Publications

by members of

College of Business Administration
Marquette University
Milwaukee, Wisconsin (United States)

Working papers

2008

1. Joseph P. Daniels & David D. VanHoose, 2008. "Exchange-Rate Pass Through, Openness, Inflation, and the Sacrifice Ratio," Working Papers and Research 0805, Marquette University, Department of Economics. [Downloadable!]
2. Marc von der Ruhr & Joseph Daniels, 2008. "A Model of Religious Investment to Explain the Success of Megachurches," Working Papers and Research 0806, Marquette University, Department of Economics. [Downloadable!]

2007

1. Joseph P. Daniels & David D. VanHoose, 2007. "Openness, Income-Tax Progressivity, and Inflation," Working Papers and Research 0704, Marquette University, Department of Economics. [Downloadable!]
2. Joseph P. Daniels & David D. VanHoose, 2007. "Trade Openness, Capital Mobility, and the Sacrifice Ratio," Working Papers and Research 0701, Marquette University, Department of Economics. [Downloadable!]
3. David E. Clark, 2007. "Valuing Environmental Quality: A Space-Based Strategy," Working Papers and Research 0702, Marquette University, Department of Economics. [Downloadable!]

2006

1. Joseph Daniels & Marc von der Ruhr, 2006. "Trust in Others: Does Religion Matter?," Working Papers and Research 0601, Marquette University, Department of Economics. [Downloadable!]
2. Giang Ho & Anthony Pennington-Cross, 2006. "The impact of local predatory lending laws on the flow of subprime credit," Working Papers 2006-009, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. [Downloadable!]
3. Souphala Chomsisengphet & Anthony Pennington-Cross, 2006. "Subprime refinancing: equity extraction and mortgage termination," Working Papers 2006-023, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. [Downloadable!]
4. Giang Ho & Anthony Pennington-Cross, 2006. "Loan servicer heterogeneity and the termination of subprime mortgages," Working Papers 2006-024, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. [Downloadable!]
5. Giang Ho & Anthony Pennington-Cross, 2006. "Predatory lending laws and the cost of credit," Working Papers 2006-022, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. [Downloadable!]
6. Anthony Pennington-Cross, 2006. "The duration of foreclosures in the subprime mortgage market: a competing risks model with mixing," Working Papers 2006-027, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. [Downloadable!]
7. Anthony Pennington-Cross & Giang Ho, 2006. "The termination of subprime hybrid and fixed rate mortgages," Working Papers 2006-042, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. [Downloadable!]

2005

1. Joseph Daniels & Marc von der Ruhr, 2005. "God and the Global Economy: Religion and Attitudes Toward Trade and Immigration in the United States," Working Papers and Research 0501, Marquette University, Department of Economics. [Downloadable!]
2. Joseph P. Daniels & Farrokh Nourzad & David D. VanHoose, 2005. "Openness, Centralized Wage Bargaining, and Inflation," Working Papers and Research 0505, Marquette University, Department of Economics. [Downloadable!]
3. Joseph Daniels & Walid Hejazi & Marc von der Ruhr, 2005. "Regional vs. Global Financing Strategies for U.S. MNEs," Working Papers and Research 0511, Marquette University, Department of Economics. [Downloadable!]
4. John B. Davis, 2005. "Social Identity Strategies in Recent Economics," Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers 05-078/2, Tinbergen Institute. [Downloadable!]
5. John B Davis, 2005. "Social Identity Strategies in Recent Economics," Working Papers and Research 0508, Marquette University, Department of Economics. [Downloadable!]
6. Michelle A. Danis & Anthony Pennington-Cross, 2005. "A dynamic look at subprime loan performance," Working Papers 2005-029, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. [Downloadable!]
7. Giang Ho & Anthony Pennington-Cross, 2005. "The impact of local predatory lending laws," Working Papers 2005-049, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. [Downloadable!]
8. Michelle A. Danis & Anthony Pennington-Cross, 2005. "The delinquency of subprime mortgages," Working Papers 2005-022, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. [Downloadable!]
9. David E. Clark & Robert Griffin & Vladimir Novoty, 2005. "Assessing the Determinants of Willingness to Pay for Urban Flood Control: The Role of Locational, Demographic and attitudinal Factors," Working Papers and Research 0503, Marquette University, Department of Economics. [Downloadable!]
10. David E. Clark, 2005. "The Effects of Ignoring Train Whistle Bans on Residential Property Values," Working Papers and Research 0504, Marquette University, Department of Economics. [Downloadable!]

