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Causal Inference Using Potential Outcomes: Design, Modeling, Decisions

Citations

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Cited by:

  1. Peng Ding & Tirthankar Dasgupta, 2016. "A Potential Tale of Two-by-Two Tables From Completely Randomized Experiments," Journal of the American Statistical Association, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 111(513), pages 157-168, March.
  2. Helmut Wasserbacher & Martin Spindler, 2022. "Machine learning for financial forecasting, planning and analysis: recent developments and pitfalls," Digital Finance, Springer, vol. 4(1), pages 63-88, March.
  3. Noémi Kreif & Richard Grieve & Iván Díaz & David Harrison, 2015. "Evaluation of the Effect of a Continuous Treatment: A Machine Learning Approach with an Application to Treatment for Traumatic Brain Injury," Health Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 24(9), pages 1213-1228, September.
  4. Lionel Fontagn'e & Francesca Micocci & Armando Rungi, 2024. "The heterogeneous impact of the EU-Canada agreement with causal machine learning," Papers 2407.07652, arXiv.org, revised Apr 2025.
  5. Ozden Gur Ali & Angi Nazih Ghanem & Bedirhan Ustun, 2020. "Estimating the potential impact of behavioral public health interventions nationally while maintaining agreement with global patterns on relative risks," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(5), pages 1-21, May.
  6. Struck, Shannon & Enns, Jennifer E. & Sanguins, Julianne & Chartier, Mariette & Nickel, Nathan C. & Chateau, Dan & Sarkar, Joykrishna & Burland, Elaine & Hinds, Aynslie & Katz, Alan & Santos, Rob & Ch, 2021. "An unconditional prenatal cash benefit is associated with improved birth and early childhood outcomes for Metis families in Manitoba, Canada," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 121(C).
  7. Constantine E. Frangakis & Donald B. Rubin & Ming-Wen An & Ellen MacKenzie, 2007. "Principal Stratification Designs to Estimate Input Data Missing Due to Death," Biometrics, The International Biometric Society, vol. 63(3), pages 641-649, September.
  8. Lusi Yang & Zhiyi Wang & Jungpil Hahn, 2020. "Scarcity Strategy in Crowdfunding: An Empirical Exploration of Reward Limits," Information Systems Research, INFORMS, vol. 31(4), pages 1107-1131, December.
  9. Justman, Moshe, 2018. "Randomized controlled trials informing public policy: Lessons from project STAR and class size reduction," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 167-174.
  10. Kaichen Zhang & Zixuan Yuan & Hui Xiong, 2023. "The Impact of Generative Artificial Intelligence on Market Equilibrium: Evidence from a Natural Experiment," Papers 2311.07071, arXiv.org, revised Oct 2024.
  11. Shuai Chen & Lu Tian & Tianxi Cai & Menggang Yu, 2017. "A general statistical framework for subgroup identification and comparative treatment scoring," Biometrics, The International Biometric Society, vol. 73(4), pages 1199-1209, December.
  12. David Azriel & Adam Kapelner & Abba M. Krieger, 2026. "Block designs that provide optimal power in the Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel test," Statistical Papers, Springer, vol. 67(2), pages 1-14, April.
  13. Michael Grätz, 2022. "When less conditioning provides better estimates: overcontrol and endogenous selection biases in research on intergenerational mobility," Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, Springer, vol. 56(5), pages 3769-3793, October.
  14. Martin Ravallion, 2022. "On the Gains from Tradable Benefits‐in‐kind: Evidence for Workfare in India," Economica, London School of Economics and Political Science, vol. 89(355), pages 770-787, July.
  15. Yiyan Huang & Cheuk Hang Leung & Siyi Wang & Yijun Li & Qi Wu, 2024. "Unveiling the Potential of Robustness in Selecting Conditional Average Treatment Effect Estimators," Papers 2402.18392, arXiv.org, revised Oct 2024.
  16. Patrick Gauß & Sonja Gensler & Michael Kortenhaus & Nadine Riedel & Andrea Schneider, 2024. "Regulating the sharing economy: The effects of day caps on short- and long-term rental markets and stakeholder outcomes," Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Springer, vol. 52(6), pages 1627-1650, November.
