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Zachary Kroff

Citations

Many of the citations below have been collected in an experimental project, CitEc, where a more detailed citation analysis can be found. These are citations from works listed in RePEc that could be analyzed mechanically. So far, only a minority of all works could be analyzed. See under "Corrections" how you can help improve the citation analysis.

Working papers

  1. Kristina McElheran & Mu-Jeung Yang & Zachary Kroff & Erik Brynjolfsson, 2025. "The Rise of Industrial AI in America: Microfoundations of the Productivity J-curve(s)," Working Papers 25-27, Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau.

    Cited by:

    1. Sun, Quan & Huang, Minjie, 2026. "Firm-level evidence on AI-driven output expansion and productivity in China," Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, Elsevier, vol. 103(C).
    2. Simone Vannuccini, 2025. "Move Fast and Integrate Things: The Making of a European Industrial Policy for Artificial Intelligence," GREDEG Working Papers 2025-21, Groupe de REcherche en Droit, Economie, Gestion (GREDEG CNRS), Université Côte d'Azur, France.
    3. Fontanelli, Luca & Guerini, Mattia & Miniaci, Raffaele & Secchi, Angelo, 2025. "Predictive AI and productivity growth dynamics: Evidence from French firms," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 240(C).
    4. Sreya Kolay, 2026. "On cost-cutting incentives," Economics Bulletin, AccessEcon, vol. 46(1), pages 123-132.
    5. Nuriye Melisa Bilgin & Ester Faia & Gianmarco Ottaviano, 2026. "Technology spillovers, diffusion and rivalry in firm networks," CEP Discussion Papers dp2157, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE.

  2. Kathryn Bonney & Cory Breaux & Catherine Buffington & Emin Dinlersoz & Lucia Foster & Nathan Goldschlag & John Haltiwanger & Zachary Kroff & Keith Savage, 2024. "Tracking Firm Use of AI in Real Time: A Snapshot from the Business Trends and Outlook Survey," Working Papers 24-16, Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau.

    Cited by:

    1. Zara Contractor & Germ'an Reyes, 2025. "Generative AI in Higher Education: Evidence from an Elite College," Papers 2508.00717, arXiv.org, revised Apr 2026.
    2. Jose Maria Barrero & Nicholas Bloom & Philip Bunn & Steven J. Davis & Kevin Foster & Aaron Jalca & Brent Meyer & Paul Mizen & Michael Navarrete & Pawel Smietanka & Gregory Thwaites & Ben Wang & Ivan Y, 2026. "Firm Data on AI," FRB Atlanta Working Paper 2026-3, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta.
      • Ivan Yotzov & Jose Maria Barrero & Nicholas Bloom & Philip Bunn & Steven J. Davis & Kevin M. Foster & Aaron Jalca & Brent H. Meyer & Paul Mizen & Michael A. Navarrete & Pawel Smietanka & Gregory Thwai, 2026. "Firm Data on AI," NBER Working Papers 34836, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    3. Fabian Kosse & Tim Leffler & Arna Woemmel, 2025. "Digital Skills: Social Disparities and the Impact of Early Mentoring," SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research 1222, DIW Berlin, The German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP).
    4. Alexander Bick & Adam Blandin & David Deming, 2024. "The Rapid Adoption of Generative AI," Working Papers 2024-027, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, revised 27 Oct 2025.
    5. Bick, Alexander & Blandin, Adam & Deming, David & Fuchs-Schündeln, Nicola & Jessen, Jonas, 2026. "Mind the Gap: AI Adoption in Europe and the US," IZA Discussion Papers 18521, IZA Network @ LISER.
    6. Etheridge, Ben & Bharier, David & Morais, Paulo, 2026. "AI adoption and workforce change in SMEs," ISER Working Paper Series 2026-01, Institute for Social and Economic Research.
    7. Yoshiki Ando & Emin Dinlersoz & Jeremy Greenwood & Ruben Piazzesi, 2025. "Technifying Ventures," Economie d'Avant Garde Research Reports 40, Economie d'Avant Garde.
    8. Zara Contractor & Germán Reyes, 2025. "Generative AI in Higher Education: Evidence from an Elite College," CEDLAS, Working Papers 0359, CEDLAS, Universidad Nacional de La Plata.
    9. Anthony Harding & Juan Moreno-Cruz, 2024. "Watts and Bots: The Energy Implications of AI Adoption," Papers 2409.06626, arXiv.org.
    10. Liu, Yan & Wang, He, 2026. "Who on earth is using Generative AI?," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 199(C).
    11. Florencia Jaccoud, 2025. "Robots & AI exposure and wage inequality: a within occupation approach," Eurasian Business Review, Springer;Eurasia Business and Economics Society, vol. 15(4), pages 1035-1090, December.
    12. Lee C. Tucker, 2026. "You’re (not) Hired: Artificial Intelligence and Early Career Hiring in the Quarterly Workforce Indicators," Working Papers 26-27, Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau.
    13. Kathryn Bonney & Cory Breaux & Emin Dinlersoz & Lucia Foster & John Haltiwanger & Aditya Pande, 2026. "The Microstructure of AI Diffusion: Evidence From Firms, Business Functions, and Worker Tasks," Working Papers 26-25, Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau.
    14. Lorenzo Bencivelli & Sara Formai & Elena Mattevi & Tullia Padellini, 2025. "Embracing the digital transition: the adoption of cloud computing and AI by Italian firms," Questioni di Economia e Finanza (Occasional Papers) 946, Bank of Italy, Economic Research and International Relations Area.
    15. Lu Fang & Zhe Yuan & Kaifu Zhang & Dante Donati & Miklos Sarvary, 2025. "Generative AI and Sales Productivity: Field Experiments in Online Retail," Papers 2510.12049, arXiv.org, revised Jun 2026.
    16. Bonney, Kathryn & Breaux, Cory & Buffington, Catherine & Dinlersoz, Emin & Foster, Lucia & Goldschlag, Nathan & Haltiwanger, John & Kroff, Zachary & Savage, Keith, 2024. "The impact of AI on the workforce: Tasks versus jobs?," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 244(C).
    17. Benjamin Lahey & Benjamin Hyman & Karen Ni & Laura Pilossoph, 2025. "How Retrainable Are AI-Exposed Workers?," Staff Reports 1165, Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
    18. Eleanor Wiske Dillon & Sonia Jaffe & Nicole Immorlica & Christopher T. Stanton, 2025. "Shifting Work Patterns with Generative AI," Papers 2504.11436, arXiv.org, revised Nov 2025.
    19. Thomas Licht & Klaus Wohlrabe, 2024. "AI Adoption Among German Firms," CESifo Working Paper Series 11459, CESifo.
    20. Jacob Dominski & Christopher Hoy & Cassandra Merritt & Yong Suk Lee, 2026. "Managers as gatekeepers in the age of AI," IFS Working Papers W26/23, Institute for Fiscal Studies.
    21. Iñaki Aldasoro & Leonardo Gambacorta & Rozalia Pal & Debora Revoltella & Christoph Weiss & Marcin Wolski, 2026. "AI adoption, productivity and employment: evidence from European firms," BIS Working Papers 1325, Bank for International Settlements.
    22. Leland D. Crane & Paul E. Soto, 2026. "AI and Coder Employment: Compiling the Evidence," Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2026-018, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
    23. Fabian Kosse & Tim Leffler & Arna Woemmel, 2024. "Digital Skills: Social Disparities and the Impact of Early Mentoring," CESifo Working Paper Series 11570, CESifo.
    24. Jaccoud, Florencia, 2025. "Robots & AI Exposure and Wage Inequality," MERIT Working Papers 2025-013, United Nations University - Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT).
    25. Matilde Mas & Francisco Pérez & Dirk Pilat, 2025. "Productivity, technology and intangible assets," SERIEs: Journal of the Spanish Economic Association, Springer;Spanish Economic Association, vol. 16(2), pages 321-360, June.

