Female representation in Economics, as of February 2026

These statistics draw on the published economists registered with the RePEc Author Service. Gender attribution is performed through pattern matching with NamSor. A category is listed if it has at least 50 members.

Overall, 19593 of 73076 economists are female, or a proportion of 26.8%.

Listings by

• Country
• US state
• Field
• Cohort
• Ranking

Each table can be sorted by clicking on table headers.

Female representation in Economics by country

Attribution to country is based on affiliations. For economists with multiple affiliations, affiliation shares set by the economist are considered.

Country	# authors	# female	share(%)
Algeria	77.06	17	22
Argentina	416.85	105.43	25.2
Australia	1615.8	414.12	25.6
Austria	581.04	134.7	23.1
Azerbaijan	55.85	8	14.3
Bangladesh	208.14	26.15	12.5
Belgium	930.63	248.6	26.7
Bolivia	93.07	24.25	26
Brazil	1061.68	185.85	17.5
Bulgaria	263.5	134	50.8
Cameroun	76.65	15.68	20.4
Canada	1759.19	373.59	21.2
Chile	478.97	74.87	15.6
China	1658.31	451.27	27.2
Colombia	729.14	181.28	24.8
Croatia	170.71	90.42	52.9
Cyprus	50.28	10.5	20.8
Czech Republic	567.21	184.56	32.5
Denmark	450.74	111.49	24.7
Ecuador	140.92	39.08	27.7
Egypt	121.16	48.65	40.1
Estonia	56.69	18	31.7
Ethiopia	80.37	17.5	21.7
Finland	277.87	69.84	25.1
France	3929.91	1254.86	31.9
Germany	3582.24	913.96	25.5
Ghana	143.23	15.74	10.9
Greece	632.89	147.54	23.3
Hong Kong	164.7	28.9	17.5
Hungary	438.35	136.82	31.2
India	1309.55	386.07	29.4
Indonesia	461.66	123.56	26.7
Iran	170.06	23.5	13.8
Ireland	357.72	117.59	32.8
Israel	247.95	42	16.9
Italy	3664.2	1194.8	32.6
Japan	1295.97	176.96	13.6
Kazakhstan	71.89	21	29.2
Kenya	52.51	12.54	23.8
Lebanon	93.81	33.51	35.7
Luxembourg	334.52	90.55	27
Macao	52.89	16.89	31.9
North Macedonia	72.33	32.45	44.8
Malaysia	396.99	102.7	25.8
Mexico	453.2	88.3	19.4
Morocco	116.24	22.1	19
Netherlands	1221.79	284.9	23.3
New Zealand	289.07	67.12	23.2
Nigeria	415.65	74.88	18
Norway	496.61	97.63	19.6
Pakistan	556	125.09	22.4
Peru	270.5	48.39	17.8
Philippines	202.36	72.64	35.8
Poland	779.61	257.36	33
Portugal	724.74	262.96	36.2
Romania	1179.57	690.7	58.5
Russia	1655.46	749.4	45.2
Saudi Arabia	94.82	9.4	9.9
Singapore	214.61	48.25	22.4
Slovakia	158.36	53.8	33.9
Slovenia	54.76	13	23.7
South Africa	428.85	138.47	32.2
South Korea	435.72	100.04	22.9
Spain	2729.68	895.59	32.8
Sri Lanka	52.35	23.34	44.5
Sweden	750.41	189.87	25.3
Switzerland	1130.63	262.22	23.1
Taiwan	268.13	61.05	22.7
Thailand	165.3	65.94	39.8
Tunisia	271.22	89.2	32.8
Turkey	964.92	252.08	26.1
United Arab Emirates	114.48	23.04	20.1
United Kingdom	4041.29	1051.33	26
Ukraine	214.35	79.05	36.8
Uruguay	131.6	49.7	37.7
United States	12959.44	3033.1	23.4
Viet Nam	252.72	68.25	27

Female representation in Economics by US state

Attribution to state is based on affiliations. For economists with multiple affiliations, affiliation shares set by the economist are considered.

