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The Effect of Prison Population Size on Crime Rates: Evidence from Prison Overcrowding Litigation

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    by Tyler Cowen in Marginal Revolution on 2011-05-24 23:02:54

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Cited by:

  1. GOMEZ-SORZANO, Gustavo Alejandro, 2007. "Decomposing Violence: Crime Cycles In The Twentieth Century In The United States," Applied Econometrics and International Development, Euro-American Association of Economic Development, vol. 7(1).
  2. Raphael, Steven & Winter-Ember, Rudolf, 2001. "Identifying the Effect of Unemployment on Crime," Journal of Law and Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 44(1), pages 259-283, April.
  3. Crinò, Rosario & Immordino, Giovanni & Piccolo, Salvatore, 2019. "Marginal deterrence at work," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 166(C), pages 586-612.
  4. Zuzana Janko & Gurleen Popli, 2015. "Examining the link between crime and unemployment: a time-series analysis for Canada," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 47(37), pages 4007-4019, August.
  5. Adolfo Sachsida & Mario Mendonça & Paulo Loureiro & Maria Gutierrez, 2010. "Inequality and criminality revisited: further evidence from Brazil," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 39(1), pages 93-109, August.
  6. C. McDougall & M. Cohen & R. Swaray & A. Perry, 2008. "Benefit‐Cost Analyses of Sentencing," Campbell Systematic Reviews, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 4(1), pages 1-86.
  7. Leo H. Kahane & David Paton & Rob Simmons, 2008. "The Abortion–Crime Link: Evidence from England and Wales," Economica, London School of Economics and Political Science, vol. 75(297), pages 1-21, February.
  8. John M. Quigley & Steven Raphael, 2001. "The Economics Of Homelessness: The Evidence From North America," European Journal of Housing Policy, Taylor and Francis Journals, vol. 1(3), pages 323-336.
  9. Shawn D. Bushway & Emily G. Owens, 2013. "Framing Punishment: Incarceration, Recommended Sentences, and Recidivism," Journal of Law and Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 56(2), pages 301-331.
  10. M. Martin Boyer, 2007. "Resistance (to Fraud) Is Futile," Journal of Risk & Insurance, The American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 74(2), pages 461-492, June.
  11. Chao Fu & Nicolás Grau & Jorge Rivera, 2022. "Wandering astray: Teenagers' choices of schooling and crime," Quantitative Economics, Econometric Society, vol. 13(2), pages 387-424, May.
  12. Mueller-Smith, Michael & Schnepel, Kevin T., 2016. "Avoiding Convictions: Regression Discontinuity Evidence on Court Deferrals for First-Time Drug Offenders," IZA Discussion Papers 10409, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
  13. Rodrigo Vergara., 2009. "Crime Prevention Programs: Evidence for a Developing Country," Documentos de Trabajo 362, Instituto de Economia. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile..
  14. Berger, Allen N. & Roman, Raluca A. & Sedunov, John, 2020. "Did TARP reduce or increase systemic risk? The effects of government aid on financial system stability," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 43(C).
  15. Tripathi, Jai Prakash & Bugalia, Sarita & Burdak, Kavita & Abbas, Syed, 2021. "Dynamical analysis and effects of law enforcement in a social interaction model," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 567(C).
  16. Matthew J. Baker & Niklas J. Westelius, 2013. "Crime, expectations, and the deterrence hypothesis," Chapters, in: Thomas J. Miceli & Matthew J. Baker (ed.), Research Handbook on Economic Models of Law, chapter 12, pages 235-280, Edward Elgar Publishing.
  17. Listokin, Yair, 2003. "Does More Crime Mean More Prisoners? An Instrumental Variables Approach," Journal of Law and Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 46(1), pages 181-206, April.
  18. Mustafa Caglayan & Alessandro Flamini & Babak Jahanshahi, 2017. "Organized Crime and Technology," DEM Working Papers Series 136, University of Pavia, Department of Economics and Management.