  3. Kristina McElheran & J. Frank Li & Erik Brynjolfsson & Zachary Krof & Emin Dinlersoz & Lucia Foster & Nikolas Zolas, 2023. "AI Adoption in America: Who, What, and Where," Working Papers 23-48, Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau.

    Cited by:

    1. Luca Fontanelli & Mattia Guerini & Raffaele Miniaci & Angelo Secchi, 2025. "Predictive AI and productivity growth dynamics: evidence from French firms," LEM Papers Series 2025/12, Laboratory of Economics and Management (LEM), Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy.
    2. Michael Blank & Gregor Schubert & Miao Ben Zhang, 2026. "The Household Impact of Generative AI: Evidence from Internet Browsing Behavior," Papers 2603.03144, arXiv.org.
    3. Jérôme Hambye-Verbrugghen & Stefano Bianchini & Paul E Brockway & Emmanuel Aramendia & Matthew K Heun & Zeke Marshall, 2025. "From twin transition to twice the burden? Digitalisation, energy demand, and economic growth," Post-Print hal-05460038, HAL.
    4. Fabian Kosse & Tim Leffler & Arna Woemmel, 2025. "Digital Skills: Social Disparities and the Impact of Early Mentoring," SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research 1222, DIW Berlin, The German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP).
    5. Shore, Adam & Tiwari, Manisha & Tandon, Priyanka & Foropon, Cyril, 2024. "Building entrepreneurial resilience during crisis using generative AI: An empirical study on SMEs," Technovation, Elsevier, vol. 135(C).
    6. Charles Hoffreumon & Chris CM Forman & Nicolas van Zeebroeck, 2024. "Make or buy your artificial intelligence? Complementarities in technology sourcing," ULB Institutional Repository 2013/369623, ULB -- Universite Libre de Bruxelles.
    7. Bick, Alexander & Blandin, Adam & Deming, David & Fuchs-Schündeln, Nicola & Jessen, Jonas, 2026. "Mind the Gap: AI Adoption in Europe and the US," IZA Discussion Papers 18521, IZA Network @ LISER.
    8. Kroeger Thilo & Schaffranka Claudia & Schnitzer Monika, 2025. "Strukturwandel in den Regionen: Was sich ändert und wie die Politik reagieren sollte," Wirtschaftsdienst, Sciendo, vol. 105(8), pages 546-553.
    9. Venkat Ram Reddy Ganuthula, 2025. "AI-enabled individual entrepreneurship theory: redefining scale, capability, and sustainability in the digital age," Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Springer, vol. 14(1), pages 1-21, December.
    10. Jeffery Piao & K. Philip Wang & Diana L. Weng, 2025. "U.S. Banks’ Artificial Intelligence and Small Business Lending: Evidence from the Census Bureau’s Annual Business Survey," Working Papers 25-07, Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau.
    11. Brey, Björn & van der Marel, Erik, 2024. "The role of human-capital in artificial intelligence adoption," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 244(C).
    12. Mane, Klint & Park, Geunyong & Shen, Ande, 2025. "High-tech clusters, labor demand, and inequality: Evidence from “Made in China 2025”," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 115(C).
    13. Pulito, Giuseppe & Pytlikova, Mariola & Schroede, Sarah & Lodefalk, Magnus, 2026. "Who Adopts AI? Evidence on Firms, Technologies and Worker," Working Papers 2026:3, Örebro University, School of Business.
    14. Etheridge, Ben & Bharier, David & Morais, Paulo, 2026. "AI adoption and workforce change in SMEs," ISER Working Paper Series 2026-01, Institute for Social and Economic Research.
    15. Felipe A. Csaszar & Harsh Ketkar & Hyunjin Kim, 2024. "Artificial Intelligence and Strategic Decision-Making: Evidence from Entrepreneurs and Investors," Strategy Science, INFORMS, vol. 9(4), pages 322-345, December.
    16. Gillian K. Hadfield & Andrew Koh, 2025. "An Economy of AI Agents," Papers 2509.01063, arXiv.org.
    17. Yusuke Aoki & Joon Suk Park & Yuya Takada & Koji Takahashi, 2025. "Expecting Job Replacement by GenAI: Effects on Workers' Economic Outlook and Behavior," IMES Discussion Paper Series 25-E-04, Institute for Monetary and Economic Studies, Bank of Japan.
    18. Lee, Seungil & Park, Jungsoo, 2026. "Impact of digital transformation technology adoption on worker wages," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 55(2).
    19. Pastor-Merino, Ana & Martínez-Barbero, Xavier & Vicente, María R. & Domenech, Josep, 2026. "Does AI boost firm productivity? A web scraping and LLMs approach," Telecommunications Policy, Elsevier, vol. 50(2).
    20. Hambye-Verbrugghen, Jérôme & Bianchini, Stefano & Brockway, Paul E. & Aramendia, Emmanuel & Heun, Matthew K. & Marshall, Zeke, 2026. "From twin transition to twice the burden? Digitalisation, energy demand, and economic growth," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 239(C).
    21. Adams, Jonathan J. & Fang, Min & Liu, Zheng & Wang, Yajie, 2026. "The rise of AI pricing: Trends, driving forces, and implications for firm performance," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 157(C).
    22. Chun, Hyunbae & Shin, Donghan, 2025. "Beyond automation: The multifaceted impact of advanced digital technologies on employment dynamics," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 54(10).
    23. Ângela Filipa Oliveira Gonçalves & Shafik Faruc Norali & Clemens Bechter, 2025. "AI-Powered Buy-Now-Pay-Later Smart Contracts in Healthcare," FinTech, MDPI, vol. 4(2), pages 1-18, June.
    24. Matthias Mertens & Adam Kuzee & Brittany S. Harris & Harry Lyu & Wensu Li & Jonathan Rosenfeld & Meiri Anto & Martin Fleming & Neil Thompson, 2026. "Crashing Waves vs. Rising Tides: Preliminary Findings on AI Automation from Thousands of Worker Evaluations of Labor Market Tasks," Papers 2604.01363, arXiv.org.
    25. Flavio Calvino & Luca Fontanelli, 2026. "Decoding AI: an early look at how French firms use AI," Eurasian Business Review, Springer;Eurasia Business and Economics Society, vol. 16(1), pages 51-93, March.
