Female representation in Economics, as of March 2025

These statistics draw on the published economists registered with the RePEc Author Service. Gender attribution is performed through pattern matching with NamSor. A category is listed if it has at least 50 members.

Overall, 18982 of 71173 economists are female, or a proportion of 26.6%.

Listings by

• Country
• US state
• Field
• Cohort
• Ranking

Each table can be sorted by clicking on table headers.

Female representation in Economics by country

Attribution to country is based on affiliations. For economists with multiple affiliations, affiliation shares set by the economist are considered.

Country	# authors	# female	share(%)
Algeria	74.56	17	22.7
Argentina	401.63	101.41	25.2
Australia	1603.73	401.3	25
Austria	560.87	126.46	22.5
Azerbaijan	54.85	11	20
Bangladesh	194.95	23.65	12.1
Belgium	897.46	239.94	26.7
Bolivia	90.56	25.24	27.8
Brazil	979.96	167.86	17.1
Bulgaria	258.32	128.92	49.9
Cameroun	68.89	12.68	18.4
Canada	1742.32	369.14	21.1
Chile	468.43	72.87	15.5
China	1593.17	440.56	27.6
Colombia	707.21	166.28	23.5
Croatia	166.61	86.48	51.9
Czech Republic	539.96	173.11	32
Denmark	438.97	106.98	24.3
Ecuador	134.27	36.08	26.8
Egypt	113.99	48.18	42.2
Estonia	56.69	18	31.7
Ethiopia	74.37	16.5	22.1
Finland	267.65	69.86	26.1
France	3868.09	1243.38	32.1
Germany	3616.8	912.51	25.2
Ghana	134.74	13.74	10.1
Greece	613.87	144.66	23.5
Hong Kong	162.36	30.56	18.8
Hungary	433.96	125.18	28.8
India	1251.16	366.59	29.3
Indonesia	450.65	123.06	27.3
Iran	161.02	21.5	13.3
Ireland	351.38	115.59	32.8
Israel	246.38	42	17
Italy	3565.95	1165.18	32.6
Japan	1273.37	168.43	13.2
Kazakhstan	65.75	17	25.8
Kenya	50.61	10.54	20.8
Lebanon	63.46	18.52	29.1
Luxembourg	181.91	46.13	25.3
North Macedonia	72.83	32.45	44.5
Malaysia	394.59	101.6	25.7
Mexico	441.55	85.72	19.4
Morocco	103.24	17.1	16.5
Netherlands	1209.22	276.04	22.8
New Zealand	286.44	65.72	22.9
Nigeria	397.53	71.88	18
Norway	498.72	95.96	19.2
Pakistan	546.62	121.09	22.1
Peru	256.89	44.39	17.2
Philippines	183.02	67.06	36.6
Poland	760.12	254.36	33.4
Portugal	714.19	256.86	35.9
Romania	1174.24	685.87	58.4
Russia	1652.5	746.7	45.1
Saudi Arabia	91.24	8.4	9.2
Singapore	210.63	45.75	21.7
Slovakia	151.94	52.96	34.8
Slovenia	51.16	12	23.4
South Africa	410.18	123.4	30
South Korea	418.92	95.97	22.9
Spain	2660.24	872.07	32.7
Sri Lanka	52.35	23.34	44.5
Sweden	745.32	186.33	25
Switzerland	1111.72	254.99	22.9
Taiwan	261.11	60.05	22.9
Thailand	155.76	63.94	41
Tunisia	262.46	85.1	32.4
Turkey	949.99	251	26.4
United Arab Emirates	113.15	21.54	19
United Kingdom	3984.41	1025.23	25.7
Ukraine	209.7	76.3	36.3
Uruguay	132.63	50.7	38.2
United States	12686.43	2925.09	23
Viet Nam	240.87	67.75	28.1

Female representation in Economics by US state

Attribution to state is based on affiliations. For economists with multiple affiliations, affiliation shares set by the economist are considered.

