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Unpacking the Black Box of Causality: Learning about Causal Mechanisms from Experimental and Observational Studies

Citations

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Cited by:

  1. Anastasia Hernández-Alemán & Noelia Cruz-Pérez & Juan C. Santamarta, 2024. "The Average Direct, Indirect and Total Effects of Environmental Concern on Pro-Environmental Behavior," Land, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-26, August.
  2. Mancuso, Raffaele & Rossi-Lamastra, Cristina & Franzoni, Chiara, 2023. "Topic choice, gendered language, and the under-funding of female scholars in mission-oriented research," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 52(6).
  3. Campos, Francisco & Goldstein, Markus & McKenzie, David, 2023. "How should the government bring small firms into the formal system? Experimental evidence from Malawi," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 161(C).
  4. Christophe Muller & Nouréini Sayouti, 2019. "How do agro-pastoral policies affect the dietary intake of agro-pastoralists in Niger?," Working Papers halshs-02165137, HAL.
  5. van der Windt, Peter & Humphreys, Macartan & Medina, Lily & Timmons, Jeffrey F. & Voors, Maarten, 2019. "Citizen Attitudes Toward Traditional and State Authorities: Substitutes or Complements?," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 52(12), pages 1810-1840.
  6. Andersen, Asbjørn G. & Kotsadam, Andreas & Somville, Vincent, 2022. "Material resources and well-being — Evidence from an Ethiopian housing lottery," Journal of Health Economics, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).
  7. Prashant Loyalka & Dinsha Mistree & Robert Fairlie & Saurabh Khanna, 2025. "Job Training, English Language Skills, and Employability: Evidence from an Experiment in Urban India," Economic Development and Cultural Change, University of Chicago Press, vol. 73(4), pages 2131-2156.
  8. Patrick Ip & Frederick Ka Wing Ho & Hung-Kwan So & Dorothy Fung-ying Chan & Matthew Ho & Winnie Tso & E Anthony S Nelson, 2016. "Socioeconomic Gradient in Childhood Obesity and Hypertension: A Multilevel Population-Based Study in a Chinese Community," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 11(6), pages 1-12, June.
  9. James J. Heckman & Rodrigo Pinto, 2015. "Econometric Mediation Analyses: Identifying the Sources of Treatment Effects from Experimentally Estimated Production Technologies with Unmeasured and Mismeasured Inputs," Econometric Reviews, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 34(1-2), pages 6-31, February.
  10. Risa Brooks & Sharan Grewal, 2022. "“Twice the Citizen†: How Military Attitudes of Superiority Undermine Civilian Control in the United States," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 66(4-5), pages 623-650, May.
  11. Parker Hevron, 2018. "Judicialization and Its Effects: Experiments as a Way Forward," Laws, MDPI, vol. 7(2), pages 1-21, May.
  12. Steinert, Janina Isabel & Cluver, Lucie Dale & Meinck, Franziska & Doubt, Jenny & Vollmer, Sebastian, 2018. "Household economic strengthening through financial and psychosocial programming: Evidence from a field experiment in South Africa," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 134(C), pages 443-466.
  13. Chang, Eric C.C. & Wu, Wen-Chin, 2022. "Autocracy and human capital," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 157(C).
  14. de Mel, Suresh & McKenzie, David & Woodruff, Christopher, 2014. "Business training and female enterprise start-up, growth, and dynamics: Experimental evidence from Sri Lanka," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 106(C), pages 199-210.
  15. Erik O Kimbrough & Roman M Sheremeta, 2014. "Why can’t we be friends? Entitlements and the costs of conflict," Working Papers 14-01, Chapman University, Economic Science Institute.
  16. Ludvig Norman, 2025. "Reconsidering mechanisms in social science research: the varied uses of an explanatory metaphor," Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, Springer, vol. 59(2), pages 1695-1712, April.
  17. Goeschl, Timo & Kettner, Sara Elisa & Lohse, Johannes & Schwieren, Christiane, 2020. "How much can we learn about voluntary climate action from behavior in public goods games?," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 171(C).
  18. Burhan Can Karahasan & Fırat Bilgel, 2020. "State–Business Relations, Financial Access and Firm Performance: A Causal Mediation Analysis," Journal of International Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 32(7), pages 1033-1074, October.
  19. Huesler, Joel, 2025. "Natural disasters, missing pupils: Evidence from colonial Jamaica’s school system," Explorations in Economic History, Elsevier, vol. 98(C).
  20. Gay, Victor & Boehnke, Jörn, 2017. "The Missing Men: World War I and Female Labor Participation," MPRA Paper 77560, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  21. Brown, Martin & Henchoz, Caroline & Spycher, Thomas, 2017. "Culture and Financial Literacy," Working Papers on Finance 1703, University of St. Gallen, School of Finance.
