Female representation in Economics, as of January 2026

These statistics draw on the published economists registered with the RePEc Author Service. Gender attribution is performed through pattern matching with NamSor. A category is listed if it has at least 50 members.

Overall, 19550 of 72918 economists are female, or a proportion of 26.8%.

Listings by

• Country
• US state
• Field
• Cohort
• Ranking

Each table can be sorted by clicking on table headers.

Female representation in Economics by country

Attribution to country is based on affiliations. For economists with multiple affiliations, affiliation shares set by the economist are considered.

Country	# authors	# female	share(%)
Algeria	77.06	17	22
Argentina	415.85	105.43	25.3
Australia	1613.85	414.52	25.6
Austria	580.04	133.7	23
Azerbaijan	55.85	8	14.3
Bangladesh	206.24	26.15	12.6
Belgium	928.02	248.6	26.7
Bolivia	93.07	24.25	26
Brazil	1056.58	182.75	17.2
Bulgaria	263	134	50.9
Cameroun	76.65	15.68	20.4
Canada	1761.52	375.09	21.2
Chile	478.47	74.87	15.6
China	1650.11	450.27	27.2
Colombia	729.31	181.78	24.9
Croatia	170.71	90.42	52.9
Cyprus	50.28	10.5	20.8
Czech Republic	565.22	184.56	32.6
Denmark	447.62	110.37	24.6
Ecuador	142.42	39.08	27.4
Egypt	121.23	48.65	40.1
Estonia	56.69	18	31.7
Ethiopia	79.37	17.5	22
Finland	272.38	70.34	25.8
France	3926.97	1256.49	31.9
Germany	3698.65	942.38	25.4
Ghana	143.23	15.74	10.9
Greece	633.89	148.04	23.3
Hong Kong	165.7	28.9	17.4
Hungary	438.35	136.82	31.2
India	1297.75	380.07	29.2
Indonesia	460.66	123.56	26.8
Iran	171.06	23.5	13.7
Ireland	356.72	117.59	32.9
Israel	245.04	42	17.1
Italy	3655.59	1193.08	32.6
Japan	1292.67	175.66	13.5
Kazakhstan	71.89	21	29.2
Kenya	52.51	12.54	23.8
Lebanon	92.81	32.51	35
Luxembourg	189	48.13	25.4
Macao	52.89	16.89	31.9
North Macedonia	72.33	32.45	44.8
Malaysia	398.19	102.7	25.7
Mexico	451.2	86.8	19.2
Morocco	116.24	22.1	19
Netherlands	1221.42	283.9	23.2
New Zealand	288.48	66.62	23
Nigeria	413.65	74.88	18.1
Norway	498.6	97.63	19.5
Pakistan	555.38	125.09	22.5
Peru	271.16	48.39	17.8
Philippines	201.36	72.64	36
Poland	778.61	257.36	33
Portugal	724.79	262.96	36.2
Romania	1178.07	689.7	58.5
Russia	1658.48	750.4	45.2
Saudi Arabia	93.82	9.4	10
Singapore	213.61	48.25	22.5
Slovakia	157.36	53.8	34.1
Slovenia	54.76	13	23.7
South Africa	428.85	138.47	32.2
South Korea	433.72	100.04	23
Spain	2721.21	892.69	32.8
Sri Lanka	52.35	23.34	44.5
Sweden	749.92	189.37	25.2
Switzerland	1129.38	262.22	23.2
Taiwan	268.13	61.05	22.7
Thailand	164.11	64.94	39.5
Tunisia	271.22	89.2	32.8
Turkey	966.33	253.08	26.1
United Arab Emirates	114.48	23.04	20.1
United Kingdom	4034.03	1051.46	26
Ukraine	213.35	79.05	37
Uruguay	132.59	49.7	37.4
United States	12924.72	3021.79	23.3
Viet Nam	253.82	69.25	27.2

Female representation in Economics by US state

Attribution to state is based on affiliations. For economists with multiple affiliations, affiliation shares set by the economist are considered.

