Female representation in Economics, as of June 2024

These statistics draw on the published economists registered with the RePEc Author Service. Gender attribution is performed through pattern matching with NamSor. A category is listed if it has at least 50 members.

Overall, 18271 of 68902 economists are female, or a proportion of 26.5%.

Listings by

• Country
• US state
• Field
• Cohort
• Ranking

Each table can be sorted by clicking on table headers.

Female representation in Economics by country

Attribution to country is based on affiliations. For economists with multiple affiliations, affiliation shares set by the economist are considered.

Country	# authors	# female	share(%)
Algeria	72.56	17	23.4
Argentina	388.94	97.65	25.1
Australia	1561.65	388.33	24.8
Austria	552.46	118.52	21.4
Azerbaijan	52.85	10	18.9
Bangladesh	187.73	19.14	10.2
Belgium	876.62	225.95	25.7
Bolivia	85.26	24.24	28.4
Brazil	884.73	142.26	16
Bulgaria	251.3	125.92	50.1
Cameroun	61.39	10.18	16.5
Canada	1732.84	368.69	21.2
Chile	455.67	67.87	14.8
China	1514.33	408.78	26.9
Colombia	697.72	160.24	22.9
Croatia	164.61	85.48	51.9
Czech Republic	522.09	168.41	32.2
Denmark	431.86	105.24	24.3
Ecuador	123.8	31.29	25.2
Egypt	108.08	42.8	39.6
Estonia	54.9	18	32.7
Ethiopia	67.87	16.5	24.3
Finland	268.45	66.34	24.7
France	3818.96	1228.22	32.1
Germany	3587.45	909.25	25.3
Ghana	126.14	10.74	8.5
Greece	602.05	141.49	23.5
Hong Kong	156.36	27.56	17.6
Hungary	313.3	90.33	28.8
India	1218.64	352.54	28.9
Indonesia	407.12	104.86	25.7
Iran	155.54	19	12.2
Ireland	337.97	110.29	32.6
Israel	243.55	42	17.2
Italy	3463.15	1132.22	32.6
Japan	1241.04	167.3	13.4
Kazakhstan	57.3	15	26.1
Luxembourg	181.96	46.9	25.7
North Macedonia	68.39	30	43.8
Malaysia	388.48	101.46	26.1
Mexico	427.88	80.31	18.7
Morocco	90.44	16.1	17.8
Netherlands	1187.51	268.38	22.6
New Zealand	283.61	64.72	22.8
Nigeria	368.69	65.55	17.7
Norway	486.27	93.9	19.3
Pakistan	517.34	112.12	21.6
Peru	245.49	43.39	17.6
Philippines	173.42	62.02	35.7
Poland	730.07	244.41	33.4
Portugal	702.2	251.86	35.8
Romania	1157.38	674.87	58.3
Russia	1585.75	709.8	44.7
Saudi Arabia	79.98	6.4	8
Singapore	208.45	44.75	21.4
Slovakia	146.94	52.46	35.7
Slovenia	51.26	12	23.4
South Africa	403.15	120.17	29.8
South Korea	399.51	88.94	22.2
Spain	2559.95	830.33	32.4
Sri Lanka	51.35	21.34	41.5
Sweden	731.47	184.38	25.2
Switzerland	1084.19	253.95	23.4
Taiwan	257.6	60.05	23.3
Thailand	152.19	61.23	40.2
Tunisia	257.29	81.43	31.6
Turkey	918.34	239.73	26.1
United Arab Emirates	107.74	19.64	18.2
United Kingdom	3907.69	1006.39	25.7
Ukraine	206.9	74.8	36.1
Uruguay	130.75	49.85	38.1
United States	12421.72	2844.41	22.8
Viet Nam	214.42	57.75	26.9

Female representation in Economics by US state

Attribution to state is based on affiliations. For economists with multiple affiliations, affiliation shares set by the economist are considered.

