Female representation in Economics, as of April 2024

These statistics draw on the published economists registered with the RePEc Author Service. Gender attribution is performed through pattern matching with NamSor. A category is listed if it has at least 50 members.

Overall, 18141 of 68432 economists are female, or a proportion of 26.5%.

Listings by

• Country
• US state
• Field
• Cohort
• Ranking

Each table can be sorted by clicking on table headers.

Female representation in Economics by country

Attribution to country is based on affiliations. For economists with multiple affiliations, affiliation shares set by the economist are considered.

Country	# authors	# female	share(%)
Algeria	71.47	16	22.3
Argentina	388.63	97.65	25.1
Australia	1556.83	387.47	24.8
Austria	549.05	117.52	21.4
Azerbaijan	52.85	10	18.9
Bangladesh	183.54	19.14	10.4
Belgium	870.07	222.84	25.6
Bolivia	83.36	22.24	26.6
Brazil	878.66	141.26	16
Bulgaria	250.29	124.92	49.9
Cameroun	60.39	9.18	15.2
Canada	1732.21	368.7	21.2
Chile	452.42	67.87	15
China	1495.57	402.78	26.9
Colombia	692.71	157.24	22.6
Croatia	164.61	85.48	51.9
Czech Republic	518.49	166.41	32
Denmark	432.57	105.44	24.3
Ecuador	122.5	29.99	24.4
Egypt	108.09	42.8	39.5
Estonia	54.9	18	32.7
Ethiopia	66.87	16.5	24.6
Finland	266.7	64.84	24.3
France	3796.61	1224.51	32.2
Germany	3563.17	901.12	25.2
Ghana	126.14	10.74	8.5
Greece	594.07	140.07	23.5
Hong Kong	153.86	26.56	17.2
Hungary	312.18	89.33	28.6
India	1204.58	347.28	28.8
Indonesia	404.12	103.86	25.6
Iran	155.56	19	12.2
Ireland	335.07	109.29	32.6
Israel	242.25	41	16.9
Italy	3443.5	1127.72	32.7
Japan	1236.69	167.55	13.5
Kazakhstan	57.55	15.25	26.4
Luxembourg	177.88	43.82	24.6
North Macedonia	69.84	30.95	44.3
Malaysia	384.48	100.46	26.1
Mexico	426.19	78.31	18.3
Morocco	89.44	16.1	18
Netherlands	1184.01	269.38	22.7
New Zealand	282.61	63.72	22.5
Nigeria	357.76	60.55	16.9
Norway	486.76	95.4	19.6
Pakistan	510.64	110.46	21.6
Peru	240.16	43.39	18
Philippines	169.42	60.02	35.4
Poland	717.57	239.41	33.3
Portugal	700.2	253.36	36.1
Romania	1154.88	672.87	58.2
Russia	1577.36	706.8	44.8
Saudi Arabia	79.98	6.4	8
Singapore	206.7	43.75	21.1
Slovakia	148.09	52.46	35.4
Slovenia	52.26	12	22.9
South Africa	400.45	121.12	30.2
South Korea	397.01	88.94	22.4
Spain	2549.95	831.12	32.5
Sri Lanka	50.51	21.5	42.5
Sweden	729.39	184.38	25.2
Switzerland	1079.25	256.15	23.7
Taiwan	257.6	60.05	23.3
Thailand	151.6	60.63	39.9
Tunisia	255.29	80.43	31.5
Turkey	914.17	238.73	26.1
United Arab Emirates	105.21	19.64	18.6
United Kingdom	3884.32	998.79	25.7
Ukraine	207.9	75.8	36.4
Uruguay	129.75	49.85	38.4
United States	12365.33	2825.03	22.8
Viet Nam	210.32	57.75	27.4

Female representation in Economics by US state

Attribution to state is based on affiliations. For economists with multiple affiliations, affiliation shares set by the economist are considered.