  19. Francesco Drago & Roberto Galbiati, 2012. "Indirect Effects of a Policy Altering Criminal Behavior: Evidence from the Italian Prison Experiment," American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, American Economic Association, vol. 4(2), pages 199-218, April.
  20. Jeffrey R. Kling & Alan Krueger, 2001. "Cost, Benefits and Distributional Consequences of Inmate Labor," Working Papers 828, Princeton University, Department of Economics, Industrial Relations Section..
  21. Jennifer Nou & Christopher Timmins, 2005. "How Do Changes in Welfare Law Affect Domestic Violence? An Analysis of Connecticut Towns, 1990–2000," The Journal of Legal Studies, University of Chicago Press, vol. 34(2), pages 445-470, June.
  22. Zhang, Yan & Maxwell, Christopher D. & Vaughn, Michael S., 2009. "The impact of state sentencing policies on the U.S. prison population," Journal of Criminal Justice, Elsevier, vol. 37(2), pages 190-199, March.
  23. Vazsonyi, Alexander T. & Ksinan, Albert J. & Javakhishvili, Magda, 2021. "Problems of cross-cultural criminology no more! Testing two central tenets of Self-Control Theory across 28 nations," Journal of Criminal Justice, Elsevier, vol. 75(C).
  24. Milo Bianchi & Paolo Buonanno & Paolo Pinotti, 2012. "Do Immigrants Cause Crime?," Journal of the European Economic Association, European Economic Association, vol. 10(6), pages 1318-1347, December.
  25. Ligthart, J.E. & Rider, M. & Wang, R., 2013. "Does the Fiscal Decentralization Promote Public Safety? Evidence from United States," Other publications TiSEM 323ee27b-dcc9-4d82-9587-c, Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management.
  26. Randi Hjalmarsson, 2009. "Juvenile Jails: A Path to the Straight and Narrow or to Hardened Criminality?," Journal of Law and Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 52(4), pages 779-809, November.
  27. Steven D. Levitt, 1998. "Juvenile Crime and Punishment," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 106(6), pages 1156-1185, December.
  28. Naci Mocan & Kaj Gittings, 2010. "The Impact of Incentives on Human Behavior: Can We Make it Disappear? The Case of the Death Penalty," NBER Chapters, in: The Economics of Crime: Lessons For and From Latin America, pages 379-418, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  29. Mark J. Garmaise & Tobias J. Moskowitz, 2004. "Bank Mergers and Crime: The Real and Social Effects of Credit Market Competition," NBER Working Papers 11006, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  30. Ignacio Munyo, 2015. "The Juvenile Crime Dilemma," Review of Economic Dynamics, Elsevier for the Society for Economic Dynamics, vol. 18(2), pages 201-211, April.
  31. Giulio Fella & Giovanni Gallipoli, 2014. "Education and Crime over the Life Cycle," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 81(4), pages 1484-1517.
  32. Marcel Fafchamps & Christine Moser, 2003. "Crime, Isolation and Law Enforcement," Journal of African Economies, Centre for the Study of African Economies, vol. 12(4), pages 625-671, December.
  33. Steven Shavell & A. Mitchell Polinsky, 2000. "The Economic Theory of Public Enforcement of Law," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 38(1), pages 45-76, March.
  34. Entorf, Horst & Winker, Peter, 2001. "The Economics of Crime: Investigating the Drugs-Crime Channel - Empirical Evidence from Panel Data of the German States," W.E.P. - Würzburg Economic Papers 29, University of Würzburg, Department of Economics.
  35. Entorf, H. & Winker, P., 2008. "Investigating the drugs-crime channel in economics of crime models: Empirical evidence from panel data of the German States," International Review of Law and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 28(1), pages 8-22, March.
  36. John M. Quigley & Steven Raphael & Eugene Smolensky, 2001. "Homeless In America, Homeless In California," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 83(1), pages 37-51, February.
  37. Perrotta Berlin, Maria & Gerrell, Manne, 2022. "Economic Determinants of Intimate Partner Violence: The Case of Sweden during Covid-19," SITE Working Paper Series 60, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm Institute of Transition Economics.