State	# authors	# female	share (%)
Alabama (United States)	96.83	21.81	22.5
Arkansas (United States)	50.48	9.16	18.1
Arizona (United States)	121.61	29.49	24.2
California (United States)	1166.37	256.03	21.9
Colorado (United States)	140.1	29.51	21
Connecticut (United States)	234.72	44.65	19
District of Columbia (United States)	2444.26	656.08	26.8
Florida (United States)	251.51	56.5	22.4
Georgia (United States)	300.63	69.41	23
Iowa (United States)	80.93	20.5	25.3
Illinois (United States)	540.69	101.04	18.6
Indiana (United States)	265.06	53.43	20.1
Kansas (United States)	69.04	11.89	17.2
Kentucky (United States)	88.4	15.9	17.9
Louisiana (United States)	85.67	17.8	20.7
Massachusetts (United States)	901.65	212.76	23.5
Maryland (United States)	231.45	49.2	21.2
Maine (United States)	51.8	11.75	22.6
Michigan (United States)	299.87	58.12	19.3
Minnesota (United States)	171.4	38.23	22.3
Missouri (United States)	242.09	62.77	25.9
North Carolina (United States)	320.53	59.47	18.5
New Hampshire (United States)	69.84	18.77	26.8
New Jersey (United States)	202.37	42.85	21.1
New York (United States)	1012.68	232.71	22.9
Ohio (United States)	286.83	65.77	22.9
Oklahoma (United States)	84.7	21.87	25.8
Oregon (United States)	63.69	18.5	29
Pennsylvania (United States)	549.3	131.39	23.9
Rhode Island (United States)	87.96	16.5	18.7
South Carolina (United States)	83.97	15.83	18.8
Tennessee (United States)	148.75	29.91	20.1
Texas (United States)	500.38	102.75	20.5
Utah (United States)	113.94	17.3	15.1
Virginia (United States)	350.3	78.73	22.4
Washington (United States)	100.2	26.72	26.6
Wisconsin (United States)	163.73	36.47	22.2

Female representation in Economics by field

Field is determined by the proportion of papers announced through NEP that are in a particular field. Note that a paper may be is several fields.