  17. Pablo Geraldo Bast'ias, 2024. "Credible causal inference beyond toy models," Papers 2402.11659, arXiv.org.
  18. Rasmus Hoffmann & Hannes Kröger & Siegfried Geyer, 2019. "Social Causation Versus Health Selection in the Life Course: Does Their Relative Importance Differ by Dimension of SES?," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 141(3), pages 1341-1367, February.
  19. Tenglong Li & Kenneth A. Frank, 2020. "The probability of a robust inference for internal validity and its applications in regression models," Papers 2005.12784, arXiv.org.
  20. Christian Almer & Ralph Winkler, 2012. "The Effect of Kyoto Emission Targets on Domestic CO2 Emissions: A Synthetic Control Approach," Diskussionsschriften dp1202, Universitaet Bern, Departement Volkswirtschaft.
  21. Riccardo D’Alberto & Matteo Zavalloni & Meri Raggi & Davide Viaggi, 2018. "AES Impact Evaluation With Integrated Farm Data: Combining Statistical Matching and Propensity Score Matching," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(11), pages 1-24, November.
  22. Emily S. Taylor Poppe, 2016. "Homeowner Representation in the Foreclosure Crisis," Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 13(4), pages 809-836, December.
  23. Jordà, Òscar & Schularick, Moritz & Taylor, Alan M., 2020. "The effects of quasi-random monetary experiments," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 22-40.
  24. Sachin B. Modi & David E. Cantor, 2021. "How Coopetition Influences Environmental Performance: Role of Financial Slack, Leverage, and Leanness," Production and Operations Management, Production and Operations Management Society, vol. 30(7), pages 2046-2068, July.
  25. Rüdiger Mutz & Hans-Dieter Daniel, 2012. "The generalized propensity score methodology for estimating unbiased journal impact factors," Scientometrics, Springer;Akadémiai Kiadó, vol. 92(2), pages 377-390, August.
  26. Michael Lechner, 2006. "The Relation of Different Concepts of Causality in Econometrics," University of St. Gallen Department of Economics working paper series 2006 2006-15, Department of Economics, University of St. Gallen.
  27. Taylor K. Odle, 2022. "Free to Spend? Institutional Autonomy and Expenditures on Executive Compensation, Faculty Salaries, and Research Activities," Research in Higher Education, Springer;Association for Institutional Research, vol. 63(1), pages 1-32, February.
  28. Peter Abell & Ofer Engel, 2021. "Subjective Causality and Counterfactuals in the Social Sciences: Toward an Ethnographic Causality?," Sociological Methods & Research, , vol. 50(4), pages 1842-1862, November.
  29. Shonosuke Sugasawa & Hisashi Noma, 2021. "Efficient screening of predictive biomarkers for individual treatment selection," Biometrics, The International Biometric Society, vol. 77(1), pages 249-257, March.
  30. Anderson, Brian S, 2018. "Endogeneity and Entrepreneurship Research," OSF Preprints 75tn8, Center for Open Science.
  31. Peter McCullagh, 2008. "Sampling bias and logistic models," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 70(4), pages 643-677, September.
  32. Alberto Galasso & El Hadi Caoui, 2025. "Fractional Ownership and Copyright Licensing: Evidence from the Music Industry," NBER Working Papers 34336, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  33. Mora-Rivera, Jorge & García-Mora, Fernando & Cavazos-Castro, Manuel, 2025. "When “more is less”: Connecting for a better life in rural Mexico," Telecommunications Policy, Elsevier, vol. 49(10).
  34. Hang Miao & Kui Zhao & Zhun Wang & Linbo Jiang & Quanhui Jia & Yanming Fang & Quan Yu, 2020. "Intelligent Credit Limit Management in Consumer Loans Based on Causal Inference," Papers 2007.05188, arXiv.org.
  35. Chepchirchir, R. & Macharia, I. & Murage, A.W. & Midega, C.A.O. & Khan, Z.R., 2016. "Impact assessment of push-pull technology on incomes, productivity and poverty among smallholder households in Eastern Uganda," 2016 Fifth International Conference, September 23-26, 2016, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 246316, African Association of Agricultural Economists (AAAE).