  38. Pallab K. Ghosh & Gary A. Hoover & Zexuan Liu, 2020. "Do State Minimum Wages Affect the Incarceration Rate?," Southern Economic Journal, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 86(3), pages 845-872, January.
  39. Hunt, Jennifer, 2006. "Do Teen Births Keep American Crime High?," Journal of Law and Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 49(2), pages 533-566, October.
  40. Ming-Jen Lin, 2008. "Does Unemployment Increase Crime?: Evidence from U.S. Data 1974–2000," Journal of Human Resources, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 43(2), pages 413-436.
  41. Deiana, C, 2016. "Local Labour Market Effects of Unemployment on Crime Induced by Trade Shocks," Economics Discussion Papers 16529, University of Essex, Department of Economics.
  42. Farmer, Amy & Terrell, Dek, 2001. "Crime versus Justice: Is There a Trade-Off?," Journal of Law and Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 44(2), pages 345-366, October.
  43. David S. Lee & Justin McCrary, 2009. "The Deterrence Effect of Prison: Dynamic Theory and Evidence," Working Papers 1171, Princeton University, Department of Economics, Industrial Relations Section..
  44. D'Este, Rocco, 2014. "The Effect of Stolen Goods Markets on Crime: Evidence from a Quasi Natural Experiment," Economic Research Papers 270415, University of Warwick - Department of Economics.
  45. Vazsonyi, Alexander T. & Javakhishvili, Magda & Ksinan, Albert J., 2018. "Routine activities and adolescent deviance across 28 cultures," Journal of Criminal Justice, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 56-66.
  46. Marco Testoni & Mariko Sakakibara & M. Keith Chen, 2022. "Face‐to‐face interactions and the returns to acquisitions: Evidence from smartphone geolocational data," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 43(13), pages 2669-2702, December.
  47. Roberto Galbiati & Aurélie Ouss & Arnaud Philippe, 2021. "Jobs, News and Reoffending after Incarceration [Examining the generality of the unemployment–crime association]," The Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 131(633), pages 247-270.
  48. Williams, Jenny & Bretteville-Jensen, Anne Line, 2014. "Does liberalizing cannabis laws increase cannabis use?," Journal of Health Economics, Elsevier, vol. 36(C), pages 20-32.
  49. Ochsen, Carsten, 2010. "Crime and labor market policy in Europe," International Review of Law and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 30(1), pages 52-61, March.
  50. M. Keith Chen & Jesse M. Shapiro, 2003. "Does Prison Harden Inmates? A Discontinuity-based Approach," Law and Economics 0304003, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  51. Steven Shavell, 2003. "Economic Analysis of Public Law Enforcement and Criminal Law," NBER Working Papers 9698, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  52. Gómez-sorzano, Gustavo, 2007. "Cycles of violence, and terrorist attacks index for the State of Missouri," MPRA Paper 4940, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 15 Sep 2007.
  53. Daniel D. Bonneau & Joshua C. Hall, 2024. "The impact of new prison construction on the likelihood of incarceration," American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 83(1), pages 199-222, January.
  54. David Roodman & James G. MacKinnon & Morten Ørregaard Nielsen & Matthew D. Webb, 2019. "Fast and wild: Bootstrap inference in Stata using boottest," Stata Journal, StataCorp LP, vol. 19(1), pages 4-60, March.
  55. William Spelman, 2005. "Jobs or jails? The crime drop in Texas," Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 24(1), pages 133-165.
  56. Liu, Xiaoge & Miao, Miao & Liu, Ruiming, 2020. "Litigation and corporate risk taking: Evidence from Chinese listed firms," International Review of Law and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 61(C).
  57. Mejía, Daniel & Restrepo, Pascual, 2016. "Crime and conspicuous consumption," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 135(C), pages 1-14.
  58. Gómez-Sorzano, Gustavo, 2006. "Cycles of violence, and terrorist attacks index for the State of Ohio," MPRA Paper 4605, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 25 Aug 2007.