    26. Liu, Yan & Wang, He, 2026. "Who on earth is using Generative AI?," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 199(C).
    27. Hunt, Jennifer & Cockburn, Iain & Bessen, James, 2024. "Is distance from innovation a barrier to the adoption of artificial intelligence," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 126840, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    28. Hennessy, David A., 2025. "Information as a catalyst for industrialization," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 230(C).
    29. Emin Dinlersoz & Can Dogan & Nikolas Zolas, 2024. "Starting Up AI," Working Papers 24-09, Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau.
    30. Koehler, Maximilian & Sauermann, Henry, 2024. "Algorithmic management in scientific research," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 53(4).
    31. Klügl, Franziska & Nordås, Hildegunn Kyvik, 2025. "Cross-border data flows and AI adoption: Agent-based model simulations," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 676-688.
    32. Fang, Yuzhu & Lee, Chi-Chuan & Li, Xinghao, 2025. "Assessing the impact of artificial intelligence on the transition to renewable energy? Analysis of U.S. states under policy uncertainty," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 246(C).
    33. Kathryn Bonney & Cory Breaux & Emin Dinlersoz & Lucia Foster & John Haltiwanger & Aditya Pande, 2026. "The Microstructure of AI Diffusion: Evidence From Firms, Business Functions, and Worker Tasks," Working Papers 26-25, Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau.
    34. Simone Vannuccini, 2025. "Move Fast and Integrate Things: The Making of a European Industrial Policy for Artificial Intelligence," GREDEG Working Papers 2025-21, Groupe de REcherche en Droit, Economie, Gestion (GREDEG CNRS), Université Côte d'Azur, France.
    35. Andrea Borsato & Patrick Llerena, 2026. "The US university-industry link in the R&D of AI: Back to the origins?," Journal of Evolutionary Economics, Springer, vol. 36(1), pages 1-39, April.
    36. Haiqiang Chen & Li Chen & Difang Huang & Yuexin Li & Zhengjun Zhang, 2026. "General-Purpose Technology and Speculative Bubble Detection," Papers 2604.25826, arXiv.org, revised May 2026.
    37. Luca Fontanelli & Flavio Calvino & Chiara Criscuolo & Lionel Nesta & Elena Verdolini, 2024. "The role of human capital for AI adoption: Evidence from French firms," Post-Print hal-05029748, HAL.
    38. Fontanelli, Luca & Calvino, Flavio & Criscuolo, Chiara & Nesta, Lionel & Verdolini, Elena, 2025. "Human after all: Occupations at the core of AI adoption," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 95(C).
    39. Vicente, María Rosalía & Álvarez-Rodríguez, Carla & Suárez-Álvarez, Ana, 2025. "An old familiar song? Assessing the artificial intelligence divide among the regions of the European Union and its connections with digital divides," Telecommunications Policy, Elsevier, vol. 49(8).
    40. Nicholas H. Tenev, 2025. "Coordinated Shirking in Technology Adoption," Papers 2503.17613, arXiv.org, revised May 2025.
    41. Hanna Halaburda & Jeffrey Prince & D. Daniel Sokol & Feng Zhu, 2024. "The business revolution: Economy‐wide impacts of artificial intelligence and digital platforms," Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(2), pages 269-275, March.
    42. Bonney, Kathryn & Breaux, Cory & Buffington, Catherine & Dinlersoz, Emin & Foster, Lucia & Goldschlag, Nathan & Haltiwanger, John & Kroff, Zachary & Savage, Keith, 2024. "The impact of AI on the workforce: Tasks versus jobs?," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 244(C).
    43. Bijnens, Gert & Konings, Jozef & Putseys, Aaron, 2025. "Unveiling the J-curve: How Intangibles Drive Productivity Mismeasurement," EconStor Preprints 335205, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics.
    44. Jacques Bughin, 2024. "Doing versus Saying: Responsible AI among Large Firms," Working Papers TIMES² 2024-077, ULB -- Universite Libre de Bruxelles.
    45. Andres, Raphaela & Niebel, Thomas & Sack, Robin, 2025. "Big data and firm-level productivity – A cross-country comparison," Information Economics and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
    46. Flavio Calvino & Luca Fontanelli, 2025. "Decoding AI: Nine facts about how firms use artificial intelligence in France," LEM Papers Series 2025/13, Laboratory of Economics and Management (LEM), Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy.
    47. Bertschek, Irene & Erdsiek, Daniel & Niebel, Thomas & Sack, Robin & Zimmermann, Volker, 2026. "Unleashing productivity growth in the age of digitalisation: Evidence from German SMEs," ZEW Discussion Papers 26-016, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research.
    48. Bart van Ark & Klaas de Vries & Abdul Erumban, 2024. "Are Intangibles Running out of Steam?," International Productivity Monitor, Centre for the Study of Living Standards, vol. 46, pages 38-59, Spring.
    49. Bianchini, Stefano & Müller, Moritz & Pelletier, Pierre, 2025. "Drivers and barriers of AI adoption and use in scientific research," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 220(C).
    50. Venkat Ram Reddy Ganuthula, 2025. "The Solo Revolution: A Theory of AI-Enabled Individual Entrepreneurship," Papers 2502.00009, arXiv.org.
    51. Fabian Kosse & Tim Leffler & Arna Woemmel, 2024. "Digital Skills: Social Disparities and the Impact of Early Mentoring," CESifo Working Paper Series 11570, CESifo.
    52. Prashant Garg & Tommaso Crosta & Jasmin Baier, 2026. "Global Automation Atlas," Papers 2605.17086, arXiv.org.
    53. Flavio Calvino & Luca Fontanelli, 2024. "AI Users Are Not All Alike: The Characteristics of French Firms Buying and Developing AI," CESifo Working Paper Series 11466, CESifo.

