Female representation in Economics, as of July 2025

These statistics draw on the published economists registered with the RePEc Author Service. Gender attribution is performed through pattern matching with NamSor. A category is listed if it has at least 50 members.

Overall, 19152 of 71749 economists are female, or a proportion of 26.6%.

Listings by

• Country
• US state
• Field
• Cohort
• Ranking

Each table can be sorted by clicking on table headers.

Female representation in Economics by country

Attribution to country is based on affiliations. For economists with multiple affiliations, affiliation shares set by the economist are considered.

Country	# authors	# female	share(%)
Algeria	74.56	17	22.7
Argentina	402.95	101.41	25.1
Australia	1609.57	402.85	25
Austria	569.04	130.14	22.8
Azerbaijan	56.85	10	17.5
Bangladesh	198.74	26.65	13.4
Belgium	914.41	242.77	26.5
Bolivia	90.56	25.24	27.8
Brazil	997.61	172.87	17.3
Bulgaria	259.42	129.92	50
Cameroun	71.15	13.68	19.2
Canada	1746.61	371.04	21.2
Chile	470.47	72.87	15.4
China	1611.5	446.46	27.7
Colombia	716.49	169.78	23.6
Croatia	166.61	86.48	51.9
Czech Republic	543.37	174.06	32
Denmark	442.23	109.88	24.8
Ecuador	135.88	38.08	28
Egypt	117.16	48.08	41
Estonia	56.69	18	31.7
Ethiopia	75.87	17.5	23
Finland	268.84	69.86	25.9
France	3889.78	1241.53	31.9
Germany	3639.2	917.31	25.2
Ghana	135.74	14.74	10.8
Greece	626.51	146.66	23.4
Hong Kong	163.26	30.46	18.6
Hungary	438.46	137.18	31.2
India	1247.43	361.48	28.9
Indonesia	451.65	123.06	27.2
Iran	163.02	21.5	13.1
Ireland	351.02	116.09	33
Israel	244.38	42	17.1
Italy	3624.22	1184.76	32.6
Japan	1285.5	172.66	13.4
Kazakhstan	65.9	18	27.3
Kenya	51.66	10.54	20.4
Lebanon	63.96	18.52	28.9
Luxembourg	183.13	47.13	25.7
Macao	50.89	15.9	31.2
North Macedonia	72.83	32.45	44.5
Malaysia	396.19	101.7	25.6
Mexico	445.45	85.63	19.2
Morocco	105.24	17.1	16.2
Netherlands	1211.16	279.49	23
New Zealand	288.52	66.62	23
Nigeria	401.59	71.88	17.8
Norway	497.23	93.96	18.8
Pakistan	550.45	122.09	22.1
Peru	258.92	44.39	17.1
Philippines	184.61	67.69	36.6
Poland	767.07	256.36	33.4
Portugal	715.3	257.96	36
Romania	1176.24	686.87	58.3
Russia	1632.25	738.2	45.2
Saudi Arabia	92.63	8.9	9.6
Singapore	210.85	45.75	21.6
Slovakia	154.41	53.1	34.3
Slovenia	53.16	13	24.4
South Africa	419.32	123.5	29.4
South Korea	428.59	99.13	23.1
Spain	2666.22	873.85	32.7
Sri Lanka	52.35	23.34	44.5
Sweden	743.98	186.89	25.1
Switzerland	1112.24	255.14	22.9
Taiwan	264.1	60.05	22.7
Thailand	157.01	63.94	40.7
Tunisia	267.56	88.7	33.1
Turkey	954.53	252.98	26.5
United Arab Emirates	114.13	22.04	19.3
United Kingdom	4009.85	1038.94	25.9
Ukraine	212.45	79.05	37.2
Uruguay	132.59	49.7	37.4
United States	12777.08	2957.29	23.1
Viet Nam	242.2	68.75	28.3

Female representation in Economics by US state

Attribution to state is based on affiliations. For economists with multiple affiliations, affiliation shares set by the economist are considered.

