Female representation in Economics, as of December 2019

These statistics draw on the published economists registered with the RePEc Author Service. Gender attribution is performed through analysis of first names and a list of exceptions. A category is listed if it has at least 50 members.

Overall, 14631 of 57594 economists are female, or a proportion of 25.4%.

Listings by

• Country
• US state
• Field
• Cohort

Each table can be sorted by clicking on table headers.

Female representation in Economics by country

Attribution to country is based on affiliations. For economists with multiple affiliations, affiliation shares set by the economist are considered.

Country	# authors	# female	share(%)
Argentina	303.74	75.55	24.8
Australia	1432.36	352.35	24.5
Austria	444.75	84.34	18.9
Bangladesh	104.79	6.5	6.2
Belgium	742.39	186.41	25.1
Bolivia	60.6	11.5	18.9
Brazil	732.46	105.85	14.4
Bulgaria	184.68	89.42	48.4
Canada	1540.29	311.22	20.2
Chile	411.15	61.82	15
China	1059.69	278.52	26.2
Colombia	609.62	137.19	22.5
Croatia	129.05	65	50.3
Czech Republic	388.62	114.8	29.5
Denmark	397.43	98.29	24.7
Egypt	74.7	23.47	31.4
Estonia	51.35	14	27.2
Finland	225.56	50.33	22.3
France	3454.04	1105.79	32
Germany	3313.7	808.64	24.4
Ghana	82.74	5.5	6.6
Greece	500.38	108.17	21.6
Hong Kong	139.54	23	16.4
Hungary	287.54	76.06	26.4
India	853.51	223.77	26.2
Indonesia	268.88	58.56	21.7
Iran	109.76	10	9.1
Ireland	272.7	87.58	32.1
Israel	197.08	17	8.6
Italy	2964.18	968.93	32.6
Japan	1083.54	142.11	13.1
Luxembourg	146.42	33.05	22.5
North Macedonia	54.78	20.5	37.4
Malaysia	295.66	63.05	21.3
Mexico	363.62	65.59	18
Morocco	54.47	8.71	15.9
Netherlands	1077.77	224.68	20.8
New Zealand	255.97	52.9	20.6
Nigeria	189.52	27.13	14.3
Norway	428.1	69.11	16.1
Pakistan	387.93	82.76	21.3
Peru	216.99	37	17
Philippines	121.38	39.98	32.9
Poland	562.73	188.05	33.4
Portugal	637.71	231.06	36.2
Romania	1094.77	631.05	57.6
Russia	1314.06	561.09	42.6
Saudi Arabia	66.94	2.54	3.8
Singapore	179.81	33.58	18.6
Slovakia	108.53	35.95	33.1
South Africa	314.42	91.11	28.9
South Korea	324.25	80.16	24.7
Spain	2180.28	699.48	32
Sweden	682.79	169.63	24.8
Switzerland	928.09	204.89	22
Taiwan	221.91	51.05	23
Thailand	103.78	39.14	37.7
Tunisia	208.06	57.84	27.7
Turkey	795.63	199.44	25
United Arab Emirates	73.78	16.6	22.4
United Kingdom	3555.73	889.18	25
Ukraine	195.99	76.83	39.2
Uruguay	115.86	42.55	36.7
United States	10913.87	2361.29	21.6
Viet Nam	113.52	22.85	20.1

Female representation in Economics by US state

Attribution to state is based on affiliations. For economists with multiple affiliations, affiliation shares set by the economist are considered.

State	# authors	# female	share (%)
Alabama (United States)	86.48	14.71	17
Arizona (United States)	94.69	21	22.1
California (United States)	1052.42	210.62	20
Colorado (United States)	128.01	26.88	21
Connecticut (United States)	198.74	33.26	16.7
District of Columbia (United States)	2093.59	544.15	25.9
Florida (United States)	204.42	46.14	22.5
Georgia (United States)	254.78	55.23	21.6
Iowa (United States)	79.97	17	21.2
Illinois (United States)	504.75	86.85	17.2
Indiana (United States)	241.36	51.65	21.3
Kansas (United States)	64.34	10	15.5
Kentucky (United States)	81.5	14	17.1
Louisiana (United States)	67.08	13.83	20.6
Massachusetts (United States)	797.87	181.36	22.7
Maryland (United States)	203.79	40.1	19.6
Michigan (United States)	287.59	59.61	20.7
Minnesota (United States)	168.38	31.9	18.9
Missouri (United States)	202.53	45.95	22.6
North Carolina (United States)	295.97	50.52	17
New Hampshire (United States)	54.81	13.79	25.1
New Jersey (United States)	189.37	39.24	20.7
New York (United States)	870.01	188.08	21.6
Ohio (United States)	229.97	46.87	20.3
Oklahoma (United States)	82.52	19.86	24
Oregon (United States)	59.05	18.5	31.3
Pennsylvania (United States)	484.93	111.99	23
Rhode Island (United States)	79.01	14.99	18.9
South Carolina (United States)	83.22	15.5	18.6
Tennessee (United States)	126.02	24.38	19.3
Texas (United States)	445.7	87.8	19.7
Utah (United States)	96.55	13.3	13.7
Virginia (United States)	283.32	51.13	18
Washington (United States)	94.6	21	22.1
Wisconsin (United States)	152.94	37.03	24.2

Female representation in Economics by field

Field is determined by the proportion of papers announced through NEP that are in a particular field. Note that a paper may be is several fields.