  4. Daron Acemoglu & Gary Anderson & David Beede & Catherine Buffington & Eric Childress & Emin Dinlersoz & Lucia Foster & Nathan Goldschlag & John Haltiwanger & Zachary Kroff & Pascual Restrepo & Nikolas, 2022. "Automation and the Workforce: A Firm-Level View from the 2019 Annual Business Survey," Working Papers 22-12, Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau.

    Cited by:

    1. Vu, Lien Phuong Thi & Mai, Anh Ngoc & Nguyen, Thai Hoang & Nguyen, Tuan Hoang & Nguyen, Thuy Thanh & Bui, Quyen To, 2025. "Do narrative-related disclosures in annual reports influence corporate risk-taking? Insights from an emerging economy," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 103(C).
    2. Andrés César, 2025. "The Future of Work(ers) in the Age of Technological Revolution," CEDLAS, Working Papers 0344, CEDLAS, Universidad Nacional de La Plata.
    3. Mann, Katja & Pozzoli, Dario, 2022. "Automation and Low-Skill Labor," IZA Discussion Papers 15791, IZA Network @ LISER.
    4. Firooz, Hamid & Liu, Zheng & Wang, Yajie, 2025. "Automation and the rise of superstar firms," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 151(C).
    5. Heluo, Yuxi & Fabel, Oliver, 2024. "Job computerization, occupational employment and wages: A comparative study of the United States, Germany, and Japan," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 209(C).
    6. Zhou, Yuwen & Shi, Xin, 2025. "How does digital technology adoption affect corporate employment? Evidence from China," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 147(C).
    7. Mann, Katja & Pozzoli, Dario, 2024. "Robots and immigration," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 227(C).
    8. Adams, Jonathan J. & Fang, Min & Liu, Zheng & Wang, Yajie, 2026. "The rise of AI pricing: Trends, driving forces, and implications for firm performance," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 157(C).
    9. Deng, Liuchun & Müller, Steffen & Plümpe, Verena & Stegmaier, Jens, 2024. "Robots, occupations, and worker age: A production-unit analysis of employment," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 170(C).
    10. Bisio, Laura & Cuzzola, Angelo & Grazzi, Marco & Moschella, Daniele, 2025. "The dynamics of automation adoption: Firm-level heterogeneity and aggregate employment effects," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 173(C).
    11. Agustí Segarra-Blasco & Josep Tomàs-Porres & Mercedes Teruel, 2025. "AI, robots and innovation in European SMEs," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 65(1), pages 719-745, June.
    12. Jabłońska, Julia & Mućk, Jakub, 2025. "Appetite for Destruction. A firm-level portrait of automation in Poland," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 391-402.
    13. Comin, Diego A. & Cirera, Xavier & Cruz, Marcio, 2025. "Technology Sophistication across Establishments," Policy Research Working Paper Series 11051, The World Bank.
    14. Erik Brynjolfsson & Catherine Buffington & Nathan Goldschlag & J. Frank Li & Javier Miranda & Robert Seamans, 2023. "The Characteristics and Geographic Distribution of Robot Hubs in U.S. Manufacturing Establishments," Working Papers 23-14, Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau.
    15. Fontanelli, Luca & Calvino, Flavio & Criscuolo, Chiara & Nesta, Lionel & Verdolini, Elena, 2025. "Human after all: Occupations at the core of AI adoption," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 95(C).
    16. Firooz, Hamid & Leduc, Sylvain & Liu, Zheng, 2025. "Reshoring, automation, and labor markets under trade uncertainty," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 156(C).
    17. David R. Agrawal & William F. Fox, 2026. "The Smarter State? Artificial Intelligence and Modern State and Local Public Finance," CESifo Working Paper Series 12716, CESifo.
    18. Domenico Delli Gatti & Roberta Terranova & Enrico Maria Turco, 2024. "Industrial Policy in Times of Market Power," CESifo Working Paper Series 11544, CESifo.
    19. Bonney, Kathryn & Breaux, Cory & Buffington, Catherine & Dinlersoz, Emin & Foster, Lucia & Goldschlag, Nathan & Haltiwanger, John & Kroff, Zachary & Savage, Keith, 2024. "The impact of AI on the workforce: Tasks versus jobs?," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 244(C).
    20. Masayuki MORIKAWA, 2024. "Use of Artificial Intelligence and Productivity: Evidence from firm and worker surveys," Discussion papers 24074, Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI).
    21. Deepika Baskar Prabhakar & Hamid Firooz & Sylvain Leduc & Zheng Liu, 2025. "Will Trade Uncertainty Boost Automation?," FRBSF Economic Letter, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, vol. 2025(20), pages 1-6, September.
    22. Rademakers Emilie & Zierahn-Weilage Ulrich, 2024. "New Technologies: End of Work or Structural Change?," The Economists' Voice, De Gruyter, vol. 21(2), pages 335-344.
    23. Fontanelli, Luca & Guerini, Mattia & Miniaci, Raffaele & Secchi, Angelo, 2025. "Predictive AI and productivity growth dynamics: Evidence from French firms," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 240(C).
    24. Ince, Barıs & Iskenderoglu, Cansu, 2025. "Automation cost flexibility and firm value," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 94(C).
    25. Flavio Calvino & Luca Fontanelli, 2024. "AI Users Are Not All Alike: The Characteristics of French Firms Buying and Developing AI," CESifo Working Paper Series 11466, CESifo.

  5. Christopher Goetz & Zachary Kroff, 2021. "Recent Improvements to the Integrated Longitudinal Business Database (ILBD)," CES Technical Notes Series 21-02, Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau.

    Cited by:

    1. Fariha Kamal & Jessica McCloskey & Wei Ouyang, 2022. "Multinational Firms in the U.S. Economy: Insights from Newly Integrated Microdata," Working Papers 22-39, Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau.
    2. Benjamin Collier & Sabrina T. Howell & Lea Rendell, 2024. "After the Storm: How Emergency Liquidity Helps Small Businesses Following Natural Disasters," Working Papers 24-20, Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau.
    3. Christopher Goetz & Henry Hyatt & Zachary Kroff & Kristin Sandusky & Martha Stinson, 2026. "Business Owners and the Self-Employed: Thirty-Three Million (and Counting!)," NBER Chapters, in: The Changing Nature of Work, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    4. Adela Luque & Vitaliy Novik, 2024. "Garage Entrepreneurs or just Self-Employed? An Investigation into Nonemployer Entrepreneurship," Working Papers 24-61, Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau.
    5. Christopher Goetz & Henry Hyatt & Zachary Kroff & Kristin Sandusky & Martha Stinson, 2025. "Business Owners and the Self-Employed: 33 Million (and Counting!)," Working Papers 25-60, Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau.
    6. Wei Yang Tham & Joseph Staudt & Elisabeth Ruth Perlman & Stephanie D. Cheng, 2024. "Scientific Talent Leaks Out of Funding Gaps," Working Papers 24-08, Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau.

  6. Nikolas Zolas & Zachary Kroff & Erik Brynjolfsson & Kristina McElheran & David Beede & Catherine Buffington & Nathan Goldschlag & Lucia Foster & Emin Dinlersoz, 2020. "Advanced Technologies Adoption and Use by U.S. Firms: Evidence from the Annual Business Survey," Working Papers 20-40, Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau.