State	# authors	# female	share (%)
Alabama (United States)	100.39	22.81	22.7
Arkansas (United States)	52.38	10.16	19.3
Arizona (United States)	127.15	31.49	24.7
California (United States)	1200.57	261.56	21.7
Colorado (United States)	145.33	31.01	21.3
Connecticut (United States)	250.38	49.64	19.8
District of Columbia (United States)	2498.41	685.09	27.4
Delaware (United States)	50.52	18.02	35.6
Florida (United States)	257.8	57.78	22.4
Georgia (United States)	303.27	70.52	23.2
Iowa (United States)	83.93	22	26.2
Illinois (United States)	552.99	102.2	18.4
Indiana (United States)	283.12	60.93	21.5
Kansas (United States)	71.54	12.89	18
Kentucky (United States)	86.34	15.4	17.8
Louisiana (United States)	86.64	17.35	20
Massachusetts (United States)	924.35	212.04	22.9
Maryland (United States)	234.57	50.25	21.4
Maine (United States)	53.81	12.76	23.7
Michigan (United States)	297.57	56.79	19
Minnesota (United States)	168.57	38.73	22.9
Missouri (United States)	253.09	65.27	25.7
North Carolina (United States)	335.43	60.47	18
Nebraska (United States)	51.9	11	21.1
New Hampshire (United States)	70.84	17.77	25
New Jersey (United States)	206.16	45.1	21.8
New York (United States)	1026.15	241.78	23.5
Ohio (United States)	298.51	74.51	24.9
Oklahoma (United States)	86.7	23.87	27.5
Oregon (United States)	64.65	19.45	30
Pennsylvania (United States)	564.75	132.13	23.3
Rhode Island (United States)	86.89	16.5	18.9
South Carolina (United States)	87.74	18	20.5
Tennessee (United States)	158.75	31.24	19.6
Texas (United States)	553	115.38	20.8
Utah (United States)	118.94	20.3	17
Virginia (United States)	357.83	81.73	22.8
Washington (United States)	101.04	29.22	28.9
Wisconsin (United States)	165.63	37.97	22.9

Female representation in Economics by field

Field is determined by the proportion of papers announced through NEP that are in a particular field. Note that a paper may be is several fields.