State	# authors	# female	share (%)
Alabama (United States)	103.93	24.81	23.8
Arkansas (United States)	51.38	10.16	19.7
Arizona (United States)	128.64	35.48	27.5
California (United States)	1215.47	267.08	21.9
Colorado (United States)	146.08	31.26	21.3
Connecticut (United States)	259.65	52.64	20.2
District of Columbia (United States)	2512.79	695.07	27.6
Delaware (United States)	50.52	18.02	35.6
Florida (United States)	253.41	56.78	22.4
Georgia (United States)	311.45	72.52	23.2
Iowa (United States)	83.43	22	26.3
Illinois (United States)	560.87	108.85	19.4
Indiana (United States)	287.44	61.42	21.3
Kansas (United States)	70.54	12.89	18.2
Kentucky (United States)	87.84	15.4	17.5
Louisiana (United States)	87.62	17.35	19.8
Massachusetts (United States)	940.8	217.81	23.1
Maryland (United States)	235.31	49.75	21.1
Maine (United States)	54.81	13.76	25.1
Michigan (United States)	308.8	59.63	19.3
Minnesota (United States)	172.07	37.73	21.9
Missouri (United States)	253.96	66.27	26
North Carolina (United States)	345.02	63.97	18.5
Nebraska (United States)	56.9	13	22.8
New Hampshire (United States)	71.84	17.77	24.7
New Jersey (United States)	202.47	44.1	21.7
New York (United States)	1046.86	250.35	23.9
Ohio (United States)	304.34	76.01	24.9
Oklahoma (United States)	88.7	23.87	26.9
Oregon (United States)	64.13	19.43	30.2
Pennsylvania (United States)	565.98	135.13	23.8
Rhode Island (United States)	85.89	17.5	20.3
South Carolina (United States)	89.74	20	22.2
Tennessee (United States)	156.63	30.24	19.3
Texas (United States)	550.65	111.49	20.2
Utah (United States)	117.57	21.4	18.2
Virginia (United States)	359.77	79.73	22.1
Washington (United States)	104.24	30.22	28.9
Wisconsin (United States)	166.58	38.97	23.3

Female representation in Economics by field

Field is determined by the proportion of papers announced through NEP that are in a particular field. Note that a paper may be is several fields.