State	# authors	# female	share (%)
Alabama (United States)	94.83	19.8	20.8
Arkansas (United States)	51.48	9.16	17.7
Arizona (United States)	120.11	29.49	24.5
California (United States)	1163.96	255.03	21.9
Colorado (United States)	140.1	28.51	20.3
Connecticut (United States)	229.22	44.14	19.2
District of Columbia (United States)	2429.52	651.7	26.8
Florida (United States)	246.63	55.5	22.5
Georgia (United States)	297.99	68.42	22.9
Iowa (United States)	79.92	20.5	25.6
Illinois (United States)	540.11	101.05	18.7
Indiana (United States)	265.61	53.93	20.3
Kansas (United States)	68.04	11.89	17.4
Kentucky (United States)	88.44	15.9	17.9
Louisiana (United States)	85.67	17.8	20.7
Massachusetts (United States)	896.88	212.24	23.6
Maryland (United States)	231.05	46.96	20.3
Maine (United States)	52.8	12.75	24.1
Michigan (United States)	296.18	57.79	19.5
Minnesota (United States)	173.4	37.73	21.7
Missouri (United States)	242.09	61.77	25.5
North Carolina (United States)	321.54	59.47	18.4
New Hampshire (United States)	69.84	18.77	26.8
New Jersey (United States)	199.88	40.84	20.4
New York (United States)	1004.89	232.81	23.1
Ohio (United States)	287.33	65.27	22.7
Oklahoma (United States)	84.7	21.87	25.8
Oregon (United States)	63.79	18.5	29
Pennsylvania (United States)	545.06	130.39	23.9
Rhode Island (United States)	87.01	16.5	18.9
South Carolina (United States)	82.97	15.83	19
Tennessee (United States)	150.75	30.91	20.5
Texas (United States)	497.34	103.24	20.7
Utah (United States)	113.94	16.3	14.3
Virginia (United States)	352.34	78.23	22.2
Washington (United States)	99.2	25.72	25.9
Wisconsin (United States)	164.23	35.47	21.5

Female representation in Economics by field

Field is determined by the proportion of papers announced through NEP that are in a particular field. Note that a paper may be is several fields.