  36. Pekkurnaz, Didem, 2023. "Causal effect of obesity on the probability of employment in women in Turkey," Economics & Human Biology, Elsevier, vol. 51(C).
  37. Tanique Schaffe-Odeleye & K=osaku Takanashi & Vishesh Karwa & Edoardo M. Airoldi & Kenichiro McAlinn, 2026. "Dynamic causal inference with time series data," Papers 2602.00836, arXiv.org.
  38. Anna Adamecz-Völgyi & Ágota Scharle, 2020. "Books or babies? The incapacitation effect of schooling on minority women," Journal of Population Economics, Springer;European Society for Population Economics, vol. 33(4), pages 1219-1261, October.
  39. Yiran Zhang & Andrew Ying & Steve Edland & Lon White & Ronghui Xu, 2024. "Marginal Structural Illness-Death Models for Semi-competing Risks Data," Statistics in Biosciences, Springer;International Chinese Statistical Association, vol. 16(3), pages 668-692, December.
  40. repec:osf:osfxxx:75tn8_v1 is not listed on IDEAS
  41. Manuel S. González Canché, 2017. "Financial Benefits of Rapid Student Loan Repayment: An Analytic Framework Employing Two Decades of Data," The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, , vol. 671(1), pages 154-182, May.
  42. Shaina J. Alexandria & Michael G. Hudgens & Allison E. Aiello, 2023. "Assessing intervention effects in a randomized trial within a social network," Biometrics, The International Biometric Society, vol. 79(2), pages 1409-1419, June.
  43. Haile, Getinet Astatike, 2018. "Organisational Accreditation and Worker Upskilling in Britain," IZA Discussion Papers 11479, IZA Network @ LISER.
  44. Joseph J. Lee & Donald B. Rubin, 2016. "Evaluating the Validity of Post-Hoc Subgroup Inferences: A Case Study," The American Statistician, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 70(1), pages 39-46, February.
  45. Favaro, Donata & Giraldo, Anna & Paggiaro, Adriano, 2024. "The gender factor in monetary policy: An event-study design," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 141(C).
  46. Sushant More & Priya Kotwal & Sujith Chappidi & Dinesh Mandalapu & Chris Khawand, 2024. "Double Machine Learning at Scale to Predict Causal Impact of Customer Actions," Papers 2409.02332, arXiv.org.
  47. P. Swamy & George Tavlas, 2007. "The New Keynesian Phillips Curve and Inflation Expectations: Re-Specification and Interpretation," Economic Theory, Springer;Society for the Advancement of Economic Theory (SAET), vol. 31(2), pages 293-306, May.
  48. Simone Cremaschi & Carlo Devillanova, 2016. "Immigrants and Legal Status: Do Personal Contacts Matter?," RFBerlin Discussion Paper Series 1629, ROCKWOOL Foundation Berlin (RFBerlin).
  49. Antonio R. Linero, 2022. "Simulation‐based estimators of analytically intractable causal effects," Biometrics, The International Biometric Society, vol. 78(3), pages 1001-1017, September.
  50. Damian Clarke & Daniel Paila~nir & Susan Athey & Guido Imbens, 2023. "Synthetic Difference In Differences Estimation," Papers 2301.11859, arXiv.org, revised Feb 2023.
  51. Gross, Samuel M. & Tibshirani, Robert, 2016. "Data Shared Lasso: A novel tool to discover uplift," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 226-235.
  52. Vegard H ghaug Larsen & Leif Anders Thorsrud, 2018. "Business cycle narratives," Working Papers No 6/2018, Centre for Applied Macro- and Petroleum economics (CAMP), BI Norwegian Business School.
  53. Greg Ridgeway, 2006. "Assessing the Effect of Race Bias in Post-traffic Stop Outcomes Using Propensity Scores," Journal of Quantitative Criminology, Springer, vol. 22(1), pages 1-29, March.
  54. Horvath, Akos & Lang, Peter, 2021. "Do loan subsidies boost the real activity of small firms?," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 122(C).
  55. Peter Z. Schochet, "undated". "Statistical Theory for the RCT-YES Software: Design-Based Causal Inference for RCTs," Mathematica Policy Research Reports a0c005c003c242308a92c02dc, Mathematica Policy Research.