  59. John J. DiIulio, 1996. "Help Wanted: Economists, Crime and Public Policy," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 10(1), pages 3-24, Winter.
  60. Allen N. Berger & Sadok El Ghoul & Omrane Guedhami & Raluca A. Roman, 2017. "Internationalization and Bank Risk," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 63(7), pages 2283-2301, July.
  61. Janet Currie & Michael Mueller-Smith & Maya Rossin-Slater, 2022. "Violence While in Utero: The Impact of Assaults during Pregnancy on Birth Outcomes," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 104(3), pages 525-540, May.
  62. Allen N. Berger & Raluca Roman & John Sedunov, 2016. "Do bank bailouts reduce or increase systemic risk? the effects of TARP on financial system stability," Research Working Paper RWP 16-8, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City.
  63. Onodi, Benjamin Ezugwu & Utuk, Edidem Okon, 2023. "External Audit Characteristics and Value Relevance of Listed Firms in Nigeria," International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), vol. 7(3), pages 965-979, March.
  64. Víctor Gerardo Carreón Rodríguez & Jorge L. García-Menéndez, 2013. "Economic Analysis of Theft Reporting: the Case of Mexico City," Working papers DTE 568, CIDE, División de Economía.
  65. Marcel Fafchamps & Bart Minten, 2004. "Insecurity and welfare," CSAE Working Paper Series 2004-31, Centre for the Study of African Economies, University of Oxford.
  66. Gordon Dahl & Stefano DellaVigna, 2009. "Does Movie Violence Increase Violent Crime?," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 124(2), pages 677-734.
  67. Jonathan Klick & Alexander Tabarrok, 2010. "Police, Prisons, and Punishment: The Empirical Evidence on Crime Deterrence," Chapters, in: Bruce L. Benson & Paul R. Zimmerman (ed.), Handbook on the Economics of Crime, chapter 6, Edward Elgar Publishing.
  68. Higney, Anthony & Hanley, Nick & Moro, Mirko, 2022. "The lead-crime hypothesis: A meta-analysis," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 97(C).
  69. Caglayan, Mustafa & Flamini, Alessandro & Jahanshahi, Babak, 2021. "Hindering human capital accumulation: A hidden cost of the silent mafia?," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 188(C), pages 828-845.
  70. Lauridsen, Jorgen, 2010. "Is Polish Crime Economically Rational?," Journal of Regional Analysis and Policy, Mid-Continent Regional Science Association, vol. 40(2), pages 1-7.
  71. Kevin Denny & Colm Harmon & Reamonn Lydon, 2004. "An Econometric Analysis of Burglary in Ireland," Working Papers 200416, School of Economics, University College Dublin.
  72. McCrary, Justin & Lee, David S., 2009. "The Deterrence Effect of Prison: Dynamic Theory and Evidence," Berkeley Olin Program in Law & Economics, Working Paper Series qt2gh1r30h, Berkeley Olin Program in Law & Economics.
  73. Gómez-sorzano, Gustavo, 2007. "Cycles of violence, riots, and terrorist attacks index for the State of California," MPRA Paper 4547, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 19 Aug 2007.
  74. Braakmann, Nils, 2013. "Deterrence and age thresholds in punishment in British criminal law," MPRA Paper 44886, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  75. Francesco Drago & Roberto Galbiati, 2014. "Deterrent Effect of Imprisonment," SciencePo Working papers Main hal-03259811, HAL.
  76. Roberto Galbiati & Arnaud Philippe, 2014. "3. Enfermez-les tous ! Dissuasion et effets pervers des politiques répressives," Regards croisés sur l'économie, La Découverte, vol. 0(1), pages 44-57.
  77. Derek Neal & Armin Rick, 2014. "The Prison Boom and the Lack of Black Progress after Smith and Welch," NBER Working Papers 20283, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  78. Neal, Derek A. & Rick, Armin, 2013. "The Prison Boom & The Lack of Black Progress After Smith & Welch," Working Papers 248, The University of Chicago Booth School of Business, George J. Stigler Center for the Study of the Economy and the State.