  22. Voordeckers, Wim & Vandebeek, Alana & Lambrechts, Frank & Bammens, Yannick & Vandewaerde, Maarten, 2025. "Director knowledge, shared leadership, and board service performance," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 189(C).
  23. Michael Clemens & Erwin Tiongson, 2012. "Split Decisions: Family finance when a policy discontinuity allocates overseas work," RFBerlin Discussion Paper Series 1234, ROCKWOOL Foundation Berlin (RFBerlin).
  24. Wunsch, Conny & Strobl, Renate, 2018. "Identification of causal mechanisms based on between-subject double randomization designs," CEPR Discussion Papers 13028, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
  25. Cluver, L. & Shenderovich, Y. & Meinck, F. & Berezin, M.N. & Doubt, J. & Ward, C.L. & Parra-Cardona, J. & Lombard, C. & Lachman, J.M. & Wittesaele, C. & Wessels, I. & Gardner, F. & Steinert, J.I., 2020. "Parenting, mental health and economic pathways to prevention of violence against children in South Africa," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 262(C).
  26. Michael Baumgartner & Ruedi Epple, 2014. "A Coincidence Analysis of a Causal Chain," Sociological Methods & Research, , vol. 43(2), pages 280-312, May.
  27. James Mahoney & Laura Acosta, 2022. "A regularity theory of causality for the social sciences," Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, Springer, vol. 56(4), pages 1889-1911, August.
  28. Conny Wunsch & Renate Strobl, 2018. "Risky Choices and Solidarity: Why Experimental Design Matters," CESifo Working Paper Series 7125, CESifo.
  29. Auzepy, Alix & Bannier, Christina E. & Gärtner, Florian, 2024. "Looking beyond ESG preferences: The role of sustainable finance literacy in sustainable investing," CFS Working Paper Series 719, Center for Financial Studies (CFS).
  30. Christopher Severen & Arthur A. van Benthem, 2022. "Formative Experiences and the Price of Gasoline," American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, American Economic Association, vol. 14(2), pages 256-284, April.
  31. Bijwaard, Govert & Jones, Andrew M., 2016. "Cognitive Ability and the Mortality Gradient by Education: Selection or Mediation?," IZA Discussion Papers 9798, IZA Network @ LISER.
  32. Michael Grätz, 2022. "When less conditioning provides better estimates: overcontrol and endogenous selection biases in research on intergenerational mobility," Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, Springer, vol. 56(5), pages 3769-3793, October.
  33. Krieger, Tim & Meierrieks, Daniel, 2019. "Income inequality, redistribution and domestic terrorism," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 116, pages 125-136.
  34. Jip Leendertse & Frank J. van Rijnsoever & Chris P. Eveleens, 2021. "The sustainable start‐up paradox: Predicting the business and climate performance of start‐ups," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 30(2), pages 1019-1036, February.
  35. Viviana Celli & Augusto Cerqua & Guido Pellegrini, 2024. "Does R&D Expenditure Boost Economic Growth in Lagging Regions?," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 173(1), pages 249-268, May.
  36. Suresh de Mel & David McKenzie & Christopher Woodruff, 2013. "The Demand for, and Consequences of, Formalization among Informal Firms in Sri Lanka," American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, American Economic Association, vol. 5(2), pages 122-150, April.
  37. Andres, Maximilian & Bruttel, Lisa & Friedrichsen, Jana, 2023. "How communication makes the difference between a cartel and tacit collusion: A machine learning approach," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 152, pages 1-1.
  38. K Amber Curtis, 2016. "Personality’s effect on European identification," European Union Politics, , vol. 17(3), pages 429-456, September.
  39. De Juan, Alexander & Koos, Carlo, 2019. "The historical roots of cooperative behavior—Evidence from eastern Congo," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 116(C), pages 100-112.
  40. Michaela Paffenholz, 2023. "Adolescents’ Mental Health and Human Capital: The Role of Socioeconomic Rank," CESifo Working Paper Series 10248, CESifo.
  41. Wahl, Fabian, 2016. "Does medieval trade still matter? Historical trade centers, agglomeration and contemporary economic development," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 50-60.
  42. Grahl, Jörn & Hinz, Oliver & Rothlauf, Franz & Abdel-Karim, Benjamin M. & Mihale-Wilson, Cristina, 2023. "How do likes influence revenue? A randomized controlled field experiment," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 167(C).
  43. Bo Wang & Po-Yuan Cheng & Brian Lee & Lih-Chyun Sun & Hung-Hao Chang, 2019. "Does Participation in Agricultural Cooperatives Affect Farm Sustainability? Empirical Evidence from Taiwan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(18), pages 1-12, September.