Field	# authors	# female	share (%)
NEP-ACC: Accounting and Auditing	158.74	42.78	26.9
NEP-AFR: Africa	300.46	72.85	24.2
NEP-AGE: Economics of Ageing	335.58	105.79	31.5
NEP-AGR: Agricultural Economics	1398.55	390.61	27.9
NEP-ARA: MENA - Middle East and North Africa	366.28	107.43	29.3
NEP-BAN: Banking	844.68	206.35	24.4
NEP-BEC: Business Economics	435.39	91.98	21.1
NEP-BIG: Big Data	227.69	54.38	23.8
NEP-CBA: Central Banking	1224.23	246.55	20.1
NEP-CBE: Cognitive and Behavioural Economics	372.16	94.85	25.4
NEP-CDM: Collective Decision-Making	327.35	64.59	19.7
NEP-CFN: Corporate Finance	267.58	51.82	19.3
NEP-CIS: Confederation of Independent States	449.64	193.44	43
NEP-CMP: Computational Economics	350.02	75.39	21.5
NEP-CNA: China	263.62	87.18	33
NEP-COM: Industrial Competition	705.94	131.07	18.5
NEP-CSE: Economics of Strategic Management	342.48	106.74	31.1
NEP-CTA: Contract Theory and Applications	159.17	32.23	20.2
NEP-CUL: Cultural Economics	82.51	32.84	39.8
NEP-CWA: Central and Western Asia	297.16	72.74	24.4
NEP-DCM: Discrete Choice Models	202.95	49.09	24.1
NEP-DEM: Demographic Economics	180.57	77.64	42.9
NEP-DES: Economic Design	133.67	25.19	18.8
NEP-DEV: Development	708.66	212.1	29.9
NEP-DGE: Dynamic General Equilibrium	1251.59	236.55	18.8
NEP-ECM: Econometrics	798.49	124.17	15.5
NEP-EDU: Education	502.57	165.29	32.8
NEP-EEC: European Economics	675.72	171.08	25.3
NEP-EFF: Efficiency and Productivity	502.79	123.59	24.5
NEP-ENE: Energy Economics	1388.59	334.26	24
NEP-ENT: Entrepreneurship	339.01	79.99	23.5
NEP-ENV: Environmental Economics	1750.02	472.6	27
NEP-ETS: Econometric Time Series	344.83	51.97	15
NEP-EUR: Microeconomic European Issues	812.2	306.22	37.7
NEP-EVO: Evolutionary Economics	149.16	27.27	18.2
NEP-EXP: Experimental Economics	1235.02	344.91	27.9
NEP-FDG: Financial Development and Growth	404.47	106.29	26.2
NEP-FIN: Finance	69.04	8.53	12.3
NEP-FLE: Financial Literacy and Education	51.77	21.88	42.2
NEP-FMK: Financial Markets	225.23	39.4	17.4
NEP-FOR: Forecasting	245.56	53.26	21.6
NEP-GEN: Gender	111.19	61.8	55.5
NEP-GEO: Economic Geography	511.81	112.17	21.9
NEP-GER: German Papers	181.22	42.7	23.5
NEP-GRO: Economic Growth	223.44	46.15	20.6
NEP-GTH: Game Theory	617.39	112.02	18.1
NEP-HAP: Economics of Happiness	121.16	37.93	31.3
NEP-HEA: Health Economics	898.93	299.74	33.3
NEP-HIS: Business, Economic and Financial History	866	183.16	21.1
NEP-HME: Heterodox Microeconomics	274.84	74.84	27.2
NEP-HPE: History and Philosophy of Economics	274.2	47.56	17.3
NEP-HRM: Human Capital and Human Resource Management	258.81	73.87	28.5
NEP-IAS: Insurance Economics	277.88	73.86	26.5
NEP-ICT: Information and Communication Technologies	144.93	40.77	28.1
NEP-IFN: International Finance	210.13	45.03	21.4
NEP-IND: Industrial Organization	186.96	37.79	20.2
NEP-INO: Innovation	634.54	171.36	27
NEP-INT: International Trade	1273.94	344.88	27
NEP-IPR: Intellectual Property Rights	126.82	32.14	25.3
NEP-ISF: Islamic Finance	202.95	58.09	28.6
NEP-IUE: Informal and Underground Economics	142.66	41.56	29.1
NEP-KNM: Knowledge Management and Knowledge Economy	138.63	42.31	30.5
NEP-LAB: Labour Economics	1181.49	374.18	31.6
NEP-LAM: Central and South America	204.42	56.73	27.7
NEP-LAW: Law and Economics	294.31	75.69	25.7
NEP-LMA: Labor Markets - Supply, Demand, and Wages	534.8	164.32	30.7
NEP-LTV: Unemployment, Inequality and Poverty	229.59	61.42	26.7
NEP-MAC: Macroeconomics	3804.2	738.57	19.4
NEP-MFD: Microfinance	123.21	34.54	28
NEP-MIC: Microeconomics	595.55	85.13	14.2
NEP-MIG: Economics of Human Migration	376.95	134.31	35.6
NEP-MKT: Marketing	101.69	28.06	27.5
NEP-MON: Monetary Economics	1489.19	305.28	20.5
NEP-MST: Market Microstructure	94.86	20	21
NEP-NET: Network Economics	193.66	39.18	20.2
NEP-NEU: Neuroeconomics	72.52	33.88	46.7
NEP-OPM: Open Economy Macroeconomics	385.67	88.32	22.9
NEP-ORE: Operations Research	369.88	70	18.9
NEP-PAY: Payment Systems and Financial Technology	345.15	96.73	28
NEP-PBE: Public Economics	616.12	136.9	22.2
NEP-PKE: Post Keynesian Economics	195.81	40.32	20.5
NEP-POL: Positive Political Economics	426.73	88.5	20.7
NEP-PPM: Project, Program and Portfolio Management	71.52	20.8	29
NEP-PUB: Public Finance	243.92	51.22	21
NEP-REG: Regulation	366.92	86.47	23.5
NEP-RES: Resource Economics	62.25	15.46	24.8
NEP-RMG: Risk Management	389.9	75.87	19.4
NEP-SBM: Small Business Management	426.1	116.56	27.3
NEP-SEA: South East Asia	621.42	156.03	25.1
NEP-SOC: Social Norms and Social Capital	301.42	89.42	29.6
NEP-SOG: Sociology of Economics	86.76	21.5	24.7
NEP-SPO: Sports and Economics	86.91	8.4	9.6
NEP-TID: Technology and Industrial Dynamics	335.26	84.27	25.1
NEP-TRA: Transition Economics	727.55	277.86	38.1
NEP-TRE: Transport Economics	192.94	47.1	24.4
NEP-TUR: Tourism Economics	62.98	18.32	29
NEP-UPT: Utility Models and Prospect Theory	361.96	74.43	20.5
NEP-URE: Urban and Real Estate Economics	1951.13	530.59	27.1