  79. Francesco Drago & Roberto Galbiati & Pietro Vertova, 2009. "The Deterrent Effects of Prison: Evidence from a Natural Experiment," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 117(2), pages 257-280, April.
  80. Corman, Hope & Mocan, Naci, 2005. "Carrots, Sticks, and Broken Windows," Journal of Law and Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 48(1), pages 235-266, April.
  81. Galinato, Gregmar I. & Rohla, Ryne, 2020. "Do privately-owned prisons increase incarceration rates?," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
  82. Magnus Lofstrom & Steven Raphael, 2016. "Incarceration and Crime," The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, , vol. 664(1), pages 196-220, March.
  83. Noghanibehambari, Hamid & Tavassoli, Nahid, 2022. "An ounce of prevention, a pound of cure: The effects of college expansions on crime," International Review of Law and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
  84. Steven D. Levitt & Lance Lochner, 2001. "The Determinants of Juvenile Crime," NBER Chapters, in: Risky Behavior among Youths: An Economic Analysis, pages 327-374, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  85. Magnus Lofstrom & Steven Raphael, 2015. "Incarceration and Crime: Lessons from California’s Public Safety Realignment Reform," ifo DICE Report, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, vol. 12(4), pages 40-46, 01.
  86. Gómez-Sorzano, Gustavo, 2007. "Cycles of violence, and terrorist attacks index for the State of Michigan," MPRA Paper 5094, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 30 Sep 2007.
  87. Richard Wright & Erdal Tekin & Volkan Topalli & Chandler McClellan & Timothy Dickinson & Richard Rosenfeld, 2017. "Less Cash, Less Crime: Evidence from the Electronic Benefit Transfer Program," Journal of Law and Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 60(2), pages 361-383.
  88. Richard B. Freeman, 1996. "Why Do So Many Young American Men Commit Crimes and What Might We Do about It?," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 10(1), pages 25-42, Winter.
  89. Aslan, Alper, 2008. "Türkiye’de Suç Oranları Sürekliliğinin Analizi," MPRA Paper 10610, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  90. Sinan Aral & Erik Brynjolfsson & Marshall Van Alstyne, 2012. "Information, Technology, and Information Worker Productivity," Information Systems Research, INFORMS, vol. 23(3-part-2), pages 849-867, September.
  91. Shoesmith, Gary L., 2013. "Space–time autoregressive models and forecasting national, regional and state crime rates," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 29(1), pages 191-201.
  92. Mauro Costantini & Iris Meco & Antonio Paradiso, 2016. "Common trends in the US state-level crime.What do panel data say?," Working Papers 2016:14, Department of Economics, University of Venice "Ca' Foscari".
  93. Bruno S. Frey & Susanne Neckermann, 2009. "Sicherheit, Strafe und positive Alternativen," Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung / Quarterly Journal of Economic Research, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research, vol. 78(4), pages 61-72.
  94. Maurice J. G. Bun & Richard Kelaher & Vasilis Sarafidis & Don Weatherburn, 2020. "Crime, deterrence and punishment revisited," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 59(5), pages 2303-2333, November.
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  96. Jeffrey R. Kling & Alan B. Krueger, 2001. "Cost, Benefits and Distributional Consequences of Inmate Labor," Working Papers 828, Princeton University, Department of Economics, Industrial Relations Section..
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  99. Huang, Chai Liang & Chang, Yu Ching, 2022. "Growth impact of equity market crises: A global perspective," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 153-176.
  100. Qi Li & Wei Long, 2018. "Do parole abolition and Truth-in-Sentencing deter violent crimes in Virginia?," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 55(4), pages 2027-2045, December.
  101. Horst Entorf & Peter Winker, 2001. "The Economics of Crime: Investigating the Drugs-Crime Channel," Law and Economics 0108001, University Library of Munich, Germany.
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  103. Lauridsen, Jørgen T. & Zeren, Fatma & Ari, Ayse, 2014. "Is crime in Turkey economically rational?," Discussion Papers on Economics 3/2014, University of Southern Denmark, Department of Economics.