  44. Klyver, Kim & Steffens, Paul & Lomberg, Carina, 2020. "Having your cake and eating it too? A two-stage model of the impact of employment and parallel job search on hybrid nascent entrepreneurship," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 35(5).
  45. Lindgren, Karl-Oskar & Oskarsson, Sven & T Dawes, Christopher, 2014. "Can political inequalities be educated away? Evidence from a Swedish school reform," Working Paper Series 2014:29, IFAU - Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy.
  46. Risa Kitagawa, 2024. "Justice as fairness or retribution? Citizen reactions to domestic trials of wartime violence," Journal of Peace Research, Peace Research Institute Oslo, vol. 61(4), pages 612-626, July.
  47. Viviana Celli, 2019. "Causal Mediation Analysis in Economics: objectives, assumptions, models," Working Papers 12/19, Sapienza University of Rome, DISS.
  48. Maria Paula Saffon & Fabio SÔøΩnchez, 2019. "Historical grievances and war dynamics: Old land conflicts as a cause of current forced displacements in Colombia," Documentos CEDE 17320, Universidad de los Andes, Facultad de Economía, CEDE.
  49. Lisa Capretti, 2023. "Technology adoption constraints and Laser Land Levelling: evidence from Karnataka, India," Working Papers 1/23, Sapienza University of Rome, DISS.
  50. Christopher Wiley Shay, 2023. "Swords into ploughshares? Why human rights abuses persist after resistance campaigns," Journal of Peace Research, Peace Research Institute Oslo, vol. 60(1), pages 141-156, January.
  51. Christophe Muller & Nouréini Sayouti, 2019. "How Do Agro-Pastoral Policies Affect the Dietary Intake of Agro-Pastoralists? Evidence from Niger," AMSE Working Papers 1917, Aix-Marseille School of Economics, France, revised Apr 2020.
  52. Jonathan A. Chu, 2019. "A Clash of Norms? How Reciprocity and International Humanitarian Law affect American Opinion on the Treatment of POWs," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 63(5), pages 1140-1164, May.
  53. Michael Denly & Michael G. Findley & Joelean Hall & Andrew Stravers & James Igoe Walsh, 2022. "Do Natural Resources Really Cause Civil Conflict? Evidence from the New Global Resources Dataset," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 66(3), pages 387-412, April.
  54. Sarah Kreps & Sarah Maxey, 2018. "Mechanisms of Morality," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 62(8), pages 1814-1842, September.
  55. Cheti Nicoletti & Kjell G. Salvanes & Emma Tominey, 2023. "Mothers Working during Preschool Years and Child Skills: Does Income Compensate?," Journal of Labor Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 41(2), pages 389-429.
  56. Joshua D. Kertzer, 2017. "Microfoundations in international relations," Conflict Management and Peace Science, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 34(1), pages 81-97, January.
  57. repec:hal:cdiwps:halshs-02532955 is not listed on IDEAS
  58. Burhan Can Karahasan & Firat Bilgel, 2018. "State-Business Relations and Financial Accessibility: Explaining Firm Performance in the MENA Region," Working Papers 1279, Economic Research Forum, revised 26 Dec 2018.
  59. repec:osf:socarx:kwscz_v1 is not listed on IDEAS
  60. Lukas Linsi, 2022. "Economic Narratives and the Legitimacy of Foreign Direct Investments," Politics and Governance, Cogitatio Press, vol. 10(3), pages 98-109.
  61. Zarychta, Alan, 2020. "Making social services work better for the poor: Evidence from a natural experiment with health sector decentralization in Honduras," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 133(C).
  62. Albano, Gian Luigi & Cipollone, Angela & Paolo, Roberto Di & Ponti, Giovanni & Sparro, Marco, 2024. "Scoring rules in experimental procurement," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics (formerly The Journal of Socio-Economics), Elsevier, vol. 108(C).
  63. Colombo, Emilio & Rotondi, Valentina & Stanca, Luca, 2018. "Macroeconomic conditions and health: Inspecting the transmission mechanism," Economics & Human Biology, Elsevier, vol. 28(C), pages 29-37.
  64. Schuessler, Julian, 2024. "Causal analysis with observational data," OSF Preprints wam94, Center for Open Science.
  65. Cammett, Melani & Şaşmaz, Aytuğ, 2017. "Political Context, Organizational Mission, and the Quality of Social Services: Insights from the Health Sector in Lebanon," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 98(C), pages 120-132.
  66. Yusuke NARITA & Ayumi SUDO, 2021. "Curse of Democracy: Evidence from 2020," Discussion papers 21034, Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI).
  67. Sverker C. Jagers & Erick Lachapelle & Johan Martinsson & Simon Matti, 2021. "Bridging the ideological gap? How fairness perceptions mediate the effect of revenue recycling on public support for carbon taxes in the United States, Canada and Germany," Review of Policy Research, Policy Studies Organization, vol. 38(5), pages 529-554, September.