State	# authors	# female	share (%)
Alabama (United States)	103.93	24.81	23.8
Arkansas (United States)	51.38	10.16	19.7
Arizona (United States)	128.64	35.48	27.5
California (United States)	1220.71	267.78	21.9
Colorado (United States)	146.08	31.26	21.3
Connecticut (United States)	259.81	52.8	20.3
District of Columbia (United States)	2512.15	695.57	27.6
Delaware (United States)	50.52	18.02	35.6
Florida (United States)	254.41	56.78	22.3
Georgia (United States)	311.45	72.52	23.2
Iowa (United States)	83.43	22	26.3
Illinois (United States)	560.14	108.55	19.3
Indiana (United States)	288.68	61.42	21.2
Kansas (United States)	70.54	12.89	18.2
Kentucky (United States)	87.84	15.4	17.5
Louisiana (United States)	87.62	17.35	19.8
Massachusetts (United States)	947.03	224.32	23.6
Maryland (United States)	234.71	49.25	20.9
Maine (United States)	54.84	13.76	25
Michigan (United States)	309.76	59.3	19.1
Minnesota (United States)	172.07	37.73	21.9
Missouri (United States)	253.71	66.27	26.1
North Carolina (United States)	345.19	64.14	18.5
Nebraska (United States)	57.9	13	22.4
New Hampshire (United States)	72.84	17.77	24.4
New Jersey (United States)	203.22	44.1	21.7
New York (United States)	1050.37	251.76	23.9
Ohio (United States)	304.34	76.01	24.9
Oklahoma (United States)	88.7	23.87	26.9
Oregon (United States)	64.13	19.43	30.2
Pennsylvania (United States)	563.72	134.13	23.7
Rhode Island (United States)	85.89	17.5	20.3
South Carolina (United States)	89.74	20	22.2
Tennessee (United States)	156.13	30.24	19.3
Texas (United States)	555.1	112.49	20.2
Utah (United States)	118.57	21.4	18
Virginia (United States)	369.1	82.73	22.4
Washington (United States)	104.24	30.22	28.9
Wisconsin (United States)	166.57	38.97	23.3

Female representation in Economics by field

Field is determined by the proportion of papers announced through NEP that are in a particular field. Note that a paper may be is several fields.