  56. Eric Ofori & Gabriel S Sampson & Jessie Vipham, 2019. "The effects of agricultural cooperatives on smallholder livelihoods and agricultural performance in Cambodia," Natural Resources Forum, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 43(4), pages 218-229, November.
  57. Tianmeng Lyu & Björn Bornkamp & Guenther Mueller‐Velten & Heinz Schmidli, 2023. "Bayesian inference for a principal stratum estimand on recurrent events truncated by death," Biometrics, The International Biometric Society, vol. 79(4), pages 3792-3802, December.
  58. Nitta, Shingo, 2025. "Covering the long shadow: the moderating role of children's education on health disparity by social origin in Japan," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 378(C).
  59. Marc A. Scott & Jean-Marie Goff & Jacques-Antoine Gauthier, 2024. "History matters: the statistical modelling of the life course," Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, Springer, vol. 58(1), pages 445-469, February.
  60. Zhao, Yi & Luo, Xi, 2023. "Multilevel mediation analysis with structured unmeasured mediator-outcome confounding," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 179(C).
  61. Nicholas T. Longford, 2018. "Searching For Causes Of Necrotising Enterocolitis. An Application Of Propensity Matching," Statistics in Transition New Series, Polish Statistical Association, vol. 19(1), pages 87-117, March.
  62. Takahiro Hoshino, 2007. "Doubly Robust-Type Estimation for Covariate Adjustment in Latent Variable Modeling," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 72(4), pages 535-549, December.
  63. Faraz Vahid Shahidi & Carles Muntaner & Ketan Shankardass & Carlos Quiñonez & Arjumand Siddiqi, 2018. "Widening health inequalities between the employed and the unemployed: A decomposition of trends in Canada (2000-2014)," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 13(11), pages 1-22, November.
  64. Riukula, Krista & Väänänen, Touko, 2024. "Estimating the Labour Market Impacts of Transport Projects in Finland," ETLA Working Papers 120, The Research Institute of the Finnish Economy.
  65. Nath, Sanchayan & Arrawatia, Rakesh, 2022. "Trade-offs or synergies? Hybridity and sustainable performance of dairy cooperatives in India," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 154(C).
  66. Daniel Höhmann, 2017. "The effect of legislature size on public spending: evidence from a regression discontinuity design," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 173(3), pages 345-367, December.
  67. Goel, Deepti, 2025. "Estimator of What? A Note on Teaching Regressions in Introductory Econometrics," IZA Discussion Papers 18007, IZA Network @ LISER.
  68. Christopher Bockel-Rickermann & Sam Verboven & Tim Verdonck & Wouter Verbeke, 2023. "A Causal Perspective on Loan Pricing: Investigating the Impacts of Selection Bias on Identifying Bid-Response Functions," Papers 2309.03730, arXiv.org.
  69. Salvatore Bimonte & Antonella D’Agostino, 2021. "Tourism development and residents’ well-being: Comparing two seaside destinations in Italy," Tourism Economics, , vol. 27(7), pages 1508-1525, November.
  70. Andersson, Josefine, 2018. "Financial incentives to work for disability insurance recipients - Sweden’s special rules for continuous deduction," Working Paper Series 2018:7, IFAU - Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy.
  71. Middleton Joel A. & Aronow Peter M., 2015. "Unbiased Estimation of the Average Treatment Effect in Cluster-Randomized Experiments," Statistics, Politics and Policy, De Gruyter, vol. 6(1-2), pages 39-75, December.
  72. repec:osf:osfxxx:g5r9t_v1 is not listed on IDEAS
  73. Necati Ertekin & Jeffrey D. Shulman & Haipeng (Allan) Chen, 2019. "On the Profitability of Stacked Discounts: Identifying Revenue and Cost Effects of Discount Framing," Marketing Science, INFORMS, vol. 38(2), pages 317-342, March.
  74. Ekaterina V. Orlova, 2023. "Inference of Factors for Labor Productivity Growth Used Randomized Experiment and Statistical Causality," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 11(4), pages 1-22, February.
  75. Kevin Credit & Matthew Lehnert, 2024. "A structured comparison of causal machine learning methods to assess heterogeneous treatment effects in spatial data," Journal of Geographical Systems, Springer, vol. 26(4), pages 483-510, October.