  68. Eugen Dimant & Tim Krieger & Daniel Meierrieks, 2017. "Negative Returns: U.S. Military Policy and Anti-American Terrorism," Economics Working Papers 17106, Hoover Institution, Stanford University.
  69. Dalton, Patricio & Rüschenpöhler, Julius & Uras, Burak & Zia, Bilal, 2019. "Local Best Practices for Business Growth," Other publications TiSEM fc650e2f-88cf-4d75-8257-f, Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management.
  70. Viberti, Francesca & Daidone, Silvio & Pace, Noemi & Sitko, Nicholas, 2025. "Cash transfers and women’s economic inclusion in rural Zambia," World Development Perspectives, Elsevier, vol. 37(C).
  71. Spencer Bastani & Daniel Waldenström, 2021. "Perceptions of Inherited Wealth and the Support for Inheritance Taxation," Economica, London School of Economics and Political Science, vol. 88(350), pages 532-569, April.
  72. Jens Foerderer, 2020. "Interfirm Exchange and Innovation in Platform Ecosystems: Evidence from Apple’s Worldwide Developers Conference," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 66(10), pages 4772-4787, October.
  73. Adel Daoud, 2020. "The wealth of nations and the health of populations: A quasi-experimental design of the impact of sovereign debt crises on child mortality," Papers 2012.14941, arXiv.org.
  74. Laura M. Hack & Xue Zhang & Boris D. Heifets & Trisha Suppes & Peter J. Roessel & Jerome A. Yesavage & Nancy J. Gray & Rachel Hilton & Claire Bertrand & Carolyn I. Rodriguez & Karl Deisseroth & Brian , 2023. "Ketamine’s acute effects on negative brain states are mediated through distinct altered states of consciousness in humans," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-11, December.
  75. Salm, Martin & Siflinger, Bettina & Xie, Mingjia, 2021. "The Effect of Retirement on Mental Health: Indirect Treatment Effects and Causal Mediation," Other publications TiSEM e28efa7f-8219-437c-a26d-2, Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management.
  76. Grätz, Michael, 2019. "When Less Conditioning Provides Better Estimates: Overcontrol and Collider Bias in Research on Intergenerational Mobility," Working Paper Series 2/2019, Stockholm University, Swedish Institute for Social Research.
  77. Stefan Dimitriadis & Rembrand Koning, 2022. "Social Skills Improve Business Performance: Evidence from a Randomized Control Trial with Entrepreneurs in Togo," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 68(12), pages 8635-8657, December.
  78. Egle Vaznyte & Petra Andries & Sarah Demeulemeester, 2021. "“Don’t leave me this way!” Drivers of parental hostility and employee spin-offs’ performance," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 57(1), pages 265-293, June.
  79. Chwieroth, Jeffrey & Walter, Andrew, 2015. "Great expectations, veto players, and the changing politics of banking crises," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 60953, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
  80. Heckman, James & Pinto, Rodrigo, 2024. "Econometric causality: The central role of thought experiments," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 243(1).
  81. Ali Tafti & Galit Shmueli, 2020. "Beyond Overall Treatment Effects: Leveraging Covariates in Randomized Experiments Guided by Causal Structure," Information Systems Research, INFORMS, vol. 31(4), pages 1183-1199, December.
  82. Bakaki, Zorzeta & Dorussen, Han, 2023. "Trust in peacebuilding organizations: A survey experiment in Haiti," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 172(C).
  83. Devin Caughey & Sara Chatfield, 2020. "Causal inference and American political development: contrasts and complementarities," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 185(3), pages 359-376, December.
  84. Acharya, Avidit & Blackwell, Matthew & Sen, Maya, 2016. "Explaining Causal Findings Without Bias: Detecting and Assessing Direct Effects," American Political Science Review, Cambridge University Press, vol. 110(3), pages 512-529, August.
  85. Matthias Basedau & Jonathan Fox & Jan H. Pierskalla & Georg Strüver & Johannes Vüllers, 2017. "Does discrimination breed grievances—and do grievances breed violence? New evidence from an analysis of religious minorities in developing countries," Conflict Management and Peace Science, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 34(3), pages 217-239, May.
  86. Zhang, Yupeng & Yang, Yuchuan, 2025. "Can governmental innovation subsidies promote firm innovative economic efficiency? Evidence from China," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 106(C).
  87. Yann Algan & Clément Malgouyres & Thierry Mayer & Mathias Thoenig, 2022. "The Economic Incentives of Cultural Transmission: Spatial Evidence from Naming Patterns Across France," The Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 132(642), pages 437-470.
  88. Markus Frölich & Martin Huber, 2017. "Direct and indirect treatment effects–causal chains and mediation analysis with instrumental variables," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 79(5), pages 1645-1666, November.