Field	# authors	# female	share (%)
NEP-ACC: Accounting and Auditing	162.64	47.17	29
NEP-AFR: Africa	276.46	64.94	23.4
NEP-AGE: Economics of Ageing	330.72	108.98	32.9
NEP-AGR: Agricultural Economics	1426.37	401.5	28.1
NEP-ARA: MENA - Middle East and North Africa	361.32	104.11	28.8
NEP-BAN: Banking	894.18	211.21	23.6
NEP-BEC: Business Economics	437.51	97.32	22.2
NEP-BIG: Big Data	260.24	58.11	22.3
NEP-CBA: Central Banking	1256.89	247.78	19.7
NEP-CBE: Cognitive and Behavioural Economics	355.2	81.98	23
NEP-CDM: Collective Decision-Making	321.99	68.34	21.2
NEP-CFN: Corporate Finance	257.42	53.88	20.9
NEP-CIS: Confederation of Independent States	439.02	179.07	40.7
NEP-CMP: Computational Economics	358.43	78.29	21.8
NEP-CNA: China	275.84	88.89	32.2
NEP-COM: Industrial Competition	720.09	137.99	19.1
NEP-CSE: Economics of Strategic Management	319.41	99	30.9
NEP-CTA: Contract Theory and Applications	161.97	29.96	18.4
NEP-CUL: Cultural Economics	79.13	30	37.9
NEP-CWA: Central and Western Asia	270.82	70.17	25.9
NEP-DCM: Discrete Choice Models	209.56	53.07	25.3
NEP-DEM: Demographic Economics	192.21	83.62	43.5
NEP-DES: Economic Design	157.14	30.87	19.6
NEP-DEV: Development	704.38	212.63	30.1
NEP-DGE: Dynamic General Equilibrium	1263.9	236.25	18.6
NEP-ECM: Econometrics	817.06	122.85	15
NEP-EDU: Education	466.95	147.85	31.6
NEP-EEC: European Economics	739.11	190.05	25.7
NEP-EFF: Efficiency and Productivity	493.89	123.26	24.9
NEP-ENE: Energy Economics	1470.96	359.68	24.4
NEP-ENT: Entrepreneurship	345.81	82.36	23.8
NEP-ENV: Environmental Economics	1890.08	520.92	27.5
NEP-ETS: Econometric Time Series	345.62	52.71	15.2
NEP-EUR: Microeconomic European Issues	814.05	304.66	37.4
NEP-EVO: Evolutionary Economics	146.48	22.81	15.5
NEP-EXP: Experimental Economics	1271.13	353.98	27.8
NEP-FDG: Financial Development and Growth	446.26	109.15	24.4
NEP-FIN: Finance	68.7	9.11	13.2
NEP-FLE: Financial Literacy and Education	65.88	27.83	42.2
NEP-FMK: Financial Markets	240.04	42.38	17.6
NEP-FOR: Forecasting	232.55	50.94	21.9
NEP-GEN: Gender	117.08	63.15	53.9
NEP-GEO: Economic Geography	514.06	114.68	22.3
NEP-GER: German Papers	179.12	44.98	25.1
NEP-GRO: Economic Growth	208.15	40.88	19.6
NEP-GTH: Game Theory	624.22	110.88	17.7
NEP-HAP: Economics of Happiness	110.84	33.03	29.8
NEP-HEA: Health Economics	916.21	315.89	34.4
NEP-HIS: Business, Economic and Financial History	895.8	192.99	21.5
NEP-HME: Heterodox Microeconomics	256.84	66.77	25.9
NEP-HPE: History and Philosophy of Economics	268.06	42.78	15.9
NEP-HRM: Human Capital and Human Resource Management	259.86	73.19	28.1
NEP-IAS: Insurance Economics	249.65	64.62	25.8
NEP-ICT: Information and Communication Technologies	144.82	39.8	27.4
NEP-IFN: International Finance	224.46	46.54	20.7
NEP-IND: Industrial Organization	198.01	39.56	19.9
NEP-INO: Innovation	630.6	175.56	27.8
NEP-INT: International Trade	1288.95	340.66	26.4
NEP-INV: Investment	58.38	14.66	25.1
NEP-IPR: Intellectual Property Rights	143.63	33.6	23.3
NEP-ISF: Islamic Finance	196.66	58.34	29.6
NEP-IUE: Informal and Underground Economics	142.05	42.12	29.6
NEP-KNM: Knowledge Management and Knowledge Economy	135.56	40.7	30
NEP-LAB: Labour Economics	1217.34	382.42	31.4
NEP-LAM: Central and South America	190.53	54.61	28.6
NEP-LAW: Law and Economics	301.31	80.8	26.8
NEP-LMA: Labor Markets - Supply, Demand, and Wages	561.99	166.69	29.6
NEP-LTV: Unemployment, Inequality and Poverty	222.25	59.31	26.6
NEP-MAC: Macroeconomics	3578.33	690.62	19.3
NEP-MFD: Microfinance	107.64	29.17	27.1
NEP-MIC: Microeconomics	620.41	87.18	14
NEP-MIG: Economics of Human Migration	373.42	128.04	34.2
NEP-MKT: Marketing	90.82	24.89	27.4
NEP-MON: Monetary Economics	1567.04	316.76	20.2
NEP-MST: Market Microstructure	99.08	22.23	22.4
NEP-NET: Network Economics	191.26	40.32	21
NEP-NEU: Neuroeconomics	70.69	30.29	42.8
NEP-OPM: Open Economy Macroeconomics	380.93	82.11	21.5
NEP-ORE: Operations Research	338.75	64.48	19
NEP-PAY: Payment Systems and Financial Technology	389.77	110.65	28.3
NEP-PBE: Public Economics	626.54	142.21	22.6
NEP-PKE: Post Keynesian Economics	174.95	31.32	17.9
NEP-POL: Positive Political Economics	427.73	100.58	23.5
NEP-PPM: Project, Program and Portfolio Management	66.15	19.38	29.2
NEP-PUB: Public Finance	254.88	57.07	22.3
NEP-REG: Regulation	380.39	84.37	22.1
NEP-RES: Resource Economics	63.02	14.94	23.7
NEP-RMG: Risk Management	396.44	76.73	19.3
NEP-SBM: Small Business Management	462.36	127.31	27.5
NEP-SEA: South East Asia	634.14	154.42	24.3
NEP-SOC: Social Norms and Social Capital	281.75	79.23	28.1
NEP-SOG: Sociology of Economics	87.45	22.62	25.8
NEP-SPO: Sports and Economics	84.43	6.46	7.6
NEP-TID: Technology and Industrial Dynamics	359.63	93.2	25.9
NEP-TRA: Transition Economics	704.28	260.66	37
NEP-TRE: Transport Economics	196.54	50.68	25.7
NEP-TUR: Tourism Economics	64.27	18.4	28.6
NEP-UPT: Utility Models and Prospect Theory	349.02	65.97	18.9
NEP-URE: Urban and Real Estate Economics	2045.79	558.02	27.2