Female representation in Economics by cohort

Cohort is based on information listed in the RePEc Genealogy.

Cohort	# authors	# female	share (%)
1971	54	3	5.5
1972	53	1	1.8
1973	66	5	7.5
1974	70	1	1.4
1975	90	4	4.4
1976	91	7	7.6
1977	61	2	3.2
1978	86	11	12.7
1979	79	5	6.3
1980	90	5	5.5
1981	102	3	2.9
1982	101	8	7.9
1983	126	14	11.1
1984	104	12	11.5
1985	124	6	4.8
1986	144	16	11.1
1987	149	20	13.4
1988	168	29	17.2
1989	172	18	10.4
1990	188	19	10.1
1991	203	28	13.7
1992	214	34	15.8
1993	236	35	14.8
1994	214	37	17.2
1995	278	45	16.1
1996	290	48	16.5
1997	266	41	15.4
1998	319	71	22.2
1999	356	76	21.3
2000	430	85	19.7
2001	406	102	25.1
2002	438	103	23.5
2003	428	94	21.9
2004	422	82	19.4
2005	473	108	22.8
2006	475	115	24.2
2007	533	134	25.1
2008	560	135	24.1
2009	569	147	25.8
2010	542	150	27.6
2011	527	133	25.2
2012	522	108	20.6
2013	490	131	26.7
2014	460	112	24.3
2015	445	105	23.5
2016	364	87	23.9
2017	345	73	21.1
2018	341	90	26.3
2019	282	64	22.6
2020	264	70	26.5
2021	208	50	24
2022	178	38	21.3
2023	141	38	26.9

Female representation in Economics by ranking

Proportion of females in 5-percentile groups taken from the rankings of economists, all-time publications and last 10 years of publications.

%ile	All (%)	10Y (%)
1-1	5.8	10.6
2-2	9.7	10.9
3-3	8	16.9
4-4	10.5	15.2
5-5	10.9	16.2
6-10	15.1	18.6
11-15	18.1	21.7
16-20	20.6	22.8
21-25	22.8	23.8
26-30	24.8	25.7
31-40	26.1	27
41-50	27.8	28
51-100

The data presented here are experimental. They are based on a sample of the research output in Economics and Finance. Only material catalogued in RePEc is considered. For any citation based criterion, only works that could be parsed by the CitEc project are considered. For any ranking of people, only those registered with the RePEc Author Service can be taken into account. And for rankings of institutions, only those listed in EDIRC and claimed as affiliation by the respective, registered authors can be measured. Thus, this list is by no means based on a complete sample. You can help making this more comprehensive by encouraging more publications to be listed (instructions) and more authors to register (form). For more details on the various rankings that are available as well for documentation, follow this link.

Credits:

• Citations from CitEc project by José Manuel Barrueco Cruz, University of Valencia, Spain. Hardware provided by Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Económicas (IVIE), Valencia, Spain.
• Abstract views and downloads statistics from LogEc project by Sune Karlsson, Örebro University, Sweden.
• Author registration by Ivan Kumanov, Minsk, Belarus.
• Institutions database and ranking computations by Christian Zimmermann, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
• RePEc has been initiated by Thomas Krichel.