  89. J. Ryan Lamare, 2016. "Labor Unions and Political Mobilization: Diminishing Returns of Repetitious Contact," Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 55(2), pages 346-374, April.
  90. Ejeta, Tadesse Tolera & Bai, Xiuguang, 2026. "Does the adoption of agricultural green production technologies improve eco-efficiency? Evidence from wheat farmers in Ethiopia," Agricultural Systems, Elsevier, vol. 231(C).
  91. Chistophe Muller & Nouréini Sayouti Souleymane, 2025. "Perverse Impact of Agro-Pastoral Policies on the Dietary Intake of Agro-Pastoralists," AMSE Working Papers 2508, Aix-Marseille School of Economics, France.
  92. Ronald B. Brown, 2022. "Non-Specific Low Back Pain, Dietary Salt Intake, and Posterior Lumbar Subcutaneous Edema," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(15), pages 1-9, July.
  93. Vojtech Bartos & Urlich Glogowsky & Johannes Rincke, 2025. "The Color of Knowledge: Impacts of Tutor Race on Learning and Performance," Economics working papers 2025-08, Department of Economics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria.
  94. Isha Gupta, 2022. "The Role of Social Identity and Perceived Discrimination in Human Capital Formation: Evidence from India," "Marco Fanno" Working Papers 0290, Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche "Marco Fanno".
  95. Margherita Belgioioso & Ches Thurber, 2024. "From doctrine to detonation: Ideology, competition, and terrorism in campaigns of mass resistance," Journal of Peace Research, Peace Research Institute Oslo, vol. 61(3), pages 333-350, May.
  96. Ubfal, Diego & Arráiz, Irani & Beuermann, Diether W. & Frese, Michael & Maffioli, Alessandro & Verch, Daniel, 2022. "The impact of soft-skills training for entrepreneurs in Jamaica," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 152(C).
  97. Alan de Brauw & Patrick Eozenou & Daniel O Gilligan & Christine Hotz & Neha Kumar & J V Meenakshi, 2018. "Biofortification, Crop Adoption and Health Information: Impact Pathways in Mozambique and Uganda," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 100(3), pages 906-930.
  98. Xitong Li & Jörn Grahl & Oliver Hinz, 2022. "How Do Recommender Systems Lead to Consumer Purchases? A Causal Mediation Analysis of a Field Experiment," Information Systems Research, INFORMS, vol. 33(2), pages 620-637, June.
  99. Graff, Michelle & Pirog, Maureen, 2019. "Red tape is not so hot: Asset tests impact participation in the Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 129(C), pages 749-764.
  100. Doerr Annabelle & Strittmatter Anthony, 2021. "Identifying Causal Channels of Policy Reforms with Multiple Treatments and Different Types of Selection," Journal of Econometric Methods, De Gruyter, vol. 10(1), pages 67-88, January.
  101. Jing Wang & Yunshi Mao, 2020. "Pains and gains of environmental management system certification for the sustainable development of manufacturing companies: Heterogeneous effects of industry peer learning," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 29(5), pages 2092-2109, July.
  102. Jiawei Fu, 2024. "Extracting Mechanisms from Heterogeneous Effects: An Identification Strategy for Mediation Analysis," Papers 2403.04131, arXiv.org, revised Nov 2025.
  103. Silva, Rui, 2024. "Well-being foundations of populism in Europe," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C).
  104. Guanglei Hong & Jonah Deutsch & Heather D. Hill, 2015. "Ratio-of-Mediator-Probability Weighting for Causal Mediation Analysis in the Presence of Treatment-by-Mediator Interaction," Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, , vol. 40(3), pages 307-340, June.
  105. Ryan Brutger & Richard Clark, 2023. "At what cost? Power, payments, and public support of international organizations," The Review of International Organizations, Springer, vol. 18(3), pages 431-465, July.
  106. Kreft, Cordelia & Huber, Robert & Wuepper, David & Finger, Robert, 2021. "The role of non-cognitive skills in farmers' adoption of climate change mitigation measures," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 189(C).
  107. Zhang, Pan & Wang, Shihong & Li, Boying, 2025. "Harnessing government digital attention: Reducing carbon emissions through the pathways of digitalization," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 1008-1019.
  108. Manabu Kuroki, 2016. "The Identification of Direct and Indirect Effects in Studies with an Unmeasured Intermediate Variable," Scandinavian Journal of Statistics, Danish Society for Theoretical Statistics;Finnish Statistical Society;Norwegian Statistical Association;Swedish Statistical Association, vol. 43(1), pages 228-245, March.
  109. Alexander M. Danzer & Carsten Feuerbaum & Marc Piopiunik & Ludger Woessmann, 2022. "Growing up in ethnic enclaves: language proficiency and educational attainment of immigrant children," Journal of Population Economics, Springer;European Society for Population Economics, vol. 35(3), pages 1297-1344, July.