State	# authors	# female	share (%)
Alabama (United States)	101.39	22.81	22.4
Arkansas (United States)	52.38	10.16	19.3
Arizona (United States)	126.4	31.74	25.1
California (United States)	1194.35	261.59	21.9
Colorado (United States)	143.34	30.01	20.9
Connecticut (United States)	242.2	45.15	18.6
District of Columbia (United States)	2496.08	683.12	27.3
Florida (United States)	254.3	57.78	22.7
Georgia (United States)	301.02	69.91	23.2
Iowa (United States)	82.18	22.25	27
Illinois (United States)	555.86	105.05	18.8
Indiana (United States)	278.52	58.93	21.1
Kansas (United States)	71.04	11.89	16.7
Kentucky (United States)	86.34	15.4	17.8
Louisiana (United States)	85.54	17.35	20.2
Massachusetts (United States)	917.49	212.58	23.1
Maryland (United States)	234.82	51.15	21.7
Maine (United States)	51.8	11.75	22.6
Michigan (United States)	300.69	56.79	18.8
Minnesota (United States)	169.57	38.73	22.8
Missouri (United States)	251.59	63.77	25.3
North Carolina (United States)	335.03	61.97	18.4
Nebraska (United States)	51.9	11	21.1
New Hampshire (United States)	70.34	17.77	25.2
New Jersey (United States)	205.41	45.85	22.3
New York (United States)	1026.86	238.33	23.2
Ohio (United States)	292.66	68.77	23.4
Oklahoma (United States)	87.7	23.87	27.2
Oregon (United States)	62.65	18.45	29.4
Pennsylvania (United States)	563.76	129.02	22.8
Rhode Island (United States)	87.99	16.5	18.7
South Carolina (United States)	85.74	17	19.8
Tennessee (United States)	157.41	30.91	19.6
Texas (United States)	517.21	106.85	20.6
Utah (United States)	118.94	21.3	17.9
Virginia (United States)	356.29	80.73	22.6
Washington (United States)	99.04	27.22	27.4
Wisconsin (United States)	165.63	37.97	22.9

Female representation in Economics by field

Field is determined by the proportion of papers announced through NEP that are in a particular field. Note that a paper may be is several fields.