2004

1. Joseph P. Daniels, 2004. "The Significance of the Economic Summits," Working Papers and Research 0404, Marquette University, Department of Economics. [Downloadable!]
2. John B. Davis, 2004. "Identity and Commitment: Sen's Conception of the Individual," Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers 04-055/2, Tinbergen Institute. [Downloadable!]
3. Anthony Pennington-Cross, 2004. "The value of foreclosed property," Working Papers 2004-022, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. [Downloadable!]
4. David E. Clark, 2004. "Amenity Valuation, Incomplete Compensation and Migration," Working Papers and Research 0402, Marquette University, Department of Economics. [Downloadable!]
5. Bruce A. Blonigen & Miao Wang, 2004. "Inappropriate Pooling of Wealthy and Poor Countries in Empirical FDI Studies," NBER Working Papers 10378, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

2003

1. John B. Davis, 2003. "The Conception of the Individual in Non-Cooperative Game Theory," Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers 03-095/2, Tinbergen Institute. [Downloadable!]

2001

1. Joseph Daniels & Peter G. Toumanoff & Marc von der Ruhr, 2001. "Optimal Currency Basket Pegs for Developing and Emerging Economies," Working Papers and Research 0103, Marquette University, Department of Economics. [Downloadable!]

1992

1. Von Fursenberg, G.M. & Daniels, J.P., 1992. "Economic Summit Declarations, 1975-1989: Examining the Written Record of International Cooperation," Princeton Studies in International Economics 72, International Economics Section, Departement of Economics Princeton University,.

Undated

1. Anthony Pennington-Cross & Joseph Nichols, . "Credit History and the FHA-Conventional Choice," Zell/Lurie Center Working Papers 319, Wharton School Samuel Zell and Robert Lurie Real Estate Center, University of Pennsylvania.
2. Dapeng Hu & Anthony Pennington-Cross, . "The Evolution of Real Estate in the Economy," Zell/Lurie Center Working Papers 349, Wharton School Samuel Zell and Robert Lurie Real Estate Center, University of Pennsylvania. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

Journal articles

2008

1. Bostic, Raphael W. & Engel, Kathleen C. & McCoy, Patricia A. & Pennington-Cross, Anthony & Wachter, Susan M., 2008. "State and local anti-predatory lending laws: The effect of legal enforcement mechanisms," Journal of Economics and Business, Elsevier, vol. 60(1-2), pages 47-66. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
2. Danis, Michelle A. & Pennington-Cross, Anthony, 2008. "The delinquency of subprime mortgages," Journal of Economics and Business, Elsevier, vol. 60(1-2), pages 67-90. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
3. Anthony Pennington-Cross & Giang Ho, 2008. "Predatory Lending Laws and the Cost of Credit," Real Estate Economics, American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association, vol. 36(2), pages 175-211, 06. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

2007

1. John B. Davis, 2007. "Ordinary Choices: Individuals, Incommensurability and Democracy. By ROBERT URQUHART," Economica, London School of Economics and Political Science, vol. 74(295), pages 565-566, 08. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
2. John B. Davis, 2007. "The turn in economics and the turn in economic methodology," Journal of Economic Methodology, Taylor and Francis Journals, vol. 14(3), pages 275-290. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
3. John B. Davis, 2007. "Postmodernism and the individual as a process," Review of Social Economy, Taylor and Francis Journals, vol. 65(2), pages 203-208. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
4. John Davis, 2007. "Call for papers - Annual allied social sciences association meetings New Orleans, LA, January 4-6, 2008," Review of Social Economy, Taylor and Francis Journals, vol. 65(1), pages 139-140. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
5. John B. Davis, 2007. "Akerlof and Kranton on identity in economics: inverting the analysis," Cambridge Journal of Economics, Oxford University Press, vol. 31(3), pages 349-362, May. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
6. Anthony Pennington-Cross & Souphala Chomsisengphet, 2007. "Subprime Refinancing: Equity Extraction and Mortgage Termination," Real Estate Economics, American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association, vol. 35(2), pages 233-263, 06. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
7. Giang Ho & Anthony Pennington-Cross, 2007. "The varying effects of predatory lending laws on high-cost mortgage applications," Review, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, issue Jan, pages 39-60. [Downloadable!]
8. Miao Wang & M. C. Sunny Wong, 2007. "Foreign Direct Investment Outflows and Business-cycle Fluctuations *," Review of International Economics, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 15(1), pages 146-163, 02. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