  110. Enrique Hernández & Roberto Pannico, 2020. "The impact of EU institutional advertising on public support for European integration," European Union Politics, , vol. 21(4), pages 569-589, December.
  111. Holm, Anders & Breen, Richard, 2023. "Causal Mediation in Panel Data – Estimation Based on Difference in Differences," SocArXiv kwscz, Center for Open Science.
  112. Ana Paula Cusolito & Ernest Dautovic & David McKenzie, 2021. "Can Government Intervention Make Firms More Investment Ready? A Randomized Experiment in the Western Balkans," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 103(3), pages 428-442, July.
  113. Ruder, Alexander I. & Van Noy, Michelle, 2017. "Knowledge of earnings risk and major choice: Evidence from an information experiment," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 80-90.
  114. Courtney L. Juelich & Joseph A. Coll, 2021. "Ranked Choice Voting and Youth Voter Turnout: The Roles of Campaign Civility and Candidate Contact," Politics and Governance, Cogitatio Press, vol. 9(2), pages 319-331.
  115. Kuessi, Richard & Nantob, N'Yilimon & Aguey, Segnon & Couchoro, Mawuli Kodjovi, 2023. "Competition and banking efficiency in the WAEMU: The role of multinationals and institutions," International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 175(C), pages 45-62.
  116. Walk,Erin Elizabeth & Garimella,Kiran & Christia,Fotini, 2022. "Displacement and Return in the Internet Era : How Social Media Captures Migration Decisionsin Northern Syria," Policy Research Working Paper Series 10024, The World Bank.
  117. Zhang, Chao & Guan, Jiancheng, 2021. "Returnee policies in China: Does a strategy of alleviating the financing difficulty of returnee firms promote innovation?," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 164(C).
  118. Hargrove, Emily M. & Stults, Brian J. & Hay, Carter & Meldrum, Ryan C., 2023. "Sleep duration as a mediator of the effects of risk factors for substance use," Journal of Criminal Justice, Elsevier, vol. 88(C).
  119. Ross, Phillip H. & Glewwe, Paul & Prudencio, Daniel & Wydick, Bruce, 2021. "Developing educational and vocational aspirations through international child sponsorship: Evidence from Kenya, Indonesia, and Mexico," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 140(C).
  120. Ahrens, Steffen & Bosch-Rosa, Ciril, 2022. "Motivated beliefs, social preferences, and limited liability in financial decision-making," Discussion Papers 2022/8, Free University Berlin, School of Business & Economics.
  121. Raj M. Desai & Shareen Joshi, 2014. "Collective Action and Community Development: Evidence from Self-Help Groups in Rural India," The World Bank Economic Review, World Bank, vol. 28(3), pages 492-524.
  122. Eble, Alex & Frost, Chris & Camara, Alpha & Bouy, Baboucarr & Bah, Momodou & Sivaraman, Maitri & Hsieh, Pei-Tseng Jenny & Jayanty, Chitra & Brady, Tony & Gawron, Piotr & Vansteelandt, Stijn & Boone, P, 2021. "How much can we remedy very low learning levels in rural parts of low-income countries? Impact and generalizability of a multi-pronged para-teacher intervention from a cluster-randomized trial in the Gambia," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 148(C).
  123. Manabu Kuroki & Takahiro Hayashi, 2016. "On the Estimation Accuracy of Causal Effects using Supplementary Variables," Scandinavian Journal of Statistics, Danish Society for Theoretical Statistics;Finnish Statistical Society;Norwegian Statistical Association;Swedish Statistical Association, vol. 43(2), pages 505-519, June.
  124. Dunbar, Kwamie & Owusu-Amoako, Johnson & Treku, Daniel N., 2024. "Unveiling the Nexus: Carbon finance and climate technology advancements," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 96(PA).
  125. Pace, Noemi & Daidone, Silvio, 2024. "Impact of development interventions on individual risk preferences: Evidence from a field-lab experiment and survey data," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics (formerly The Journal of Socio-Economics), Elsevier, vol. 111(C).
  126. Sanford C. Gordon & Hannah K. Simpson, 2020. "Causes, theories, and the past in political science," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 185(3), pages 315-333, December.
  127. Courtney L. Juelich & Joseph A. Coll, 2021. "Ranked Choice Voting and Youth Voter Turnout: The Roles of Campaign Civility and Candidate Contact," Politics and Governance, Cogitatio Press, vol. 9(2), pages 319-331.
  128. Hiroyuki Kawakatsu, 2022. "Parliamentary debate as electoral signaling," Journal of Computational Social Science, Springer, vol. 5(2), pages 1235-1255, November.