Field	# authors	# female	share (%)
NEP-ACC: Accounting and Auditing	161.99	47.01	29
NEP-AFR: Africa	281.7	68.06	24.1
NEP-AGE: Economics of Ageing	331.13	109.07	32.9
NEP-AGR: Agricultural Economics	1399.37	394.66	28.2
NEP-ARA: MENA - Middle East and North Africa	356.85	104.28	29.2
NEP-BAN: Banking	873.3	208.48	23.8
NEP-BEC: Business Economics	432.94	96.23	22.2
NEP-BIG: Big Data	255.02	59.9	23.4
NEP-CBA: Central Banking	1237.1	241.16	19.4
NEP-CBE: Cognitive and Behavioural Economics	354.65	81.22	22.9
NEP-CDM: Collective Decision-Making	317.73	64.74	20.3
NEP-CFN: Corporate Finance	251.77	53.69	21.3
NEP-CIS: Confederation of Independent States	432.92	176.79	40.8
NEP-CMP: Computational Economics	355.01	77.18	21.7
NEP-CNA: China	265.6	88.22	33.2
NEP-COM: Industrial Competition	712.69	133.62	18.7
NEP-CSE: Economics of Strategic Management	316.83	98.37	31
NEP-CTA: Contract Theory and Applications	160.06	29.91	18.6
NEP-CUL: Cultural Economics	77.41	28.39	36.6
NEP-CWA: Central and Western Asia	273.94	71.52	26.1
NEP-DCM: Discrete Choice Models	202.29	50.43	24.9
NEP-DEM: Demographic Economics	184.85	79.03	42.7
NEP-DES: Economic Design	153.8	30.26	19.6
NEP-DEV: Development	696.74	212.91	30.5
NEP-DGE: Dynamic General Equilibrium	1251.72	234.65	18.7
NEP-ECM: Econometrics	801.76	119.64	14.9
NEP-EDU: Education	466.63	148.1	31.7
NEP-EEC: European Economics	704.87	178.06	25.2
NEP-EFF: Efficiency and Productivity	484.79	119.98	24.7
NEP-ENE: Energy Economics	1430.35	347.2	24.2
NEP-ENT: Entrepreneurship	340.4	82.47	24.2
NEP-ENV: Environmental Economics	1831.28	501.78	27.4
NEP-ETS: Econometric Time Series	340.14	50.77	14.9
NEP-EUR: Microeconomic European Issues	797.65	297.25	37.2
NEP-EVO: Evolutionary Economics	144.25	21.62	14.9
NEP-EXP: Experimental Economics	1252.18	344.96	27.5
NEP-FDG: Financial Development and Growth	427	105.56	24.7
NEP-FIN: Finance	68.87	9.13	13.2
NEP-FLE: Financial Literacy and Education	59.36	25.2	42.4
NEP-FMK: Financial Markets	236.23	41.43	17.5
NEP-FOR: Forecasting	231.45	50.32	21.7
NEP-GEN: Gender	114.21	62.34	54.5
NEP-GEO: Economic Geography	508.62	112.46	22.1
NEP-GER: German Papers	174.91	42.74	24.4
NEP-GRO: Economic Growth	207.98	40.52	19.4
NEP-GTH: Game Theory	619.34	107.82	17.4
NEP-HAP: Economics of Happiness	108.29	33.82	31.2
NEP-HEA: Health Economics	903.96	307.41	34
NEP-HIS: Business, Economic and Financial History	881.05	190.01	21.5
NEP-HME: Heterodox Microeconomics	255.25	66.78	26.1
NEP-HPE: History and Philosophy of Economics	267.93	44.23	16.5
NEP-HRM: Human Capital and Human Resource Management	258.55	74.48	28.8
NEP-IAS: Insurance Economics	251.06	64.42	25.6
NEP-ICT: Information and Communication Technologies	140.27	40.68	29
NEP-IFN: International Finance	214.61	43.34	20.1
NEP-IND: Industrial Organization	193.99	38.66	19.9
NEP-INO: Innovation	626.18	173.98	27.7
NEP-INT: International Trade	1283.27	337.41	26.2
NEP-INV: Investment	51.45	12.41	24.1
NEP-IPR: Intellectual Property Rights	143.21	34.02	23.7
NEP-ISF: Islamic Finance	193.41	57.6	29.7
NEP-IUE: Informal and Underground Economics	138.93	40.51	29.1
NEP-KNM: Knowledge Management and Knowledge Economy	135.25	42.27	31.2
NEP-LAB: Labour Economics	1201.54	376.72	31.3
NEP-LAM: Central and South America	189.09	53.92	28.5
NEP-LAW: Law and Economics	294.51	80.46	27.3
NEP-LMA: Labor Markets - Supply, Demand, and Wages	551.08	163.21	29.6
NEP-LTV: Unemployment, Inequality and Poverty	223.91	60.89	27.1
NEP-MAC: Macroeconomics	3595.29	693.75	19.2
NEP-MFD: Microfinance	106.6	29.42	27.6
NEP-MIC: Microeconomics	603.23	86.3	14.3
NEP-MIG: Economics of Human Migration	370.52	128.73	34.7
NEP-MKT: Marketing	89.89	24.39	27.1
NEP-MON: Monetary Economics	1530.99	308.93	20.1
NEP-MST: Market Microstructure	96.29	21.04	21.8
NEP-NET: Network Economics	185.87	36.57	19.6
NEP-NEU: Neuroeconomics	68.2	29.65	43.4
NEP-OPM: Open Economy Macroeconomics	375.45	83.52	22.2
NEP-ORE: Operations Research	343.5	63.68	18.5
NEP-PAY: Payment Systems and Financial Technology	375.12	107.21	28.5
NEP-PBE: Public Economics	617.88	138.42	22.4
NEP-PKE: Post Keynesian Economics	176.22	32.4	18.3
NEP-POL: Positive Political Economics	419.58	93.88	22.3
NEP-PPM: Project, Program and Portfolio Management	65.95	18.84	28.5
NEP-PUB: Public Finance	251.07	55.59	22.1
NEP-REG: Regulation	369.19	81.41	22
NEP-RES: Resource Economics	62.41	14.55	23.3
NEP-RMG: Risk Management	387.8	75.24	19.4
NEP-SBM: Small Business Management	449.78	126.42	28.1
NEP-SEA: South East Asia	625.06	153.74	24.5
NEP-SOC: Social Norms and Social Capital	280.14	78.99	28.1
NEP-SOG: Sociology of Economics	85.63	21.78	25.4
NEP-SPO: Sports and Economics	83.38	6.98	8.3
NEP-TID: Technology and Industrial Dynamics	351.06	91.29	26
NEP-TRA: Transition Economics	684.03	253.46	37
NEP-TRE: Transport Economics	191.93	51.29	26.7
NEP-TUR: Tourism Economics	61.27	16.06	26.2
NEP-UPT: Utility Models and Prospect Theory	349	65.74	18.8
NEP-URE: Urban and Real Estate Economics	2004.41	541.5	27