    Cited by:

    1. Martin Fleming, 2023. "Enterprise Information and Communications Technology – Software Pricing and Developer Productivity Measurement," Working Papers 037, The Productivity Institute.
    2. Arntz, Melanie & Böhm, Michael & Graetz, Georg & Gregory, Terry & Lehmer, Florian & Lipowski, Cäcilia, 2024. "Firm-level technology adoption in times of crisis," ZEW Discussion Papers 24-057, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research.
    3. Hamid Firooz & Zheng Liu & Yajie Wang, 2024. "Automation and the Rise of Superstar Firms," Working Paper Series 2022-05, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.
    4. Kikuchi, Tatsuru, 2025. "AI Investment and Firm Productivity: How Executive Demographics Drive Technology Adoption and Performance in Japanese Enterprises," MPRA Paper 126734, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    5. Duso, Tomaso & Schiersch, Alexander, 2025. "Let's switch to the cloud: Cloud usage and its effect on labor productivity," Information Economics and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 70(C).
    6. Charles Hoffreumon & Chris CM Forman & Nicolas van Zeebroeck, 2024. "Make or buy your artificial intelligence? Complementarities in technology sourcing," ULB Institutional Repository 2013/369623, ULB -- Universite Libre de Bruxelles.
    7. Arntz, Melanie & Genz, Sabrina & Gregory, Terry & Lehmer, Florian & Zierahn-Weilage, Ulrich, 2024. "De-Routinization in the Fourth Industrial Revolution - Firm-Level Evidence," IZA Discussion Papers 16740, IZA Network @ LISER.
    8. Natália Barbosa, 2026. "Unlocking Export Gains: The Role of AI and AI-Related Technologies," EconPol Forum, CESifo, vol. 27(02), pages 08-14, April.
    9. Naudé, Wim & Bray, Amy & Lee, Celina, 2021. "Crowdsourcing Artificial Intelligence in Africa: Findings from a Machine Learning Contest," IZA Discussion Papers 14545, IZA Network @ LISER.
    10. Heluo, Yuxi & Fabel, Oliver, 2024. "Job computerization, occupational employment and wages: A comparative study of the United States, Germany, and Japan," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 209(C).
    11. Wang Jin & Kristina McElheran, 2025. "Economies Before Scale: I.T. Strategy and Performance Dynamics of Young U.S. Businesses," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 71(9), pages 7449-7473, September.
    12. Erik Brynjolfsson & Wang Jin & Kristina McElheran, 2021. "The power of prediction: predictive analytics, workplace complements, and business performance," Business Economics, Palgrave Macmillan;National Association for Business Economics, vol. 56(4), pages 217-239, October.
    13. Ma, Wenting & Ouimet, Paige & Simintzi, Elena, 2025. "Mergers and acquisitions, technological change, and inequality," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 172(C).
    14. Gathmann, Christina & Kagerl, Christian & Pohlan, Laura & Roth, Duncan H.W., 2023. "The Pandemic Push: Digital Technologies and Workforce Adjustments," IZA Discussion Papers 16062, IZA Network @ LISER.
    15. G. Jacob Blackwood & Cindy Cunningham & Matthew Dey & Lucia Foster & Cheryl Grim & John Haltiwanger & Rachel Nesbit & Sabrina Wulff Pabilonia & Jay Stewart & Cody Tuttle & Zoltan Wolf, 2023. "Opening the Black Box: Task and Skill Mix and Productivity Dispersion," NBER Chapters, in: Technology, Productivity, and Economic Growth, pages 323-360, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    16. Emin Dinlersoz & Can Dogan & Nikolas Zolas, 2024. "Starting Up AI," Working Papers 24-09, Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau.
    17. Alguacil, Maite & Lo Turco, Alessia & Martínez-Zarzoso, Inmaculada, 2022. "Robot adoption and export performance: Firm-level evidence from Spain," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 114(C).
    18. Angélica Pigola & Bruno Fischer & Gustavo Hermínio Salati Marcondes de Moraes, 2024. "Impacts of Digital Entrepreneurial Ecosystems on Sustainable Development: Insights from Latin America," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(18), pages 1-30, September.
    19. Belloc, Filippo & Burdin, Gabriel & Cattani, Luca & Ellis, William & Landini, Fabio, 2021. "Coevolution of Job Automation Risk and Workplace Governance," IZA Discussion Papers 14788, IZA Network @ LISER.
    20. Ruyu Chen & Natarajan Balasubramanian & Chris Forman, 2024. "How does worker mobility affect business adoption of a new technology? The case of machine learning," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 45(8), pages 1510-1538, August.