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  130. Stéphane Mechoulan, 2011. "The External Effects of Black Male Incarceration onBlack Females," Journal of Labor Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 29(1), pages 1-35, January.
  131. Bruno Decreuse & Steeve Mongrain & Tanguy van Ypersele, 2022. "Property crime and private protection allocation within cities: Theory and evidence," Economic Inquiry, Western Economic Association International, vol. 60(3), pages 1142-1163, July.
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  134. Long, Iain W., 2013. "Recruitment to Organised Crime," Cardiff Economics Working Papers E2013/10, Cardiff University, Cardiff Business School, Economics Section.
  135. Sanjeev Sridharan & Suncica Vujic & Siem Jan Koopman, 2003. "Intervention Time Series Analysis of Crime Rates," Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers 03-040/4, Tinbergen Institute.
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  193. Lofstrom, Magnus & Raphael, Steven, 2013. "Incarceration and Crime: Evidence from California's Public Safety Realignment Reform," IZA Discussion Papers 7838, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
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  208. Jordahl, Henrik & Poutvaara, Panu & Tuomala, Juha, 2008. "Comment on Education Returns of Wage Earners and Self-employed Workers," Working Paper Series 762, Research Institute of Industrial Economics.
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  210. Gómez-Sorzano, Gustavo, 2007. "Cycles of violence, and terrorist attacks index for the State of Oklahoma," MPRA Paper 5095, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 30 Sep 2007.
  211. Elvira Sapienza, 2013. "Usura ed estorsione nel mezzogiorno: una stima delle determinanti," STUDI ECONOMICI, FrancoAngeli Editore, vol. 2013(109), pages 45-67.
  212. Moody, Carlisle E, 2001. "Testing for the Effects of Concealed Weapons Laws: Specification Errors and Robustness," Journal of Law and Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 44(2), pages 799-813, October.
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  243. Anna Aizer, 2011. "Poverty, Violence, and Health: The Impact of Domestic Violence During Pregnancy on Newborn Health," Journal of Human Resources, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 46(3), pages 518-538.
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  246. Ochsen, Carsten, 2005. "Crime and European labour market policy," Thuenen-Series of Applied Economic Theory 55, University of Rostock, Institute of Economics.
  247. Philip J. Cook & Jens Ludwig, 2019. "The social costs of gun ownership: a reply to Hayo, Neumeier, and Westphal," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 56(1), pages 13-22, January.
  248. Vesla M. Weaver & Jacob S. Hacker & Christopher Wildeman, 2014. "Detaining Democracy? Criminal Justice and American Civic Life," The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, , vol. 651(1), pages 6-21, January.
  249. Alexander F. McQuoid & J. Britton Haynes Jr., 2017. "The Thin (Red) Blue Line: Police Militarization and Violent Crime," Departmental Working Papers 56, United States Naval Academy Department of Economics.
  250. Aaron Chalfin & Michael LaForest & Jacob Kaplan, 2021. "Can Precision Policing Reduce Gun Violence? Evidence from “Gang Takedowns” in New York City," Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 40(4), pages 1047-1082, September.
  251. Steve Cook & Tom Winfield, 2015. "The urban-rural divide, regional disaggregation and the convergence of crime," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 47(47), pages 5072-5087, October.
  252. Samuel Vika Mhlanga & Neil Andrew Rankin, 2021. "Fixed costs, markups and concentration in Eswatini (Swaziland): A firm‐level analysis of panel data," South African Journal of Economics, Economic Society of South Africa, vol. 89(3), pages 391-416, September.
  253. Giuseppe Vita, 2020. "Recent legislative measures to reduce overcrowding of prisons in Italy: a preliminary assessment of their economic impact," European Journal of Law and Economics, Springer, vol. 49(2), pages 277-299, April.
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  256. Richard A. Ashley & Guo Li, 2013. "Re-Examining the Impact of Housing Wealth and Stock Wealth on Household Spending: Does Persistence in Wealth Changes Matter?," Working Papers e07-39, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Economics.
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