Field	# authors	# female	share (%)
NEP-ACC: Accounting and Auditing	163.13	45.37	27.8
NEP-AFR: Africa	301.68	72.75	24.1
NEP-AGE: Economics of Ageing	334.55	104.57	31.2
NEP-AGR: Agricultural Economics	1421.57	395.04	27.7
NEP-ARA: MENA - Middle East and North Africa	372.3	109.69	29.4
NEP-BAN: Banking	874.37	211.08	24.1
NEP-BEC: Business Economics	445.16	97.13	21.8
NEP-BIG: Big Data	235.12	57.04	24.2
NEP-CBA: Central Banking	1235.26	249.02	20.1
NEP-CBE: Cognitive and Behavioural Economics	372.05	94.55	25.4
NEP-CDM: Collective Decision-Making	328.16	65.96	20.1
NEP-CFN: Corporate Finance	267.23	52.11	19.5
NEP-CIS: Confederation of Independent States	456.5	194.23	42.5
NEP-CMP: Computational Economics	354.49	79.27	22.3
NEP-CNA: China	271.75	92.96	34.2
NEP-COM: Industrial Competition	711.14	132.31	18.6
NEP-CSE: Economics of Strategic Management	343.64	107.73	31.3
NEP-CTA: Contract Theory and Applications	159.09	31.49	19.7
NEP-CUL: Cultural Economics	83.08	32.38	38.9
NEP-CWA: Central and Western Asia	296.65	73.25	24.6
NEP-DCM: Discrete Choice Models	209.35	48.46	23.1
NEP-DEM: Demographic Economics	183.09	78.22	42.7
NEP-DES: Economic Design	143.49	26.46	18.4
NEP-DEV: Development	719.37	218.73	30.4
NEP-DGE: Dynamic General Equilibrium	1256.89	236.78	18.8
NEP-ECM: Econometrics	811.75	127.33	15.6
NEP-EDU: Education	502.94	165.25	32.8
NEP-EEC: European Economics	690.53	174.97	25.3
NEP-EFF: Efficiency and Productivity	506.39	126.51	24.9
NEP-ENE: Energy Economics	1412.68	341.15	24.1
NEP-ENT: Entrepreneurship	344.32	81.57	23.6
NEP-ENV: Environmental Economics	1785.87	481.37	26.9
NEP-ETS: Econometric Time Series	346.36	51.92	14.9
NEP-EUR: Microeconomic European Issues	831.36	309.19	37.1
NEP-EVO: Evolutionary Economics	147.95	26.52	17.9
NEP-EXP: Experimental Economics	1251.59	350.76	28
NEP-FDG: Financial Development and Growth	416.35	110.29	26.4
NEP-FIN: Finance	69.18	8.52	12.3
NEP-FLE: Financial Literacy and Education	55.69	22.96	41.2
NEP-FMK: Financial Markets	233.33	41.95	17.9
NEP-FOR: Forecasting	243.67	52.98	21.7
NEP-GEN: Gender	115.39	64.21	55.6
NEP-GEO: Economic Geography	514.56	114.91	22.3
NEP-GER: German Papers	186.31	43.71	23.4
NEP-GRO: Economic Growth	226.2	48.76	21.5
NEP-GTH: Game Theory	621.59	113.35	18.2
NEP-HAP: Economics of Happiness	124.24	39.31	31.6
NEP-HEA: Health Economics	907.34	304.45	33.5
NEP-HIS: Business, Economic and Financial History	877.63	189.3	21.5
NEP-HME: Heterodox Microeconomics	279.85	76.99	27.5
NEP-HPE: History and Philosophy of Economics	277.91	50.08	18
NEP-HRM: Human Capital and Human Resource Management	264.6	75.75	28.6
NEP-IAS: Insurance Economics	277.16	73.29	26.4
NEP-ICT: Information and Communication Technologies	147.97	42.64	28.8
NEP-IFN: International Finance	216.14	46.14	21.3
NEP-IND: Industrial Organization	188.35	37.74	20
NEP-INO: Innovation	637.13	172.66	27.1
NEP-INT: International Trade	1299.29	350.12	26.9
NEP-IPR: Intellectual Property Rights	127.3	31.73	24.9
NEP-ISF: Islamic Finance	202.22	58.05	28.7
NEP-IUE: Informal and Underground Economics	145.1	41.94	28.9
NEP-KNM: Knowledge Management and Knowledge Economy	140.38	43.66	31.1
NEP-LAB: Labour Economics	1191.74	377.84	31.7
NEP-LAM: Central and South America	205.22	56.58	27.5
NEP-LAW: Law and Economics	302.36	79.88	26.4
NEP-LMA: Labor Markets - Supply, Demand, and Wages	544.97	167.33	30.7
NEP-LTV: Unemployment, Inequality and Poverty	230.33	61.25	26.5
NEP-MAC: Macroeconomics	3795.06	738.94	19.4
NEP-MFD: Microfinance	123.84	33.97	27.4
NEP-MIC: Microeconomics	602.95	86.13	14.2
NEP-MIG: Economics of Human Migration	382.19	134.57	35.2
NEP-MKT: Marketing	101.14	28.03	27.7
NEP-MON: Monetary Economics	1509.8	313.83	20.7
NEP-MST: Market Microstructure	95.42	19.98	20.9
NEP-NET: Network Economics	194.65	39.46	20.2
NEP-NEU: Neuroeconomics	73.53	34.2	46.5
NEP-OPM: Open Economy Macroeconomics	390.26	89.21	22.8
NEP-ORE: Operations Research	369.54	70.11	18.9
NEP-PAY: Payment Systems and Financial Technology	356.77	103.84	29.1
NEP-PBE: Public Economics	624.24	138.68	22.2
NEP-PKE: Post Keynesian Economics	196.07	40.39	20.6
NEP-POL: Positive Political Economics	429.72	90.07	20.9
NEP-PPM: Project, Program and Portfolio Management	74.49	21.3	28.5
NEP-PUB: Public Finance	247.39	52.82	21.3
NEP-REG: Regulation	374.75	87.64	23.3
NEP-RES: Resource Economics	63.27	16.11	25.4
NEP-RMG: Risk Management	396.74	78.23	19.7
NEP-SBM: Small Business Management	438.72	120.42	27.4
NEP-SEA: South East Asia	632.54	160.88	25.4
NEP-SOC: Social Norms and Social Capital	301.68	88.78	29.4
NEP-SOG: Sociology of Economics	91.06	21.69	23.8
NEP-SPO: Sports and Economics	88.98	8.4	9.4
NEP-TID: Technology and Industrial Dynamics	340.95	85.91	25.1
NEP-TRA: Transition Economics	736.68	281.28	38.1
NEP-TRE: Transport Economics	197.9	50.78	25.6
NEP-TUR: Tourism Economics	62.62	18.32	29.2
NEP-UPT: Utility Models and Prospect Theory	368.74	74.86	20.3
NEP-URE: Urban and Real Estate Economics	1992.89	546.63	27.4