    21. Kristina McElheran & J. Frank Li & Erik Brynjolfsson & Zachary Krof & Emin Dinlersoz & Lucia Foster & Nikolas Zolas, 2023. "AI Adoption in America: Who, What, and Where," Working Papers 23-48, Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau.
    22. Haefner, Naomi & Parida, Vinit & Gassmann, Oliver & Wincent, Joakim, 2023. "Implementing and scaling artificial intelligence: A review, framework, and research agenda," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 197(C).
    23. Fontanelli, Luca & Calvino, Flavio & Criscuolo, Chiara & Nesta, Lionel & Verdolini, Elena, 2025. "Human after all: Occupations at the core of AI adoption," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 95(C).
    24. Tatsuru Kikuchi, 2025. "AI Investment and Firm Productivity: How Executive Demographics Drive Technology Adoption and Performance in Japanese Enterprises," Papers 2508.03757, arXiv.org.
    25. Marioni, Larissa da Silva & Rincon-Aznar, Ana & Venturini, Francesco, 2024. "Productivity performance, distance to frontier and AI innovation: Firm-level evidence from Europe," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 228(C).
    26. Zoran Aralica & Bruno Skrinjaric, 2021. "Adoption of digital and ICT technologies and firms’ productivity," Working Papers 2102, The Institute of Economics, Zagreb.
    27. Lorenzo Bencivelli & Sara Formai & Elena Mattevi & Tullia Padellini, 2025. "Embracing the digital transition: the adoption of cloud computing and AI by Italian firms," Questioni di Economia e Finanza (Occasional Papers) 946, Bank of Italy, Economic Research and International Relations Area.
    28. Barth, Erling & Davis, James C. & Freeman, Richard B. & McElheran, Kristina, 2023. "Twisting the demand curve: Digitalization and the older workforce," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 233(2), pages 443-467.
    29. Calza, Elisa & Lavopa, Alejandro & Ligia Zagato, 2022. "Advanced digital technologies and industrial resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic: A firm-level perspective," MERIT Working Papers 2022-008, United Nations University - Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT).
    30. Andres, Raphaela & Niebel, Thomas & Viete, Steffen, 2024. "Do capital incentive policies support today’s digitization needs?," Telecommunications Policy, Elsevier, vol. 48(1).
    31. Belloc, Filippo & Burdin, Gabriel & Landini, Fabio, 2022. "Robots, Digitalization, and Worker Voice," GLO Discussion Paper Series 1038, Global Labor Organization (GLO).
    32. Masayuki MORIKAWA, 2024. "Use of Artificial Intelligence and Productivity: Evidence from firm and worker surveys," Discussion papers 24074, Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI).
    33. Rademakers Emilie & Zierahn-Weilage Ulrich, 2024. "New Technologies: End of Work or Structural Change?," The Economists' Voice, De Gruyter, vol. 21(2), pages 335-344.
    34. Fontanelli, Luca & Guerini, Mattia & Miniaci, Raffaele & Secchi, Angelo, 2025. "Predictive AI and productivity growth dynamics: Evidence from French firms," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 240(C).
    35. Han, Luyi & Wojan, Timothy R. & Goetz, Stephan J., 2023. "Experimenting in the cloud: The digital divide's impact on innovation," Telecommunications Policy, Elsevier, vol. 47(7).
    36. Filippo Belloc & Gabriel Burdin & Fabio Landini, 2023. "Advanced Technologies and Worker Voice," Economica, London School of Economics and Political Science, vol. 90(357), pages 1-38, January.
    37. Cassandra Estep & Emily E. Griffith & Nikki L. MacKenzie, 2024. "How do financial executives respond to the use of artificial intelligence in financial reporting and auditing?," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 29(3), pages 2798-2831, September.
    38. Danilov, Anastasia & Chugunova, Marina, 2022. "Use of digital technologies for HR management in Germany: Survey evidence," MPRA Paper 111530, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    39. Inha Oh & Jungho Kim, 2023. "Frontiers and laggards: Which firms benefit from adopting advanced digital technologies?," Managerial and Decision Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 44(2), pages 753-766, March.
    40. João Amador & Cátia Silva, 2023. "A view on ICT and digitalization in Portuguese firms," Economic Bulletin and Financial Stability Report Articles and Banco de Portugal Economic Studies, Banco de Portugal, Economics and Research Department.