Field	# authors	# female	share (%)
NEP-ACC: Accounting and Auditing	151.33	42.49	28
NEP-AFR: Africa	281.84	68.11	24.1
NEP-AGE: Economics of Ageing	322.52	105.08	32.5
NEP-AGR: Agricultural Economics	1460.23	417.14	28.5
NEP-ARA: MENA - Middle East and North Africa	336.97	93.62	27.7
NEP-BAN: Banking	839.95	198.08	23.5
NEP-BEC: Business Economics	434.14	93.59	21.5
NEP-BIG: Big Data	268.6	64.54	24
NEP-CBA: Central Banking	1248.03	244.92	19.6
NEP-CBE: Cognitive and Behavioural Economics	344.01	79.94	23.2
NEP-CDM: Collective Decision-Making	314.55	65.19	20.7
NEP-CFN: Corporate Finance	240.86	53.48	22.2
NEP-CIS: Confederation of Independent States	430.08	165.1	38.3
NEP-CMP: Computational Economics	355.31	75.56	21.2
NEP-CNA: China	261.69	82.95	31.6
NEP-COM: Industrial Competition	701.66	133.78	19
NEP-CSE: Economics of Strategic Management	296.36	91.72	30.9
NEP-CTA: Contract Theory and Applications	149.43	24.98	16.7
NEP-CUL: Cultural Economics	75.59	28.29	37.4
NEP-CWA: Central and Western Asia	245.1	59.05	24
NEP-DCM: Discrete Choice Models	201.79	45.92	22.7
NEP-DEM: Demographic Economics	184.63	81.2	43.9
NEP-DES: Economic Design	156.96	28.36	18
NEP-DEV: Development	701.99	213.17	30.3
NEP-DGE: Dynamic General Equilibrium	1239.86	222.08	17.9
NEP-ECM: Econometrics	807.71	119.48	14.7
NEP-EDU: Education	449	142.37	31.7
NEP-EEC: European Economics	740.26	193.83	26.1
NEP-EFF: Efficiency and Productivity	485.61	117.79	24.2
NEP-ENE: Energy Economics	1470.11	350.53	23.8
NEP-ENT: Entrepreneurship	337.53	80.81	23.9
NEP-ENV: Environmental Economics	1955.99	536.24	27.4
NEP-ETS: Econometric Time Series	345.41	53.6	15.5
NEP-EUR: Microeconomic European Issues	804.86	299.22	37.1
NEP-EVO: Evolutionary Economics	143.97	25.11	17.4
NEP-EXP: Experimental Economics	1286.33	365.36	28.4
NEP-FDG: Financial Development and Growth	444.65	109.68	24.6
NEP-FLE: Financial Literacy and Education	62.4	26.35	42.2
NEP-FMK: Financial Markets	223.62	39.35	17.5
NEP-FOR: Forecasting	231.11	48.71	21
NEP-GEN: Gender	110.11	59.43	53.9
NEP-GEO: Economic Geography	496.31	109.39	22
NEP-GER: German Papers	185.76	45.95	24.7
NEP-GRO: Economic Growth	198.23	40.96	20.6
NEP-GTH: Game Theory	615.91	109.17	17.7
NEP-HAP: Economics of Happiness	105.14	30.24	28.7
NEP-HEA: Health Economics	903.56	312.16	34.5
NEP-HIS: Business, Economic and Financial History	897.71	193.2	21.5
NEP-HME: Heterodox Microeconomics	246.53	68.12	27.6
NEP-HPE: History and Philosophy of Economics	254.92	35.51	13.9
NEP-HRM: Human Capital and Human Resource Management	250.73	70.46	28.1
NEP-IAS: Insurance Economics	228.14	58.01	25.4
NEP-ICT: Information and Communication Technologies	134.36	35.49	26.4
NEP-IFN: International Finance	235.81	48.75	20.6
NEP-IND: Industrial Organization	193.61	37.16	19.1
NEP-INO: Innovation	595.24	163.45	27.4
NEP-INT: International Trade	1277.1	343.86	26.9
NEP-INV: Investment	77.93	19.65	25.2
NEP-IPR: Intellectual Property Rights	132.24	31.57	23.8
NEP-ISF: Islamic Finance	187.51	55.49	29.5
NEP-IUE: Informal and Underground Economics	137.61	41.45	30.1
NEP-KNM: Knowledge Management and Knowledge Economy	120.23	32.44	26.9
NEP-LAB: Labour Economics	1203.71	386.97	32.1
NEP-LAM: Central and South America	191.93	54.97	28.6
NEP-LAW: Law and Economics	291.78	78.73	26.9
NEP-LMA: Labor Markets - Supply, Demand, and Wages	569.46	175.04	30.7
NEP-LTV: Unemployment, Inequality and Poverty	216.07	58.37	27
NEP-MAC: Macroeconomics	3408.31	652.28	19.1
NEP-MFD: Microfinance	100.78	30.02	29.7
NEP-MIC: Microeconomics	620.94	86.6	13.9
NEP-MIG: Economics of Human Migration	360.43	121.85	33.8
NEP-MKT: Marketing	79.08	20.93	26.4
NEP-MON: Monetary Economics	1569.32	317.99	20.2
NEP-MST: Market Microstructure	88.16	17.89	20.2
NEP-NET: Network Economics	185.45	36.46	19.6
NEP-NEU: Neuroeconomics	69.56	31.27	44.9
NEP-OPM: Open Economy Macroeconomics	377.23	84.14	22.3
NEP-ORE: Operations Research	309.74	55.82	18
NEP-PAY: Payment Systems and Financial Technology	376.33	102.12	27.1
NEP-PBE: Public Economics	605.71	134.69	22.2
NEP-PKE: Post Keynesian Economics	165.01	30.52	18.4
NEP-POL: Positive Political Economics	424.69	97.84	23
NEP-PPM: Project, Program and Portfolio Management	62.73	18.73	29.8
NEP-PUB: Public Finance	250.59	54.39	21.7
NEP-REG: Regulation	369.77	80.15	21.6
NEP-RES: Resource Economics	57.49	12.76	22.2
NEP-RMG: Risk Management	390.51	72.65	18.6
NEP-SBM: Small Business Management	449.07	122.07	27.1
NEP-SEA: South East Asia	641.91	159.8	24.8
NEP-SOC: Social Norms and Social Capital	280.45	80.16	28.5
NEP-SOG: Sociology of Economics	73.96	16.93	22.9
NEP-SPO: Sports and Economics	83.57	7.28	8.7
NEP-TID: Technology and Industrial Dynamics	348.01	88.66	25.4
NEP-TRA: Transition Economics	673.27	236.62	35.1
NEP-TRE: Transport Economics	190.55	49.5	25.9
NEP-TUR: Tourism Economics	56.83	16.15	28.4
NEP-UPT: Utility Models and Prospect Theory	330.98	63.31	19.1
NEP-URE: Urban and Real Estate Economics	2020.91	553.77	27.4