Field	# authors	# female	share (%)
NEP-ACC: Accounting and Auditing	149.04	42.11	28.2
NEP-AFR: Africa	278.54	67.23	24.1
NEP-AGE: Economics of Ageing	319.52	103.2	32.2
NEP-AGR: Agricultural Economics	1428.22	404.97	28.3
NEP-ARA: MENA - Middle East and North Africa	333.87	91.01	27.2
NEP-BAN: Banking	837.11	196.83	23.5
NEP-BEC: Business Economics	432.38	93.59	21.6
NEP-BIG: Big Data	263.78	60.82	23
NEP-CBA: Central Banking	1243.24	246.29	19.8
NEP-CBE: Cognitive and Behavioural Economics	343.61	80.1	23.3
NEP-CDM: Collective Decision-Making	315.2	65.11	20.6
NEP-CFN: Corporate Finance	238.66	53.12	22.2
NEP-CIS: Confederation of Independent States	415.66	161.11	38.7
NEP-CMP: Computational Economics	352.27	74.98	21.2
NEP-CNA: China	259.47	82.37	31.7
NEP-COM: Industrial Competition	699.68	133.79	19.1
NEP-CSE: Economics of Strategic Management	294.84	90.8	30.7
NEP-CTA: Contract Theory and Applications	149.6	25.18	16.8
NEP-CUL: Cultural Economics	74.51	28.44	38.1
NEP-CWA: Central and Western Asia	243.23	59.68	24.5
NEP-DCM: Discrete Choice Models	200.32	45.36	22.6
NEP-DEM: Demographic Economics	184.06	81.19	44.1
NEP-DES: Economic Design	154.69	28.79	18.6
NEP-DEV: Development	696.87	209.17	30
NEP-DGE: Dynamic General Equilibrium	1236.81	223.35	18
NEP-ECM: Econometrics	805.59	118.59	14.7
NEP-EDU: Education	448.54	142.03	31.6
NEP-EEC: European Economics	735.17	192.66	26.2
NEP-EFF: Efficiency and Productivity	481.4	116.3	24.1
NEP-ENE: Energy Economics	1460.04	349.27	23.9
NEP-ENT: Entrepreneurship	339.19	82.54	24.3
NEP-ENV: Environmental Economics	1919.38	524.36	27.3
NEP-ETS: Econometric Time Series	348.19	53.31	15.3
NEP-EUR: Microeconomic European Issues	798.28	298.54	37.3
NEP-EVO: Evolutionary Economics	141.03	24.34	17.2
NEP-EXP: Experimental Economics	1273.27	359.24	28.2
NEP-FDG: Financial Development and Growth	433.49	107.34	24.7
NEP-FLE: Financial Literacy and Education	61.92	26.41	42.6
NEP-FMK: Financial Markets	226.29	38.72	17.1
NEP-FOR: Forecasting	231.28	47.95	20.7
NEP-GEN: Gender	108.01	58.34	54
NEP-GEO: Economic Geography	497.27	109.74	22
NEP-GER: German Papers	182.54	45.67	25
NEP-GRO: Economic Growth	194.95	40.56	20.8
NEP-GTH: Game Theory	616.72	109.7	17.7
NEP-HAP: Economics of Happiness	104.16	30.39	29.1
NEP-HEA: Health Economics	893.58	311.65	34.8
NEP-HIS: Business, Economic and Financial History	887.01	191.53	21.5
NEP-HME: Heterodox Microeconomics	242.96	67.6	27.8
NEP-HPE: History and Philosophy of Economics	252.46	36.28	14.3
NEP-HRM: Human Capital and Human Resource Management	250.31	70.45	28.1
NEP-IAS: Insurance Economics	228.93	58.75	25.6
NEP-ICT: Information and Communication Technologies	133.09	35.93	27
NEP-IFN: International Finance	232.19	49.25	21.2
NEP-IND: Industrial Organization	192.47	37.14	19.3
NEP-INO: Innovation	595.96	162.95	27.3
NEP-INT: International Trade	1270.88	344.06	27
NEP-INV: Investment	73.98	18.74	25.3
NEP-IPR: Intellectual Property Rights	132.91	31.61	23.7
NEP-ISF: Islamic Finance	187.86	55.26	29.4
NEP-IUE: Informal and Underground Economics	134.86	38.8	28.7
NEP-KNM: Knowledge Management and Knowledge Economy	121.25	33.06	27.2
NEP-LAB: Labour Economics	1204.28	385.39	32
NEP-LAM: Central and South America	190.44	54.53	28.6
NEP-LAW: Law and Economics	289.63	77.22	26.6
NEP-LMA: Labor Markets - Supply, Demand, and Wages	557.29	168.49	30.2
NEP-LTV: Unemployment, Inequality and Poverty	216.17	58.36	26.9
NEP-MAC: Macroeconomics	3399.65	652.07	19.1
NEP-MFD: Microfinance	98.75	29.61	29.9
NEP-MIC: Microeconomics	619.43	86.6	13.9
NEP-MIG: Economics of Human Migration	356.95	120.14	33.6
NEP-MKT: Marketing	80.24	20.94	26
NEP-MON: Monetary Economics	1557.35	317.52	20.3
NEP-MST: Market Microstructure	88.64	17.78	20
NEP-NET: Network Economics	183.96	36.45	19.8
NEP-NEU: Neuroeconomics	68.04	29.81	43.8
NEP-OPM: Open Economy Macroeconomics	371.84	83.96	22.5
NEP-ORE: Operations Research	310.34	56.13	18
NEP-PAY: Payment Systems and Financial Technology	373.44	100.73	26.9
NEP-PBE: Public Economics	604.06	134.45	22.2
NEP-PKE: Post Keynesian Economics	163.59	30.26	18.4
NEP-POL: Positive Political Economics	421.89	97.51	23.1
NEP-PPM: Project, Program and Portfolio Management	62.3	18.39	29.5
NEP-PUB: Public Finance	249.98	55.25	22.1
NEP-REG: Regulation	366.1	80.93	22.1
NEP-RES: Resource Economics	57.23	12.32	21.5
NEP-RMG: Risk Management	387.36	71.74	18.5
NEP-SBM: Small Business Management	444.38	121.9	27.4
NEP-SEA: South East Asia	635.65	156.1	24.5
NEP-SOC: Social Norms and Social Capital	276.92	79.2	28.6
NEP-SOG: Sociology of Economics	74.11	17.4	23.4
NEP-SPO: Sports and Economics	83.66	7.28	8.7
NEP-TID: Technology and Industrial Dynamics	346.22	88.4	25.5
NEP-TRA: Transition Economics	670.22	235.02	35
NEP-TRE: Transport Economics	187.37	48.92	26.1
NEP-TUR: Tourism Economics	56.56	16.04	28.3
NEP-UPT: Utility Models and Prospect Theory	331.95	63.45	19.1
NEP-URE: Urban and Real Estate Economics	2005.56	549.6	27.4