Field	# authors	# female	share (%)
NEP-ACC: Accounting & Auditing	225.64	66.12	29.3
NEP-AFR: Africa	478.59	118.78	24.8
NEP-AGE: Economics of Ageing	354.2	108.11	30.5
NEP-AGR: Agricultural Economics	1423.77	406.32	28.5
NEP-ARA: MENA - Middle East & North Africa	389.4	107.68	27.6
NEP-BAN: Banking	798.02	194.8	24.4
NEP-BEC: Business Economics	536.86	124.15	23.1
NEP-BIG: Big Data	70.71	16.96	23.9
NEP-CBA: Central Banking	1281.68	267.73	20.8
NEP-CBE: Cognitive & Behavioural Economics	488.61	136.81	28
NEP-CDM: Collective Decision-Making	416.41	95.5	22.9
NEP-CFN: Corporate Finance	273.3	53.29	19.4
NEP-CIS: Confederation of Independent States	484.43	208.08	42.9
NEP-CMP: Computational Economics	351.2	73.21	20.8
NEP-CNA: China	241.51	77.13	31.9
NEP-COM: Industrial Competition	745.72	156.35	20.9
NEP-CSE: Economics of Strategic Management	571.81	189.37	33.1
NEP-CTA: Contract Theory & Applications	263.9	53.99	20.4
NEP-CUL: Cultural Economics	111.74	40.04	35.8
NEP-CWA: Central & Western Asia	363.31	95.68	26.3
NEP-DCM: Discrete Choice Models	236.31	64.75	27.3
NEP-DEM: Demographic Economics	256.16	114.7	44.7
NEP-DEV: Development	819.95	237.22	28.9
NEP-DGE: Dynamic General Equilibrium	1260.68	243.53	19.3
NEP-ECM: Econometrics	850.27	139.77	16.4
NEP-EDU: Education	658.82	218.01	33
NEP-EEC: European Economics	667.48	172.27	25.8
NEP-EFF: Efficiency & Productivity	613.36	167.37	27.2
NEP-ENE: Energy Economics	1360.67	313.27	23
NEP-ENT: Entrepreneurship	385.92	104.95	27.1
NEP-ENV: Environmental Economics	1520.52	388.54	25.5
NEP-ETS: Econometric Time Series	377.98	55.83	14.7
NEP-EUR: Microeconomic European Issues	787	292.89	37.2
NEP-EVO: Evolutionary Economics	191.1	40.17	21
NEP-EXP: Experimental Economics	1127.41	318.96	28.2
NEP-FDG: Financial Development & Growth	226.61	61.41	27
NEP-FMK: Financial Markets	250.37	42.86	17.1
NEP-FOR: Forecasting	333.4	69.06	20.7
NEP-GEN: Gender	54.16	24.56	45.3
NEP-GEO: Economic Geography	598.66	142.06	23.7
NEP-GER: German Papers	211.26	54.47	25.7
NEP-GRO: Economic Growth	257.26	53.14	20.6
NEP-GTH: Game Theory	641.66	124.53	19.4
NEP-HAP: Economics of Happiness	151.88	49.94	32.8
NEP-HEA: Health Economics	812.64	278.38	34.2
NEP-HIS: Business, Economic & Financial History	779.98	155.78	19.9
NEP-HME: Heterodox Microeconomics	362.84	112.57	31
NEP-HPE: History & Philosophy of Economics	358.65	72.62	20.2
NEP-HRM: Human Capital & Human Resource Management	319.44	99.18	31
NEP-IAS: Insurance Economics	311.19	89.85	28.8
NEP-ICT: Information & Communication Technologies	135.56	40.42	29.8
NEP-IFN: International Finance	243.14	58.01	23.8
NEP-IND: Industrial Organization	199.4	43.73	21.9
NEP-INO: Innovation	812.89	237.54	29.2
NEP-INT: International Trade	1181.7	328.15	27.7
NEP-IPR: Intellectual Property Rights	179.39	52.85	29.4
NEP-IUE: Informal & Underground Economics	155.44	43.09	27.7
NEP-KNM: Knowledge Management & Knowledge Economy	231.36	80.06	34.6
NEP-LAB: Labour Economics	1338.44	413.83	30.9
NEP-LAM: Central & South America	266.54	73.27	27.4
NEP-LAW: Law & Economics	286.35	64.64	22.5
NEP-LMA: Labor Markets - Supply, Demand, & Wages	415.04	115.51	27.8
NEP-LTV: Unemployment, Inequality & Poverty	247.97	71.96	29
NEP-MAC: Macroeconomics	3863.93	762.18	19.7
NEP-MFD: Microfinance	166.4	48.31	29
NEP-MIC: Microeconomics	599.32	91.54	15.2
NEP-MIG: Economics of Human Migration	440.38	158.79	36
NEP-MKT: Marketing	215.12	67.77	31.5
NEP-MON: Monetary Economics	1362.04	297.11	21.8
NEP-MST: Market Microstructure	137.5	31.85	23.1
NEP-NET: Network Economics	228.66	57.36	25
NEP-NEU: Neuroeconomics	94.49	39.5	41.8
NEP-OPM: Open Economy Macroeconomics	417.49	95.93	22.9
NEP-ORE: Operations Research	249.77	44.11	17.6
NEP-PAY: Payment Systems & Financial Technology	168.12	46.14	27.4
NEP-PBE: Public Economics	697.86	164.55	23.5
NEP-PKE: Post Keynesian Economics	226.28	45.97	20.3
NEP-POL: Positive Political Economics	484	102.45	21.1
NEP-PPM: Project, Program & Portfolio Management	124.46	34.8	27.9
NEP-PUB: Public Finance	239.5	55.85	23.3
NEP-REG: Regulation	368.47	77.93	21.1
NEP-RES: Resource Economics	92.02	24.68	26.8
NEP-RMG: Risk Management	421.12	89.81	21.3
NEP-SBM: Small Business Management	428.45	142.65	33.2
NEP-SEA: South East Asia	578.91	148.18	25.5
NEP-SOC: Social Norms & Social Capital	378.97	107.33	28.3
NEP-SOG: Sociology of Economics	113.13	31.36	27.7
NEP-SPO: Sports & Economics	91.91	12.86	13.9
NEP-TID: Technology & Industrial Dynamics	250.1	66.14	26.4
NEP-TRA: Transition Economics	1058.99	405.87	38.3
NEP-TRE: Transport Economics	206.46	53.28	25.8
NEP-TUR: Tourism Economics	80.92	30.46	37.6
NEP-UPT: Utility Models & Prospect Theory	364.94	87.24	23.9
NEP-URE: Urban & Real Estate Economics	1705.62	442.28	25.9