Female representation in Economics by cohort

Cohort is based on information listed in the RePEc Genealogy.

Cohort	# authors	# female	share (%)
1971	55	3	5.4
1972	53	1	1.8
1973	67	5	7.4
1974	70	1	1.4
1975	90	4	4.4
1976	91	7	7.6
1977	61	2	3.2
1978	87	10	11.4
1979	81	5	6.1
1980	92	5	5.4
1981	102	3	2.9
1982	103	8	7.7
1983	127	15	11.8
1984	106	12	11.3
1985	127	7	5.5
1986	146	16	10.9
1987	152	21	13.8
1988	169	30	17.7
1989	183	19	10.3
1990	193	22	11.3
1991	202	28	13.8
1992	218	34	15.5
1993	238	35	14.7
1994	220	39	17.7
1995	282	45	15.9
1996	296	52	17.5
1997	272	41	15
1998	325	72	22.1
1999	363	78	21.4
2000	437	87	19.9
2001	414	103	24.8
2002	445	104	23.3
2003	431	95	22
2004	425	82	19.2
2005	475	108	22.7
2006	487	119	24.4
2007	542	135	24.9
2008	571	140	24.5
2009	579	149	25.7
2010	555	155	27.9
2011	535	135	25.2
2012	536	111	20.7
2013	503	132	26.2
2014	469	113	24
2015	454	106	23.3
2016	379	89	23.4
2017	362	78	21.5
2018	352	91	25.8
2019	305	68	22.2
2020	279	74	26.5
2021	215	54	25.1
2022	189	40	21.1
2023	156	45	28.8

Female representation in Economics by ranking

Proportion of females in 5-percentile groups taken from the rankings of economists, all-time publications and last 10 years of publications.

%ile	All (%)	10Y (%)
1-1	5.7	10.7
2-2	10	10.4
3-3	7.9	17.4
4-4	10.8	14.3
5-5	11	17.6
6-10	14.9	18.3
11-15	18.2	21.8
16-20	20.6	23
21-25	23.2	23.5
26-30	24.7	25.9
31-40	25.7	27.3
41-50	28.3	27.7
51-100

The data presented here are experimental. They are based on a sample of the research output in Economics and Finance. Only material catalogued in RePEc is considered. For any citation based criterion, only works that could be parsed by the CitEc project are considered. For any ranking of people, only those registered with the RePEc Author Service can be taken into account. And for rankings of institutions, only those listed in EDIRC and claimed as affiliation by the respective, registered authors can be measured. Thus, this list is by no means based on a complete sample. You can help making this more comprehensive by encouraging more publications to be listed (instructions) and more authors to register (form). For more details on the various rankings that are available as well for documentation, follow this link.

Credits:

• Citations from CitEc project by José Manuel Barrueco Cruz, University of Valencia, Spain. Hardware provided by Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Económicas (IVIE), Valencia, Spain.
• Abstract views and downloads statistics from LogEc project by Sune Karlsson, Örebro University, Sweden.
• Author registration by Ivan Kumanov, Minsk, Belarus.
• Institutions database and ranking computations by Christian Zimmermann, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
• RePEc has been initiated by Thomas Krichel.