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  131. Shenglong Liu & Yuanyuan Wan & Xiaoming Zhang, 2024. "Retirement Spillover Effects on Spousal Health in Urban China," Journal of Family and Economic Issues, Springer, vol. 45(3), pages 756-783, September.
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  139. Assefa, Dawit Z. & Liao, Ching T. & Misganaw, Bisrat A., 2022. "Unpacking the negative impact of initial informality on innovation: The mediating roles of investments in R&D and employee training," Technovation, Elsevier, vol. 114(C).
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  156. Reeves, Aaron, 2021. "The health effects of wage setting institutions: how collective bargaining improves health but not because it reduces inequality," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 113422, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
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  165. Mark D. Ramirez, 2021. "Understanding public blame attributions when private contractors are responsible for civilian casualties," Policy Sciences, Springer;Society of Policy Sciences, vol. 54(1), pages 21-40, March.
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  167. Florencia Torche, 2018. "Prenatal Exposure to an Acute Stressor and Children’s Cognitive Outcomes," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 55(5), pages 1611-1639, October.
  168. Gian Luigi Albano & Angela Cipollone & Roberto Di Paolo & Giovanni Ponti & Marco Sparro, 2018. "Scoring Rules in Experimental Procurement," Working Papers. Serie AD 2018-02, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Económicas, S.A. (Ivie).
  169. Heckman, James J. & Pinto, Rodrigo, 2022. "Causality and Econometrics," IZA Discussion Papers 15081, IZA Network @ LISER.
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  171. Denise Hörner & Adrien Bouguen & Markus Frölich & Meike Wollni, 2019. "The Effects of Decentralized and Video-based Extension on the Adoption of Integrated Soil Fertility Management – Experimental Evidence from Ethiopia," NBER Working Papers 26052, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
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  173. Kerstin Fisk & Jennifer L. Merolla & Jennifer M. Ramos, 2019. "Emotions, Terrorist Threat, and Drones: Anger Drives Support for Drone Strikes," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 63(4), pages 976-1000, April.
  174. Burcu Hacibedel & Pierre Mandon & Priscilla Muthoora & Nathalie Pouokam, 2024. "Inequality, growth fluctuations, and employment," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 66(2), pages 587-622, February.
  175. Guy Grossman & Devorah Manekin & Dan Miodownik, 2013. "The Political Legacies of Combat: Attitudes towards war and peace amongst Israeli ex-combatants," HiCN Working Papers 161, Households in Conflict Network.
  176. Brent J. Davis & Tarek Jaber‐Lopez, 2023. "Do voluntary commitment mechanisms improve welfare? The effect of mandatory and voluntary oaths in a social dilemma," Bulletin of Economic Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 75(2), pages 525-540, April.
  177. Rassaby, Madeleine & Shakya, Holly B. & Fowler, James H. & Oveis, Christopher & Sieber, William J. & Jain, Sonia & Stein, Murray B. & Taylor, Charles T., 2024. "Application of an egocentric social network approach to examine changes in social connections following treatment for anxiety and depression: A novel measurement tool for clinical trials research?," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 350(C).
  178. Pace, Noemi & Sebastian, Ashwini & Daidone, Silvio & Prifti, Ervin & Davis, Benjamin, 2022. "Mediation analysis of the impact of the Zimbabwe Harmonized Social Cash Transfer Programme on food security and nutrition," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 106(C).
  179. Tracy M. Sweet, 2019. "Modeling Social Networks as Mediators: A Mixed Membership Stochastic Blockmodel for Mediation," Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, , vol. 44(2), pages 210-240, April.
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  182. Bollen, Paige & Nathan, Noah, 2025. "Vernacular Architecture and Grassroots Urban Politics: How Politics is Embedded in Residential Design," OSF Preprints exj5u_v1, Center for Open Science.
  183. Goeschl, Timo & Kettner, Sara Elisa & Lohse, Johannes & Schwieren, Christiane, 2015. "What do we learn from public good games about voluntary climate action? Evidence from an artefactual field experiment," Working Papers 0595, University of Heidelberg, Department of Economics.
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  185. Carpena, Fenella & Zia, Bilal, 2020. "The causal mechanism of financial education: Evidence from mediation analysis," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 177(C), pages 143-184.
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  193. Gregory A. PORUMBESCU & Nicola BELLE & Maria CUCCINIELLO & Greta NASI, 2019. "Does Transparency Lead To Coproduction?," TAD 14 The disciplines and the study of Public Administration: Transatlantic perspectives in the margin of the 14th Administration and Public Management International Conference, Bucharest, June 6-18 6, Research Centre in Public Administration and Public Services, Bucharest, Romania.
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  195. Johanna Fajardo-Gonzalez, 2021. "Domestic violence, decision-making power, and female employment in Colombia," Review of Economics of the Household, Springer, vol. 19(1), pages 233-254, March.