2006

1. Daniels, Joseph P. & VanHoose, David D., 2006. "Openness, the sacrifice ratio, and inflation: Is there a puzzle?," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 25(8), pages 1336-1347, December. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
2. Daniels, Joseph P. & Nourzad, Farrokh & VanHoose, David D., 2006. "Openness, centralized wage bargaining, and inflation," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 22(4), pages 969-988, December. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
3. John Davis & Matthias Klaes, 2006. "Imprecise precision: Rejoinder to Basbøll," Journal of Economic Methodology, Taylor and Francis Journals, vol. 13(1), pages 121-123, March. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
4. Peter J. Boettke & Christopher J. Coyne & John Davis & Francesco Guala & Alain Marciano & Jochen Runde & Margaret Schabas, 2006. "Where Economics and Philosophy Meet: Review of the Elgar Companion to Economics and Philosophy with Responses from the Authors," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 116(512), pages F306-F325, 06. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
5. Davis, John B., 2006. "The turn in economics: neoclassical dominance to mainstream pluralism?," Journal of Institutional Economics, Cambridge University Press, vol. 2(01), pages 1-20, April. [Downloadable!]
6. John Davis, 2006. "Social identity strategies in recent economics," Journal of Economic Methodology, Taylor and Francis Journals, vol. 13(3), pages 371-390, September. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
7. Souphala Chomsisengphet & Anthony Pennington-Cross, 2006. "The evolution of the subprime mortgage market," Review, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, issue Jan, pages 31-56. [Downloadable!]
8. Giang Ho & Anthony Pennington-Cross, 2006. "States fight predatory lending in different ways," The Regional Economist, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, issue Jan, pages 12-13. [Downloadable!]
9. Giang Ho & Anthony Pennington-Cross, 2006. "Rock solid in Little Rock?," The Regional Economist, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, issue Apr, pages 17-17. [Downloadable!]
10. William R. Emmons & Anthony Pennington-Cross, 2006. "Editor's introduction," Review, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, issue Jul, pages 221-234. [Downloadable!]
11. Anthony Pennington-Cross, 2006. "The Value of Foreclosed Property," Journal of Real Estate Research, American Real Estate Society, vol. 28(2), pages 193-214. [Downloadable!]
12. Ho, Giang & Pennington-Cross, Anthony, 2006. "The impact of local predatory lending laws on the flow of subprime credit," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 60(2), pages 210-228, September. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
13. Scott S. Blunk & David E. Clark & James M. McGibany, 2006. "Evaluating the long-run impacts of the 9/11 terrorist attacks on US domestic airline travel," Applied Economics, Taylor and Francis Journals, vol. 38(4), pages 363-370, March. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
14. David E. Clark, 2006. "Externality Effects on Residential Property Values: The Example of Noise Disamenities," Growth and Change, Gatton College of Business and Economics, University of Kentucky, vol. 37(3), pages 460-488. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

2005

1. Joseph Daniels, 2005. "Empirical Studies of Foreign Direct Investment," Atlantic Economic Journal, International Atlantic Economic Society, vol. 33(4), pages 381-382, December. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
2. Daniels, Joseph P & Nourzad, Farrokh & Vanhoose, David D, 2005. "Openness, Central Bank Independence, and the Sacrifice Ratio," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 37(2), pages 371-79, April.
3. Esther-Mirjam Sent & Roger Backhouse & AW Bob Coats & John Davis & Harald Hagemann, 2005. "Perspectives on Michael A. Bernstein's A Perilous Progress: Economists and Public Purpose in Twentieth-Century America," European Journal of the History of Economic Thought, Taylor and Francis Journals, vol. 12(1), pages 127-146, March. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
4. John Davis, 2005. "Introduction," Journal of Economic Methodology, Taylor and Francis Journals, vol. 12(3), pages 361-361, September. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
5. Giang Ho & Anthony Pennington-Cross, 2005. "Fayetteville and Hot Springs lead the recovery in employment," The Regional Economist, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, issue Oct, pages 17. [Downloadable!]
6. Anthony Pennington-Cross, 2005. "Service industries keep employment steady in Arkansas' capital," The Regional Economist, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, issue Apr, pages 17. [Downloadable!]
7. Alejandro Ciruelos & Miao Wang, 2005. "International Technology Diffusion: Effects of Trade and FDI," Atlantic Economic Journal, International Atlantic Economic Society, vol. 33(4), pages 437-449, December. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
8. Wang, Miao & Wong, M.C. Sunny, 2005. "Learning dynamics in monetary policy: The robustness of an aggressive inflation stabilizing policy," Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, vol. 27(1), pages 143-151, March. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