  7. vom Lehn, Christian & Ellsworth, Cache & Kroff, Zachary, 2020. "Reconciling Occupational Mobility in the Current Population Survey," IZA Discussion Papers 13509, IZA Network @ LISER.

    Cited by:

    1. Davide Alonzo & Giovanni Gallipoli, 2023. "The Changing Value of Employment and Its Implications," Working Papers 2023-009, Human Capital and Economic Opportunity Working Group.
    2. Joseph Price & Christian vom Lehn & Riley Wilson, 2020. "The Winners and Losers of Immigration: Evidence from Linked Historical Data," NBER Working Papers 27156, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    3. Maximiliano Dvorkin, 2021. "International trade and labor reallocation: misclassification errors, mobility, and switching costs," Working Papers 2021-014, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, revised Jun 2024.
    4. Hang Kim & Martin Rotemberg & T. Kirk White, 2025. "Manufacturing Dispersion: How Data Cleaning Choices Affect Measured Misallocation and Productivity Growth in the Annual Survey of Manufactures," Working Papers 25-67, Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau.
    5. Robert Bernhardt & David Munro & Erin L. Wolcott, 2024. "How does the dramatic rise of nonresponse in the Current Population Survey impact labor market indicators?," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 39(3), pages 498-512, April.
    6. Adermon, Adrian & Ek, Simon & Graetz, Georg & Yakymovych, Yaroslav, 2026. "Understanding occupational wage growth," Working Paper Series 2026:12, IFAU - Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy.

Articles

  1. Kristina McElheran & J. Frank Li & Erik Brynjolfsson & Zachary Kroff & Emin Dinlersoz & Lucia Foster & Nikolas Zolas, 2024. "AI adoption in America: Who, what, and where," Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(2), pages 375-415, March.
    See citations under working paper version above.
  2. Bonney, Kathryn & Breaux, Cory & Buffington, Catherine & Dinlersoz, Emin & Foster, Lucia & Goldschlag, Nathan & Haltiwanger, John & Kroff, Zachary & Savage, Keith, 2024. "The impact of AI on the workforce: Tasks versus jobs?," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 244(C).