  76. repec:osf:osfxxx:s2j4r_v1 is not listed on IDEAS
  77. Shimeles Abebe & Andinet Woldemichael, 2015. "Working Paper 225 - Measuring the Impact of Micro-Health Insurance on Healthcare Utilization: A Bayesian Potential Outcomes Approach," Working Paper Series 2166, African Development Bank.
  78. Wennberg, Karl & Anderson, Brian S. & McMullen, Jeffrey, 2019. "2 Editorial: Enhancing Quantitative Theory-Testing Entrepreneurship Research," Ratio Working Papers 323, The Ratio Institute.
  79. Antonio R. Linero, 2023. "Prior and posterior checking of implicit causal assumptions," Biometrics, The International Biometric Society, vol. 79(4), pages 3153-3164, December.
  80. Farbod Alinezhad & Jianfei Cao & Gary J. Young & Brady Post, 2026. "Causal Diffusion Models for Counterfactual Outcome Distributions in Longitudinal Data," Papers 2604.12992, arXiv.org.
  81. Tenglong Li & Ken Frank, 2022. "The probability of a robust inference for internal validity," Sociological Methods & Research, , vol. 51(4), pages 1947-1968, November.
  82. Pearl Judea, 2011. "Principal Stratification -- a Goal or a Tool?," The International Journal of Biostatistics, De Gruyter, vol. 7(1), pages 1-13, March.
  83. Anatoli Colicev & Tuuli Hakkarainen & Torben Pedersen, 2023. "Multi‐project work and project performance: Friends or foes?," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 44(2), pages 610-636, February.
  84. Fulvia Pennoni & Leonard J. Paas & Francesco Bartolucci, 2023. "A causal hidden Markov model for assessing effects of multiple direct mail campaigns," TEST: An Official Journal of the Spanish Society of Statistics and Operations Research, Springer;Sociedad de Estadística e Investigación Operativa, vol. 32(4), pages 1336-1364, December.
  85. Hodula, Martin & Pfeifer, Lukáš & Ngo, Ngoc Anh, 2025. "Easing of borrower-based measures: Evidence from Czech loan-level data," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 178(C).
  86. Zhu, Yajing & Steele, Fiona & Moustaki, Irini, 2020. "A multilevel structural equation model for the interrelationships between multiple latent dimensions of childhood socio‐economic circumstances, partnership transitions and mid‐life health," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 103104, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
  87. Hang Liu & Yingwei Peng, 2026. "Nonparametric estimation of average effects of a continuous treatment for survival data with a cured fraction," Lifetime Data Analysis: An International Journal Devoted to Statistical Methods and Applications for Time-to-Event Data, Springer, vol. 32(2), pages 1-27, June.
  88. Wu, Guojun & Song, Ge & Lv, Xiaoxiang & Luo, Shikai & Shi, Chengchun & Zhu, Hongtu, 2023. "DNet: distributional network for distributional individualized treatment effects," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 122895, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
  89. DeMaris, Alfred & Mahoney, Annette, 2017. "The perception of fairness in infant care and mothers' postpartum depression," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 190(C), pages 199-206.
  90. Yajing Zhu & Fiona Steele & Irini Moustaki, 2020. "A multilevel structural equation model for the interrelationships between multiple latent dimensions of childhood socio‐economic circumstances, partnership transitions and mid‐life health," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 183(3), pages 1029-1050, June.
  91. Bartolucci, Francesco & Grilli, Leonardo, 2011. "Modeling Partial Compliance Through Copulas in a Principal Stratification Framework," Journal of the American Statistical Association, American Statistical Association, vol. 106(494), pages 469-479.
  92. Foster, E. Michael & McCombs-Thornton, Kimberly, 2013. "Child welfare and the challenge of causal inference," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 35(7), pages 1130-1142.
  93. Atomsa Gemechu Abdisa & Yingchun Zhou & Yuqi Qiu, 2026. "Individualized treatment effect estimation with compromised adversarial nets," Computational Statistics, Springer, vol. 41(1), pages 1-27, January.