Female representation in Economics by cohort

Cohort is based on information listed in the RePEc Genealogy.

Cohort	# authors	# female	share (%)
1971	63	3	4.7
1972	58	1	1.7
1973	71	5	7
1974	74	1	1.3
1975	96	3	3.1
1976	93	8	8.6
1977	70	2	2.8
1978	93	9	9.6
1979	85	5	5.8
1980	96	6	6.2
1981	111	3	2.7
1982	110	9	8.1
1983	134	15	11.1
1984	120	13	10.8
1985	139	9	6.4
1986	164	20	12.1
1987	160	22	13.7
1988	181	30	16.5
1989	191	18	9.4
1990	204	23	11.2
1991	222	31	13.9
1992	235	36	15.3
1993	254	39	15.3
1994	237	40	16.8
1995	302	48	15.8
1996	327	60	18.3
1997	296	44	14.8
1998	349	77	22
1999	383	82	21.4
2000	470	92	19.5
2001	442	109	24.6
2002	480	114	23.7
2003	463	105	22.6
2004	455	91	20
2005	519	117	22.5
2006	522	125	23.9
2007	592	148	25
2008	620	153	24.6
2009	615	158	25.6
2010	593	163	27.4
2011	592	146	24.6
2012	577	123	21.3
2013	554	147	26.5
2014	519	125	24
2015	523	130	24.8
2016	441	102	23.1
2017	440	100	22.7
2018	420	111	26.4
2019	367	83	22.6
2020	336	87	25.8
2021	284	81	28.5
2022	261	58	22.2
2023	241	68	28.2
2024	160	36	22.5

Female representation in Economics by ranking

Proportion of females in 5-percentile groups taken from the rankings of economists, all-time publications and last 10 years of publications.

%ile	All (%)	10Y (%)
1-1	5.5	10.1
2-2	10.1	12.2
3-3	8.3	14.7
4-4	10.4	14
5-5	13.5	19.3
6-10	14.8	19.8
11-15	18.5	20.9
16-20	20.8	23
21-25	23.8	24.9
26-30	24.6	25.8
31-40	25.9	27
41-50	28.1	28.9
51-100

The data presented here are experimental. They are based on a sample of the research output in Economics and Finance. Only material catalogued in RePEc is considered. For any citation based criterion, only works that could be parsed by the CitEc project are considered. For any ranking of people, only those registered with the RePEc Author Service can be taken into account. And for rankings of institutions, only those listed in EDIRC and claimed as affiliation by the respective, registered authors can be measured. Thus, this list is by no means based on a complete sample. You can help making this more comprehensive by encouraging more publications to be listed (instructions) and more authors to register (form). For more details on the various rankings that are available as well for documentation, follow this link.

Credits:

• Citations from CitEc project by José Manuel Barrueco Cruz, University of Valencia, Spain. Hardware provided by Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Económicas (IVIE), Valencia, Spain.
• Abstract views and downloads statistics from LogEc project by Sune Karlsson, Örebro University, Sweden.
• Author registration, institution database, and ranking computations by Christian Zimmermann.
• RePEc has been initiated by Thomas Krichel.