Female representation in Economics by cohort

Cohort is based on information listed in the RePEc Genealogy.

Cohort	# authors	# female	share (%)
1970	50	1	2
1971	64	3	4.6
1972	59	1	1.6
1973	74	5	6.7
1974	77	1	1.2
1975	98	4	4
1976	94	8	8.5
1977	70	2	2.8
1978	95	9	9.4
1979	88	5	5.6
1980	98	7	7.1
1981	117	3	2.5
1982	112	9	8
1983	135	15	11.1
1984	120	13	10.8
1985	141	9	6.3
1986	166	21	12.6
1987	166	23	13.8
1988	183	31	16.9
1989	197	21	10.6
1990	210	23	10.9
1991	226	31	13.7
1992	239	37	15.4
1993	260	41	15.7
1994	246	42	17
1995	315	54	17.1
1996	337	66	19.5
1997	307	47	15.3
1998	359	78	21.7
1999	389	83	21.3
2000	486	97	19.9
2001	452	113	25
2002	491	114	23.2
2003	478	112	23.4
2004	467	97	20.7
2005	537	121	22.5
2006	532	130	24.4
2007	608	155	25.4
2008	642	164	25.5
2009	638	161	25.2
2010	608	167	27.4
2011	618	150	24.2
2012	608	134	22
2013	580	151	26
2014	537	128	23.8
2015	550	140	25.4
2016	476	111	23.3
2017	463	105	22.6
2018	453	122	26.9
2019	400	93	23.2
2020	366	95	25.9
2021	323	92	28.4
2022	296	63	21.2
2023	286	79	27.6
2024	193	46	23.8
2025	117	30	25.6

Female representation in Economics by ranking

Proportion of females in 5-percentile groups taken from the rankings of economists, all-time publications and last 10 years of publications.

%ile	All (%)	10Y (%)
1-1	5.8	9.7
2-2	10.1	12.8
3-3	8.4	14.6
4-4	11	16.2
5-5	13.2	19.8
6-10	15.4	19.8
11-15	18.9	21.5
16-20	21.5	23.3
21-25	23.1	25.6
26-30	25.4	26.1
31-40	26.1	27.7
41-50	28.3	28.6
51-100

The data presented here are experimental. They are based on a sample of the research output in Economics and Finance. Only material catalogued in RePEc is considered. For any citation based criterion, only works that could be parsed by the CitEc project are considered. For any ranking of people, only those registered with the RePEc Author Service can be taken into account. And for rankings of institutions, only those listed in EDIRC and claimed as affiliation by the respective, registered authors can be measured. Thus, this list is by no means based on a complete sample. You can help making this more comprehensive by encouraging more publications to be listed (instructions) and more authors to register (form). For more details on the various rankings that are available as well for documentation, follow this link.

Credits:

• Citations from CitEc project by José Manuel Barrueco Cruz, University of Valencia, Spain. Hardware provided by Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Económicas (IVIE), Valencia, Spain.
• Abstract views and downloads statistics from LogEc project by Sune Karlsson, Örebro University, Sweden.
• Author registration, institution database, and ranking computations by Christian Zimmermann.
• RePEc has been initiated by Thomas Krichel.