  94. Alicia Curth & Mihaela van der Schaar, 2023. "In Search of Insights, Not Magic Bullets: Towards Demystification of the Model Selection Dilemma in Heterogeneous Treatment Effect Estimation," Papers 2302.02923, arXiv.org, revised Jun 2023.
  95. Antonio Moreno & Christian Terwiesch, 2015. "Pricing and Production Flexibility: An Empirical Analysis of the U.S. Automotive Industry," Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, INFORMS, vol. 17(4), pages 428-444, October.
  96. Cameron Batt, 2025. "Optimizing Micro-Targeted Ad Delivery Through Multi-Armed Bandit Algorithms and Neural Networks," Journal of Artificial Intelligence General science (JAIGS) ISSN:3006-4023, Open Knowledge, vol. 8(02), pages 348-383.
  97. Jordan H. Rickles, 2011. "Using Interviews to Understand the Assignment Mechanism in a Nonexperimental Study," Evaluation Review, , vol. 35(5), pages 490-522, October.
  98. Wennberg, Karl & Anderson, Brian S., 2020. "Editorial: Enhancing the exploration and communication of quantitative entrepreneurship research," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 35(3).
  99. repec:osf:socarx:x4526_v1 is not listed on IDEAS
  100. Rüdiger Mutz & Tobias Wolbring & Hans-Dieter Daniel, 2017. "The effect of the “very important paper” (VIP) designation in Angewandte Chemie International Edition on citation impact: A propensity score matching analysis," Journal of the Association for Information Science & Technology, Association for Information Science & Technology, vol. 68(9), pages 2139-2153, September.
  101. Berger, Marius & Hottenrott, Hanna, 2021. "Start-up subsidies and the sources of venture capital," Journal of Business Venturing Insights, Elsevier, vol. 16(C).
  102. Zhang, Yingying & Shi, Chengchun & Luo, Shikai, 2023. "Conformal off-policy prediction," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 118250, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
  103. Cai Xiaoxuan & Loh Wen Wei & Crawford Forrest W., 2021. "Identification of causal intervention effects under contagion," Journal of Causal Inference, De Gruyter, vol. 9(1), pages 9-38, January.
  104. Jouni Kuha & John H. Goldthorpe, 2010. "Path analysis for discrete variables: the role of education in social mobility," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 173(2), pages 351-369, April.
  105. Ana Kolar & Peter M. Steiner, 2021. "The Role of Sample Size to Attain Statistically Comparable Groups – A Required Data Preprocessing Step to Estimate Causal Effects With Observational Data," Evaluation Review, , vol. 45(5), pages 195-227, October.
  106. Almer, Christian & Winkler, Ralph, 2017. "Analyzing the effectiveness of international environmental policies: The case of the Kyoto Protocol," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 82(C), pages 125-151.
  107. Helmut Wasserbacher & Martin Spindler, 2024. "Credit Ratings: Heterogeneous Effect on Capital Structure," Papers 2406.18936, arXiv.org.
  108. Martin Cousineau & Vedat Verter & Susan A. Murphy & Joelle Pineau, 2022. "Estimating causal effects with optimization-based methods: A review and empirical comparison," Papers 2203.00097, arXiv.org.
  109. Sahar Saeed & Erica E. M. Moodie & Erin C. Strumpf & Marina B. Klein, 2018. "Segmented generalized mixed effect models to evaluate health outcomes," International Journal of Public Health, Springer;Swiss School of Public Health (SSPH+), vol. 63(4), pages 547-551, May.
  110. Hang Su & Wei Wang, 2023. "An Out-of-Distribution Generalization Framework Based on Variational Backdoor Adjustment," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 12(1), pages 1-21, December.
  111. Baker, Andrew C. & Larcker, David F. & Wang, Charles C.Y., 2022. "How much should we trust staggered difference-in-differences estimates?," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 144(2), pages 370-395.
  112. Tao, Xiafei & Shi, Si & Liu, Junqiang, 2025. "Established but unused? An empirical study on the impact of health records on the utilization of basic public health services in China," Evaluation and Program Planning, Elsevier, vol. 112(C).
