructure	99.41	22.2	22.3
NEP-NET: Network Economics	189.03	39.95	21.1
NEP-NEU: Neuroeconomics	68.49	29.83	43.5
NEP-OPM: Open Economy Macroeconomics	375.98	82.22	21.8
NEP-ORE: Operations Research	338.21	65.87	19.4
NEP-PAY: Payment Systems and Financial Technology	383.89	108.08	28.1
NEP-PBE: Public Economics	617.66	137.49	22.2
NEP-PKE: Post Keynesian Economics	172.28	31.73	18.4
NEP-POL: Positive Political Economics	418.91	96.55	23
NEP-PPM: Project, Program and Portfolio Management	64.53	18.83	29.1
NEP-PUB: Public Finance	252.99	55.93	22.1
NEP-REG: Regulation	371.8	82.15	22
NEP-RES: Resource Economics	61.55	14.61	23.7
NEP-RMG: Risk Management	392.77	76.87	19.5
NEP-SBM: Small Business Management	453.91	126.61	27.8
NEP-SEA: South East Asia	625.32	152.7	24.4
NEP-SOC: Social Norms and Social Capital	276.57	78.01	28.2
NEP-SOG: Sociology of Economics	85.75	22.6	26.3
NEP-SPO: Sports and Economics	81.07	6.32	7.8
NEP-TID: Technology and Industrial Dynamics	355.22	93.05	26.1
NEP-TRA: Transition Economics	694.2	257.63	37.1
NEP-TRE: Transport Economics	192.53	50.19	26
NEP-TUR: Tourism Economics	64.13	18.4	28.7
NEP-UPT: Utility Models and Prospect Theory	344.28	65.48	19
NEP-URE: Urban and Real Estate Economics	2009.14	549.5	27.3

Female representation in Economics by cohort

Cohort is based on information listed in the RePEc Genealogy.

Cohort	# authors	# female	share (%)
1971	63	3	4.7
1972	57	1	1.7
1973	71	5	7
1974	74	1	1.3
1975	96	3	3.1
1976	93	8	8.6
1977	68	2	2.9
1978	93	9	9.6
1979	85	5	5.8
1980	96	6	6.2
1981	111	3	2.7
1982	109	9	8.2
1983	134	15	11.1
1984	119	12	10
1985	139	9	6.4
1986	164	20	12.1
1987	160	22	13.7
1988	180	30	16.6
1989	189	18	9.5
1990	204	23	11.2
1991	221	31	14
1992	234	36	15.3
1993	254	39	15.3
1994	235	40	17
1995	301	48	15.9
1996	325	59	18.1
1997	296	44	14.8
1998	348	76	21.8
1999	382	82	21.4
2000	468	91	19.4
2001	442	109	24.6
2002	477	113	23.6
2003	463	105	22.6
2004	454	91	20
2005	516	116	22.4
2006	520	124	23.8
2007	588	147	25
2008	617	151	24.4
2009	612	157	25.6
2010	589	163	27.6
2011	588	144	24.4
2012	575	123	21.3
2013	552	146	26.4
2014	519	125	24
2015	520	129	24.8
2016	441	102	23.1
2017	437	98	22.4
2018	414	106	25.6
2019	365	83	22.7
2020	337	87	25.8
2021	279	80	28.6
2022	259	58	22.3
2023	237	66	27.8
2024	156	36	23

Female representation in Economics by ranking

Proportion of females in 5-percentile groups taken from the rankings of economists, all-time publications and last 10 years of publications.

%ile	All (%)	10Y (%)
1-1	5.8	10.1
2-2	9.9	12.9
3-3	8.5	13.8
4-4	10.3	14.2
5-5	12.8	19.2
6-10	14.7	19.7
11-15	18.7	21.3
16-20	20.7	23
21-25	23.7	24.9
26-30	24.8	25.6
31-40	25.9	27
41-50	28.1	28.9
51-100

The data presented here are experimental. They are based on a sample of the research output in Economics and Finance. Only material catalogued in RePEc is considered. For any citation based criterion, only works that could be parsed by the CitEc project are considered. For any ranking of people, only those registered with the RePEc Author Service can be taken into account. And for rankings of institutions, only those listed in EDIRC and claimed as affiliation by the respective, registered authors can be measured. Thus, this list is by no means based on a complete sample. You can help making this more comprehensive by encouraging more publications to be listed (instructions) and more authors to register (form). For more details on the various rankings that are available as well for documentation, follow this link.

Credits:

• Citations from CitEc project by José Manuel Barrueco Cruz, University of Valencia, Spain. Hardware provided by Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Económicas (IVIE), Valencia, Spain.
• Abstract views and downloads statistics from LogEc project by Sune Karlsson, Örebro University, Sweden.
• Author registration, institution database, and ranking computations by Christian Zimmermann.
• RePEc has been initiated by Thomas Krichel.