    Cited by:

    1. Wang, Daoping & Liang, Yaxi & Shen, Xinyan, 2025. "Can artificial intelligence assist banks in improving city entrepreneurship?," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).
    2. Peeyush Agarwal & Harsh Agarwal & Akshat Rana, 2025. "What Work is AI Actually Doing? Uncovering the Drivers of Generative AI Adoption," Papers 2510.23669, arXiv.org, revised Oct 2025.
    3. Garcia-Lazaro, Aida & Mendez-Astudillo, Jorge & Lattanzio, Susan & Larkin, Charles & Newnes, Linda, 2025. "The digital skill premium: Evidence from job vacancy data," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 250(C).

  3. Daron Acemoglu & Gary Anderson & David Beede & Catherine Buffington & Eric Childress & Emin Dinlersoz & Lucia Foster & Nathan Goldschlag & John Haltiwanger & Zachary Kroff & Pascual Restrepo & Nikolas, 2023. "Advanced Technology Adoption: Selection or Causal Effects?," AEA Papers and Proceedings, American Economic Association, vol. 113, pages 210-214, May.

    Cited by:

    1. Melanie Arntz & Michael Böhm & Georg Graetz & Terry Gregory & Florian Lehmer & Cäcilia Lipowski & Cäcilia vom Baur, 2025. "Firm-Level Technology Adoption in Times of Crisis," CESifo Working Paper Series 11825, CESifo.
    2. Tiziano Ropele & Alex Tagliabracci, 2026. "The economic impact of artificial intelligence: evidence from Italian firms," Questioni di Economia e Finanza (Occasional Papers) 1005, Bank of Italy, Economic Research and International Relations Area.
    3. Jurkat, Anne & Klump, Rainer & Schneider, Florian, 2025. "Robots and wages: A meta-analysis," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 541-567.
    4. Kathryn Bonney & Cory Breaux & Catherine Buffington & Emin Dinlersoz & Lucia Foster & Nathan Goldschlag & John Haltiwanger & Zachary Kroff & Keith Savage, 2024. "Tracking Firm Use of AI in Real Time: A Snapshot from the Business Trends and Outlook Survey," Working Papers 24-16, Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau.
    5. Nguyen, Thao Trang & Domini, Giacomo & Grazzi, Marco & Moschella, D. & Treibich, Tania, 2025. "Automation and the Margins of Export Performance: Evidence from French Firms," MERIT Working Papers 2025-028, United Nations University - Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT).
    6. Zhang, Yun & Samaniego, Roberto & Rodrigo, Rodimiro, 2025. "Robots and Inequality Between and Within Occupations," SocArXiv gtbm4_v1, Center for Open Science.
    7. Oliver Kovacs, 2023. "Industrial Policy and Development: Time for Disciplined Action," Financial and Economic Review, Magyar Nemzeti Bank (Central Bank of Hungary), vol. 22(4), pages 5-30.
    8. Jacob Dominski & Yong Suk Lee, 2025. "Advancing AI Capabilities and Evolving Labor Outcomes," Papers 2507.08244, arXiv.org.
    9. Steve Gray & Tom Kemeny & Max Nathan & Ceren Ozgen & Guido Pialli & Jon Reades & Anna Rosso & Mateo Sere & Sameera Siddiqui & Anna Valero, 2026. "GRAPH-EE: building employer - employee panels from a knowledge graph and company microdata," CEP Discussion Papers dp2156, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE.
    10. Bijnens, Gert & Konings, Jozef & Putseys, Aaron, 2025. "Unveiling the J-curve: How Intangibles Drive Productivity Mismeasurement," EconStor Preprints 335205, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics.
    11. Engberg, Erik & Koch, Michael & Lodefalk, Magnus & Schroeder, Sarah, 2025. "Artificial intelligence, tasks, skills, and wages: Worker-level evidence from Germany," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 54(8).
    12. Andres, Raphaela & Niebel, Thomas & Sack, Robin, 2025. "Big data and firm-level productivity – A cross-country comparison," Information Economics and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
    13. Jozef Konings & Aaron Putseys, 2026. "The impact of on-the-job training subsidies on firm-level outcomes: evidence from Flemish SMEs," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 66(3), pages 977-1003, March.
    14. Gmyrek, Pawel & Winkler, Hernan & Garganta, Santiago, 2024. "Buffer or Bottleneck ? Employment Exposure to Generative AI and the Digital Divide in Latin America," Policy Research Working Paper Series 10863, The World Bank.

  4. Christian vom Lehn & Cache Ellsworth & Zachary Kroff, 2022. "Reconciling Occupational Mobility in the Current Population Survey," Journal of Labor Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 40(4), pages 1005-1051.
    See citations under working paper version above.

Chapters

  1. Daron Acemoglu & Gary W. Anderson & David N. Beede & Catherine Buffington & Eric E. Childress & Emin Dinlersoz & Lucia S. Foster & Nathan Goldschlag & John Haltiwanger & Zachary Kroff & Pascual Restre, 2024. "Automation and the Workforce: A Firm-Level View from the 2019 Annual Business Survey," NBER Chapters, in: Technology, Productivity, and Economic Growth, pages 13-55, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    See citations under working paper version above.Sorry, no citations of chapters recorded.
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