  196. Rakshit, Sonali & Sahoo, Soham, 2023. "Biased teachers and gender gap in learning outcomes: Evidence from India," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 161(C).
  197. Denise Hörner & Adrien Bouguen & Markus Frölich & Meike Wollni, 2022. "Knowledge and Adoption of Complex Agricultural Technologies: Evidence from an Extension Experiment," The World Bank Economic Review, World Bank, vol. 36(1), pages 68-90.
  198. Nicholas Weller & Jeb Barnes, 2016. "Pathway Analysis and the Search for Causal Mechanisms," Sociological Methods & Research, , vol. 45(3), pages 424-457, August.
  199. Christiansen, Petter, 2018. "Public support of transport policy instruments, perceived transport quality and satisfaction with democracy. What is the relationship?," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 305-318.
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  201. Lisa Maria Dellmuth & Jonas Tallberg, 2020. "Why national and international legitimacy beliefs are linked: Social trust as an antecedent factor," The Review of International Organizations, Springer, vol. 15(2), pages 311-337, April.
  202. Florencia Torche, 2015. "Analyses of Intergenerational Mobility," The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, , vol. 657(1), pages 37-62, January.
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  204. Suthan Krishnarajan & Lasse Lykke Rørbæk, 2020. "The Two-sided Effect of Elections on Coup Attempts," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 64(7-8), pages 1279-1306, August.
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  206. Simon Lapointe & Tuukka Saarimaa & Janne Tukiainen, 2018. "Effects of municipal mergers on voter turnout," Local Government Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 44(4), pages 512-530, July.
  207. Bijwaard, G.E. & Jones, A.M., 2015. "Intelligence and the Mortality Difference by Education: Selection or mediation?," Health, Econometrics and Data Group (HEDG) Working Papers 15/07, HEDG, c/o Department of Economics, University of York.
  208. Ward, Jeffrey T. & Hartley, Richard D. & Tillyer, Rob, 2016. "Unpacking gender and racial/ethnic biases in the federal sentencing of drug offenders: A causal mediation approach," Journal of Criminal Justice, Elsevier, vol. 46(C), pages 196-206.
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  210. Allison Carnegie & Joshua D. Kertzer & Keren Yarhi-Milo, 2023. "Democratic Peace and Covert Military Force: An Experimental Test," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 67(2-3), pages 235-265, February.
  211. Stjepan Srhoj & Bruno Skrinjaric & Sonja Radas & Janette Walde, 2019. "Closing the Finance Gap by Nudging: Impact Assessment of Public Grants for Women Entrepreneurs," Working Papers 1902, The Institute of Economics, Zagreb.
  212. Grenet, Julien & Grönqvist, Hans & Niknami, Susan, 2024. "The effects of electronic monitoring on offenders and their families," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 230(C).
  213. Fu, Tong & Cai, Chao & Jian, Ze, 2020. "The illusion of “win–win” solution: Why environmental regulation in china promotes firm performance?," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 366-373.
  214. Mearsheimer, John J. & Walt, Stephen M., 2013. "Leaving Theory Behind: Why Hypothesis Testing Has Become Bad for IR," Working Paper Series rwp13-001, Harvard University, John F. Kennedy School of Government.
  215. Sheely, Ryan, 2015. "Mobilization, Participatory Planning Institutions, and Elite Capture: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Rural Kenya," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 251-266.
  216. Brunnschweiler, Christa & Kurniawan, Nanang Indra & Lujala, Päivi & Putri, Primi & Scherzer, Sabrina & Wardhani, Indah Surya, 2025. "The right to benefit: Using videos to encourage citizen involvement in resource revenue management," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 236(C).
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  220. Aklin, Michaël, 2021. "Do high electricity bills undermine public support for renewables? Evidence from the European Union," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 156(C).
  221. Kentaro Kawato, 2025. "Balancing Weights for Causal Mediation Analysis," Papers 2512.09337, arXiv.org.
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  223. Dennis Abel & Armin Mertens, 2024. "United in disagreement: Analyzing policy networks in EU policy making," Review of Policy Research, Policy Studies Organization, vol. 41(1), pages 59-82, January.
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  226. Christoph Dworschak, 2024. "Bias mitigation in empirical peace and conflict studies: A short primer on posttreatment variables," Journal of Peace Research, Peace Research Institute Oslo, vol. 61(3), pages 462-476, May.
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  228. Yusuke Narita, 2021. "Democracy and Growth in the 21st Century," Papers 2104.07617, arXiv.org, revised Apr 2025.
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  230. Dustin Tingley, 2014. "Survey Research in International Political Economy: Motivations, Designs, Methods," International Interactions, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 40(3), pages 443-451, May.
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