Female representation in Economics by cohort

Cohort is based on information listed in the RePEc Genealogy.

Cohort	# authors	# female	share (%)
1971	62	3	4.8
1972	56	1	1.7
1973	70	5	7.1
1974	73	1	1.3
1975	94	4	4.2
1976	93	8	8.6
1977	65	2	3
1978	92	10	10.8
1979	86	5	5.8
1980	96	6	6.2
1981	110	3	2.7
1982	108	9	8.3
1983	130	15	11.5
1984	116	12	10.3
1985	135	8	5.9
1986	156	18	11.5
1987	160	22	13.7
1988	179	30	16.7
1989	188	18	9.5
1990	203	23	11.3
1991	217	31	14.2
1992	229	35	15.2
1993	250	38	15.2
1994	230	40	17.3
1995	299	48	16
1996	321	58	18
1997	294	44	14.9
1998	346	76	21.9
1999	378	80	21.1
2000	465	90	19.3
2001	437	107	24.4
2002	470	111	23.6
2003	454	101	22.2
2004	451	89	19.7
2005	508	116	22.8
2006	515	123	23.8
2007	583	145	24.8
2008	605	146	24.1
2009	607	155	25.5
2010	583	162	27.7
2011	579	143	24.6
2012	566	120	21.2
2013	543	143	26.3
2014	513	123	23.9
2015	510	124	24.3
2016	433	100	23
2017	424	93	21.9
2018	405	104	25.6
2019	349	78	22.3
2020	328	83	25.3
2021	262	72	27.4
2022	248	54	21.7
2023	215	59	27.4
2024	131	30	22.9

Female representation in Economics by ranking

Proportion of females in 5-percentile groups taken from the rankings of economists, all-time publications and last 10 years of publications.

%ile	All (%)	10Y (%)
1-1	5.7	10.3
2-2	9.8	12.2
3-3	7.5	14.1
4-4	11.2	15.1
5-5	12.6	19.2
6-10	15.1	19.8
11-15	18.9	21.1
16-20	20.3	22.3
21-25	23.1	25.3
26-30	25.4	25.9
31-40	25.6	27
41-50	28.6	28.4
51-100

The data presented here are experimental. They are based on a sample of the research output in Economics and Finance. Only material catalogued in RePEc is considered. For any citation based criterion, only works that could be parsed by the CitEc project are considered. For any ranking of people, only those registered with the RePEc Author Service can be taken into account. And for rankings of institutions, only those listed in EDIRC and claimed as affiliation by the respective, registered authors can be measured. Thus, this list is by no means based on a complete sample. You can help making this more comprehensive by encouraging more publications to be listed (instructions) and more authors to register (form). For more details on the various rankings that are available as well for documentation, follow this link.

Credits:

• Citations from CitEc project by José Manuel Barrueco Cruz, University of Valencia, Spain. Hardware provided by Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Económicas (IVIE), Valencia, Spain.
• Abstract views and downloads statistics from LogEc project by Sune Karlsson, Örebro University, Sweden.
• Author registration, institution database, and ranking computations by Christian Zimmermann.
• RePEc has been initiated by Thomas Krichel.