IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/ces/ceswps/_11466.html

AI Users Are Not All Alike: The Characteristics of French Firms Buying and Developing AI

Author

Listed:
  • Flavio Calvino
  • Luca Fontanelli

Abstract

In this work we characterise French firms using artificial intelligence (AI) and explore the link between AI use and productivity. We distinguish AI users that source AI from external providers (AI buyers) from those developing their own AI systems (AI developers). AI buyers tend to be larger than other firms, but this relation is explained by ICT-related variables. Conversely, AI developers are larger and younger beyond ICT. Other digital technologies, digital skills and infrastructure play a key role for AI use, with AI developers leveraging more specialised ICT human capital than AI buyers. Overall, AI users tend to be more productive, however this is related to the self-selection of more productive and digital-intensive firms into AI use. This is not the case for AI developers, for which the positive link between AI use and productivity remains evident beyond selection.

Suggested Citation

  • Flavio Calvino & Luca Fontanelli, 2024. "AI Users Are Not All Alike: The Characteristics of French Firms Buying and Developing AI," CESifo Working Paper Series 11466, CESifo.
    • Handle: RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11466
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.ifo.de/DocDL/cesifo1_wp11466.pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    Other versions of this item:

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Erik Brynjolfsson & Daniel Rock & Chad Syverson, 2021. "The Productivity J-Curve: How Intangibles Complement General Purpose Technologies," American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, American Economic Association, vol. 13(1), pages 333-372, January.
    2. Raffaele Conti & Miguel Godinho de Matos & Giovanni Valentini, 2024. "Big Data Analytics, Firm Size, and Performance," Strategy Science, INFORMS, vol. 9(2), pages 135-151, June.
    3. James J. Heckman, 1976. "The Common Structure of Statistical Models of Truncation, Sample Selection and Limited Dependent Variables and a Simple Estimator for Such Models," NBER Chapters, in: Annals of Economic and Social Measurement, Volume 5, number 4, pages 475-492, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    4. Daron Acemoglu & David Autor & Jonathon Hazell & Pascual Restrepo, 2022. "Artificial Intelligence and Jobs: Evidence from Online Vacancies," Journal of Labor Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 40(S1), pages 293-340.
    5. Kristina McElheran & J. Frank Li & Erik Brynjolfsson & Zachary Kroff & Emin Dinlersoz & Lucia Foster & Nikolas Zolas, 2024. "AI adoption in America: Who, what, and where," Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(2), pages 375-415, March.
    6. Fontanelli, Luca & Guerini, Mattia & Miniaci, Raffaele & Secchi, Angelo, 2025. "Predictive AI and productivity growth dynamics: Evidence from French firms," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 240(C).
    7. Domini, Giacomo & Grazzi, Marco & Moschella, Daniele & Treibich, Tania, 2021. "Threats and opportunities in the digital era: Automation spikes and employment dynamics," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 50(7).
    8. Gilbert Cette & Sandra Nevoux & Loriane Py, 2022. "The impact of ICTs and digitalization on productivity and labor share: evidence from French firms," Economics of Innovation and New Technology, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 31(8), pages 669-692, November.
    9. Stefania Albanesi & António Dias da Silva & Juan F Jimeno & Ana Lamo & Alena Wabitsch, 2025. "New technologies and jobs in Europe," Economic Policy, CEPR, CESifo, Sciences Po;CES;MSH, vol. 40(121), pages 71-139.
    10. Fontanelli, Luca & Calvino, Flavio & Criscuolo, Chiara & Nesta, Lionel & Verdolini, Elena, 2025. "Human after all: Occupations at the core of AI adoption," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 95(C).
    11. Daron Acemoglu & Gary Anderson & David Beede & Catherine Buffington & Eric Childress & Emin Dinlersoz & Lucia Foster & Nathan Goldschlag & John Haltiwanger & Zachary Kroff & Pascual Restrepo & Nikolas, 2024. "Automation and the Workforce: A Firm-Level View from the 2019 Annual Business Survey," NBER Chapters, in: Technology, Productivity, and Economic Growth, pages 13-55, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    12. Clougherty, Joseph A. & Duso, Tomaso & Muck, Johannes, 2016. "Correcting for Self-selection Based Endogeneity in Management Research: Review, Recommendations and Simulations," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 19, pages 286-347.
    13. Joshua D. Angrist & Jörn-Steffen Pischke, 2009. "Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion," Economics Books, Princeton University Press, edition 1, number 8769, December.
    14. Erik Brynjolfsson & Danielle Li & Lindsey Raymond, 2025. "Generative AI at Work," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 140(2), pages 889-942.
    15. Charles Hoffreumon & Chris Forman & Nicolas van Zeebroeck, 2024. "Make or buy your artificial intelligence? Complementarities in technology sourcing," Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(2), pages 452-479, March.
    16. Alekseeva, Liudmila & Azar, José & Giné, Mireia & Samila, Sampsa & Taska, Bledi, 2021. "The demand for AI skills in the labor market," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