2004

1. John B. Davis, 2004. "Introduction," Journal of Economic Methodology, Taylor and Francis Journals, vol. 11(3), pages 273-273, September. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
2. Michelle H. Dreiman & Anthony Pennington-Cross, 2004. "Alternative Methods of Increasing the Precision of Weighted Repeat Sales House Prices Indices," The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Springer, vol. 28(4), pages 299-317, 05. [Downloadable!]
3. Joseph Nichols & Anthony Pennington-Cross & Anthony Yezer, 2004. "Borrower Self-Selection, Underwriting Costs, and Subprime Mortgage Credit Supply," The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Springer, vol. 30(2), pages 197-219, November. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
4. Dwight W. Adamson & David E. Clark & Mark D. Partridge, 2004. "Do Urban Agglomeration Effects and Household Amenities have a Skill Bias?," Journal of Regional Science, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 44(2), pages 201-224. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

2003

1. Daniels, Joseph P. & VanHoose, David D., 2003. "Currency substitution, seigniorage, and currency crises in interdependent economies," Journal of Economics and Business, Elsevier, vol. 55(3), pages 221-232. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
2. Joseph Daniels & Marc Ruhr, 2003. "The determinants of immigration-policy preferences in advanced economies: A cross-country study," Atlantic Economic Journal, International Atlantic Economic Society, vol. 31(2), pages 146-158, June. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
3. John Davis, 2003. "Regional Economic Integration, the Environment and Community: East Asia and APEC," International Review of Applied Economics, Taylor and Francis Journals, vol. 17(1), pages 069-083, January. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
4. John B. Davis & Matthias Klaes, 2003. "Reflexivity: curse or cure?," Journal of Economic Methodology, Taylor and Francis Journals, vol. 10(3), pages 329-352, September. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
5. Pennington-Cross, Anthony, 2003. "Credit History and the Performance of Prime and Nonprime Mortgages," The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Springer, vol. 27(3), pages 279-301, November. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
6. David E. Clark & William E. Herrin & Thomas A. Knapp & Nancy E. White, 2003. "Migration and implicit amenity markets: does incomplete compensation matter?," Journal of Economic Geography, Oxford University Press, vol. 3(3), pages 289-307, July.

2002

1. John B. Davis, 2002. "Capabilities and Personal Identity: using Sen to explain personal identity in Folbre's 'structures of constraint' analysis," Review of Political Economy, Taylor and Francis Journals, vol. 14(4), pages 481-496, October. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
2. John B. Davis, 2002. "Gramsci, Sraffa, Wittgenstein: philosophical linkages," European Journal of the History of Economic Thought, Taylor and Francis Journals, vol. 9(3), pages 384-401, September. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
3. John B. Davis, 2002. "The Emperor's Clothes," Journal of the History of Economic Thought, Taylor and Francis Journals, vol. 24(2), pages 141-154, June. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
4. Ambrose, Brent W. & Pennington-Cross, Anthony & Yezer, Anthony M., 2002. "Credit Rationing in the U.S. Mortgage Market: Evidence from Variation in FHA Market Shares," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 51(2), pages 272-294, March. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
5. Adya, Monica, 2002. "Research on Forecasting," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 18(3), pages 481-482. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

2001

1. Thomas A. Knapp & Nancy E. White & David E. Clark, 2001. "A Nested Logit Approach to Household Mobility," Journal of Regional Science, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 41(1), pages 1-22. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
2. Adya, Monica & Collopy, Fred & Armstrong, J. Scott & Kennedy, Miles, 2001. "Automatic identification of time series features for rule-based forecasting," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 17(2), pages 143-157. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

2000

1. Ambrose, Brent W. & Pennington-Cross, Anthony, 2000. "Local economic risk factors and the primary and secondary mortgage markets," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 30(6), pages 683-701, December. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
2. David E. Clark, 2000. "The Impact of Public School Attributes on Home Sale Prices in California," Growth and Change, Gatton College of Business and Economics, University of Kentucky, vol. 31(3), pages 385-407. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
3. Adya, Monica & Armstrong, J. Scott & Collopy, Fred & Kennedy, Miles, 2000. "An application of rule-based forecasting to a situation lacking domain knowledge," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 16(4), pages 477-484. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
4. Adya, Monica, 2000. "Corrections to rule-based forecasting: findings from a replication," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 16(1), pages 125-127. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