  113. Longford Nicholas T., 2018. "Searching For Causes Of Necrotising Enterocolitis. An Application Of Propensity Matching," Statistics in Transition New Series, Statistics Poland, vol. 19(1), pages 87-117, March.
  114. VanderWeele, Tyler J., 2008. "Simple relations between principal stratification and direct and indirect effects," Statistics & Probability Letters, Elsevier, vol. 78(17), pages 2957-2962, December.
  115. Dominik Rothenhäusler & Nicolai Meinshausen & Peter Bühlmann & Jonas Peters, 2021. "Anchor regression: Heterogeneous data meet causality," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 83(2), pages 215-246, April.
  116. Mahlstedt, Robert & Weber, Rüdiger, 2020. "Risk Sharing Within and Outside the Firm: The Disparate Effects of Wrongful Discharge Laws on Expected Stock Returns," IZA Discussion Papers 13941, IZA Network @ LISER.
  117. Matt Taddy & Matt Gardner & Liyun Chen & David Draper, 2016. "A Nonparametric Bayesian Analysis of Heterogenous Treatment Effects in Digital Experimentation," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 34(4), pages 661-672, October.
  118. Aziz Mensah, 2021. "Job Stress and Mental Well-Being among Working Men and Women in Europe: The Mediating Role of Social Support," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(5), pages 1-18, March.
  119. Tani, Massimiliano & Xu, Lei & Zhu, Yu, 2021. "The impact of an un(der)funded inclusive education policy: Evidence from the 2013 China education panel survey," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 190(C), pages 768-784.
  120. Daniel Molitor & Samantha Gold, 2025. "Anytime-Valid Inference in Adaptive Experiments: Covariate Adjustment and Balanced Power," Papers 2506.20523, arXiv.org, revised Feb 2026.
  121. Toon Vanderschueren & Robert Boute & Tim Verdonck & Bart Baesens & Wouter Verbeke, 2022. "Prescriptive maintenance with causal machine learning," Papers 2206.01562, arXiv.org.
  122. Corrine M. McConnaughy, 2020. "The inferential opportunity of specificity: theory and empirical causality in American Political Development," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 185(3), pages 281-298, December.
  123. Bartolucci, Francesco & Grilli, Leonardo & Pieroni, Luca, 2012. "Estimating dynamic causal effects with unobserved confounders: a latent class version of the inverse probability weighted estimator," MPRA Paper 43430, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  124. Tenglong Li & Kenneth A. Frank, 2019. "On the probability of a causal inference is robust for internal validity," Papers 1906.08726, arXiv.org.
  125. Jordan, Cristian & Donoso, Guillermo & Speelman, Stijn, 2021. "Measuring the effect of improved irrigation technologies on irrigated agriculture. A study case in Central Chile," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 257(C).
  126. Joel Barajas & Ram Akella & Marius Holtan & Aaron Flores, 2016. "Experimental Designs and Estimation for Online Display Advertising Attribution in Marketplaces," Marketing Science, INFORMS, vol. 35(3), pages 465-483, May.
  127. Ariel Boyarsky & Hongseok Namkoong & Jean Pouget-Abadie, 2023. "Modeling Interference Using Experiment Roll-out," Papers 2305.10728, arXiv.org, revised Aug 2023.
  128. Leandro de Magalhaes & Salomo Hirvonen, 2019. "The Incumbent-Challenger Advantage and the Winner-Runner-up Advantage," Bristol Economics Discussion Papers 19/710, School of Economics, University of Bristol, UK.
  129. Vannieuwenhuyze Jorre T.A. & Loosveldt Geert & Molenberghs Geert, 2014. "Evaluating Mode Effects in Mixed-Mode Survey Data Using Covariate Adjustment Models," Journal of Official Statistics, Sciendo, vol. 30(1), pages 1-21, March.
  130. Cottier, Fabien & Flahaux, Marie-Laurence & Ribot, Jesse & Seager, Richard & Ssekajja, Godfreyb, 2022. "Framing the frame: Cause and effect in climate-related migration," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 158(C).
  131. E. Michael Foster & Elizabeth Wiley-Exley & Leonard Bickman, 2009. "Old Wine in New Skins: The Sensitivity of Established Findings to New Methods," Evaluation Review, , vol. 33(3), pages 281-306, June.
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