Female representation in Economics by cohort

Cohort is based on information listed in the RePEc Genealogy.

Cohort	# authors	# female	share (%)
1970	50	1	2
1971	64	3	4.6
1972	59	1	1.6
1973	74	5	6.7
1974	77	1	1.2
1975	98	4	4
1976	94	8	8.5
1977	70	2	2.8
1978	94	9	9.5
1979	88	5	5.6
1980	97	7	7.2
1981	116	3	2.5
1982	112	9	8
1983	135	15	11.1
1984	120	13	10.8
1985	141	9	6.3
1986	166	21	12.6
1987	166	23	13.8
1988	183	31	16.9
1989	194	20	10.3
1990	209	23	11
1991	226	31	13.7
1992	240	37	15.4
1993	258	41	15.8
1994	246	42	17
1995	312	52	16.6
1996	336	65	19.3
1997	301	46	15.2
1998	356	78	21.9
1999	389	83	21.3
2000	485	97	20
2001	450	113	25.1
2002	488	113	23.1
2003	477	111	23.2
2004	467	97	20.7
2005	533	120	22.5
2006	530	130	24.5
2007	607	155	25.5
2008	640	164	25.6
2009	635	161	25.3
2010	606	167	27.5
2011	615	149	24.2
2012	603	134	22.2
2013	576	151	26.2
2014	536	128	23.8
2015	547	139	25.4
2016	471	110	23.3
2017	461	105	22.7
2018	449	119	26.5
2019	395	90	22.7
2020	362	93	25.6
2021	319	90	28.2
2022	293	63	21.5
2023	284	78	27.4
2024	189	46	24.3
2025	109	27	24.7

Female representation in Economics by ranking

Proportion of females in 5-percentile groups taken from the rankings of economists, all-time publications and last 10 years of publications.

%ile	All (%)	10Y (%)
1-1	5.8	9.8
2-2	10.1	12.6
3-3	8.9	15.2
4-4	10.4	15.9
5-5	13.5	20.2
6-10	15.2	19.8
11-15	19.2	21.2
16-20	21.2	23.6
21-25	23.2	25.2
26-30	25.5	26.6
31-40	26	27.6
41-50	28.3	28.5
51-100

The data presented here are experimental. They are based on a sample of the research output in Economics and Finance. Only material catalogued in RePEc is considered. For any citation based criterion, only works that could be parsed by the CitEc project are considered. For any ranking of people, only those registered with the RePEc Author Service can be taken into account. And for rankings of institutions, only those listed in EDIRC and claimed as affiliation by the respective, registered authors can be measured. Thus, this list is by no means based on a complete sample. You can help making this more comprehensive by encouraging more publications to be listed (instructions) and more authors to register (form). For more details on the various rankings that are available as well for documentation, follow this link.

Credits:

• Citations from CitEc project by José Manuel Barrueco Cruz, University of Valencia, Spain. Hardware provided by Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Económicas (IVIE), Valencia, Spain.
• Abstract views and downloads statistics from LogEc project by Sune Karlsson, Örebro University, Sweden.
• Author registration, institution database, and ranking computations by Christian Zimmermann.
• RePEc has been initiated by Thomas Krichel.