Female representation in Economics by cohort

Cohort is based on information listed in the RePEc Genealogy.

Cohort	# authors	# female	share (%)
1973	55	4	7.2
1974	54	1	1.8
1975	69	2	2.8
1976	73	4	5.4
1978	66	6	9
1979	55	3	5.4
1980	75	4	5.3
1981	85	2	2.3
1982	82	6	7.3
1983	107	11	10.2
1984	80	8	10
1985	107	4	3.7
1986	123	16	13
1987	119	11	9.2
1988	140	22	15.7
1989	144	15	10.4
1990	153	13	8.4
1991	172	22	12.7
1992	172	27	15.6
1993	192	32	16.6
1994	163	31	19
1995	212	38	17.9
1996	236	40	16.9
1997	217	35	16.1
1998	255	53	20.7
1999	283	58	20.4
2000	370	73	19.7
2001	337	84	24.9
2002	361	83	22.9
2003	355	76	21.4
2004	339	66	19.4
2005	381	92	24.1
2006	377	92	24.4
2007	431	107	24.8
2008	456	108	23.6
2009	459	129	28.1
2010	435	119	27.3
2011	384	98	25.5
2012	403	83	20.5
2013	325	79	24.3
2014	298	70	23.4
2015	247	57	23
2016	180	38	21.1
2017	137	26	18.9
2018	104	28	26.9
2019	57	18	31.5

The data presented here is experimental. It is based on a limited sample of the research output in Economics and Finance. Only material catalogued in RePEc is considered. For any citation based criterion, only works that could be parsed by the CitEc project are considered. For any ranking of people, only those registered with the RePEc Author Service can be taken into account. And for rankings of institutions, only those listed in EDIRC and claimed as affiliation by the respective, registered authors can be measured. Thus, this list is by no means based on a complete sample. You can help making this more comprehensive by encouraging more publications to be listed (instructions) and more authors to register (form). For more details on the various rankings that are available as well for documentation, follow this link.

Credits:

• Citations from CitEc project by José Manuel Barrueco Cruz, University of Valencia, Spain. Hardware provided by Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Económicas (IVIE), Valencia, Spain.
• Abstract views and downloads statistics from LogEc project by Sune Karlsson, Örebro University, Sweden.
• Author registration by Ivan Kumanov, Minsk, Belarus.
• Institutions database and ranking computations by Christian Zimmermann, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
• RePEc has been initiated by Thomas Krichel.