1999

1. Daniels, Joseph P & VanHoose, David D, 1999. "The Nonstationarity of Money and Prices in Interdependent Economies," Review of International Economics, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 7(1), pages 87-101, February.
2. Davis, John B, 1999. "Common Sense: A Middle Way between Formalism and Post-Structuralism?," Cambridge Journal of Economics, Oxford University Press, vol. 23(4), pages 503-15, July.
3. Davis, John B, 1999. "Is Trade Liberalization an Important Cause of Increasing U.S. Wage Inequality? The Interaction of Theory and Policy," Review of Social Economy, Taylor and Francis Journals, vol. 57(4), pages 488-506, December.
4. David E. Clark & Tim Allison, 1999. "articles: Spent nuclear fuel and residential property values: the influence of proximity, visual cues and public information," Papers in Regional Science, Springer, vol. 78(4), pages 403-421. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

1998

1. Joseph Daniels & David VanHoose, 1998. "Two-Country Models of Monetary and Fiscal Policy: What Have We Learned? What More Can We Learn?," Open Economies Review, Springer, vol. 9(3), pages 265-284, July. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

1997

1. Daniels, Joseph, 1997. "Optimal sterilization policies in interdependent economies," Journal of Economics and Business, Elsevier, vol. 49(1), pages 43-60, February. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

1996

1. Daniels, Joseph P & Nourzad, Farrokh & Toutkoushian, Robert K, 1996. "Testing the Fisher Effect as a Long-Run Equilibrium Relation," Applied Financial Economics, Taylor and Francis Journals, vol. 6(2), pages 115-20, April. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
2. Joseph Daniels & David Hoose, 1996. "Reserve requirements, currency substitution, and seigniorage in the transition to European monetary union," Open Economies Review, Springer, vol. 7(3), pages 257-273, July. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
3. Davis, John B, 1996. "Value-Ladenness in Economics: Reply to Rosenbaum," Journal of Economic Methodology, Taylor and Francis Journals, vol. 3(1), pages 121-25, June.

1995

1. Daniels, Joseph P. & VanHoose, David D., 1995. "Monetary policies in interdependent economies: an open economy explanation for base drift and price-level non-trend-stationarities," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 14(2), pages 275-287, April. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
2. Davis, John B, 1995. "Personal Identity and Standard Economic Theory," Journal of Economic Methodology, Taylor and Francis Journals, vol. 2(1), pages 35-52, June.

1994

1. Clark David E. & Nieves Leslie A., 1994. "An Interregional Hedonic Analysis of Noxious Facility Impacts on Local Wages and Property Values," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 27(3), pages 235-253, November. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

1991

1. Von Furstenberg, George M. & Daniels, Joseph P., 1991. "Policy undertakings by the seven "summit" countries: ascertaining the degree of compliance," Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy, Elsevier, vol. 35(1), pages 267-307, January. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
2. Davis, John B, 1991. "Keynes's Critiques of Moore: Philosophical Foundations of Keynes's Economics," Cambridge Journal of Economics, Oxford University Press, vol. 15(1), pages 61-77, March.
3. Davis, John B, 1991. "Keynes: Philosophy, Economics and Politics: Review Essay," Review of Social Economy, Taylor and Francis Journals, vol. 49(3), pages 405-13, Fall.

1989

1. Davis, John B, 1989. "Keynes on Atomism and Organicism," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 99(398), pages 1159-72, December. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
2. Clark, David E. & Kahn, James R., 1989. "The two-stage hedonic wage approach: A methodology for the valuation of environmental amenities," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 16(2), pages 106-120, March. [Downloadable!] (restricted)

1988

1. Davis, J B, 1988. "Sraffa, Wittgenstein and Neoclassical Economics," Cambridge Journal of Economics, Oxford University Press, vol. 12(1), pages 29-36, March.

1987

1. Davis, John B, 1987. "The Science of Happiness and the Marginalization of Ethics," Review of Social Economy, Taylor and Francis Journals, vol. 45(3), pages 298-312, December.

Chapters

2005

1. Anthony Pennington-Cross, 2005. "Aggregation bias and the repeat sales price index," BIS Papers chapters, in: Bank for International Settlements (ed.), Real estate indicators and financial stability, volume 21, pages 323-335 Bank for International Settlements. [Downloadable!]

This page was last updated on 2008-10-1.