    17. Andrew A. King & Christopher L. Tucci, 2002. "Incumbent Entry into New Market Niches: The Role of Experience and Managerial Choice in the Creation of Dynamic Capabilities," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 48(2), pages 171-186, February.
    18. Daron Acemoglu & Pascual Restrepo, 2020. "Robots and Jobs: Evidence from US Labor Markets," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 128(6), pages 2188-2244.
    19. Rammer, Christian & Fernández, Gastón P. & Czarnitzki, Dirk, 2022. "Artificial intelligence and industrial innovation: Evidence from German firm-level data," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 51(7).
    20. Philippe Aghion & Céline Antonin & Simon Bunel & Xavier Jaravel, 2020. "What Are the Labor and Product Market Effects of Automation? New Evidence from France," Sciences Po Economics Publications (main) hal-03403062, HAL.
    21. Bianchini, Stefano & Müller, Moritz & Pelletier, Pierre, 2022. "Artificial intelligence in science: An emerging general method of invention," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 51(10).
    22. Kreitmeir, David & Raschky, Paul Anton, 2023. "The Unintended Consequences of Censoring Digital Technology - Evidence from Italy's ChatGPT Ban," SocArXiv v3cgs, Center for Open Science.
    23. Erik Brynjolfsson & Wang Jin & Kristina McElheran, 2021. "The power of prediction: predictive analytics, workplace complements, and business performance," Business Economics, Palgrave Macmillan;National Association for Business Economics, vol. 56(4), pages 217-239, October.
    24. Yang, Chih-Hai, 2022. "How Artificial Intelligence Technology Affects Productivity and Employment: Firm-level Evidence from Taiwan," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 51(6).
    25. Carol Corrado & Chiara Criscuolo & Jonathan Haskel & Alexander Himbert & Cecilia Jona-Lasinio, 2021. "New evidence on intangibles, diffusion and productivity," OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers 2021/10, OECD Publishing.
    26. Stefano Bianchini & Moritz Müller & Pierre Pelletier, 2022. "Artificial intelligence in science: An emerging general method of invention," Post-Print hal-03958025, HAL.
    27. Harrigan, James & Reshef, Ariell & Toubal, Farid, 2021. "The March of the Techies: Job Polarization Within and Between Firms," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 50(7).
    28. Patrick Puhani, 2000. "The Heckman Correction for Sample Selection and Its Critique," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 14(1), pages 53-68, February.
    29. Enrico Santarelli & Jacopo Staccioli & Marco Vivarelli, 2023. "Automation and related technologies: a mapping of the new knowledge base," The Journal of Technology Transfer, Springer, vol. 48(2), pages 779-813, April.
    30. Bessen, James & Impink, Stephen Michael & Reichensperger, Lydia & Seamans, Robert, 2022. "The role of data for AI startup growth," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 51(5).
    31. Nikolas Zolas & Zachary Kroff & Erik Brynjolfsson & Kristina McElheran & David Beede & Catherine Buffington & Nathan Goldschlag & Lucia Foster & Emin Dinlersoz, 2020. "Advanced Technologies Adoption and Use by U.S. Firms: Evidence from the Annual Business Survey," Working Papers 20-40, Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau.
    32. Giacomo Damioli & Vincent Van Roy & Daniel Vertesy & Marco Vivarelli, 2023. "AI technologies and employment: micro evidence from the supply side," Applied Economics Letters, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 30(6), pages 816-821, March.
    33. Dan Andrews & Chiara Criscuolo & Peter N. Gal, 2016. "The Best versus the Rest: The Global Productivity Slowdown, Divergence across Firms and the Role of Public Policy," OECD Productivity Working Papers 5, OECD Publishing.
    34. J. Myles Shaver, 1998. "Accounting for Endogeneity When Assessing Strategy Performance: Does Entry Mode Choice Affect FDI Survival?," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 44(4), pages 571-585, April.
    35. Marioni, Larissa da Silva & Rincon-Aznar, Ana & Venturini, Francesco, 2024. "Productivity performance, distance to frontier and AI innovation: Firm-level evidence from Europe," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 228(C).
    36. Giacomo Damioli & Vincent Van Roy & Daniel Vertesy, 2021. "The impact of artificial intelligence on labor productivity," Eurasian Business Review, Springer;Eurasia Business and Economics Society, vol. 11(1), pages 1-25, March.
    37. Erik Brynjolfsson & Lorin M. Hitt, 2003. "Computing Productivity: Firm-Level Evidence," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 85(4), pages 793-808, November.
    38. Jeffrey M. Wooldridge, 2015. "Control Function Methods in Applied Econometrics," Journal of Human Resources, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 50(2), pages 420-445.
    39. repec:spo:wpmain:info:hdl:2441/170cd4sul89ddpnfuomvfm0jc0 is not listed on IDEAS
    40. Simon Commander & Rupert Harrison & Naercio Menezes-Filho, 2011. "ICT and Productivity in Developing Countries: New Firm-Level Evidence from Brazil and India," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 93(2), pages 528-541, May.
    41. Flavio Calvino & Jelmer Reijerink & Lea Samek, 2025. "The effects of generative AI on productivity, innovation and entrepreneurship," OECD Artificial Intelligence Papers 39, OECD Publishing.
    42. Dario Guarascio & Jelena Reljic & Roman Stöllinger, 2023. "Artificial Intelligence and Employment: A Look into the Crystal Ball," CIMEO Working Paper Series 174, Centre for Investigation and Modelling of Experimental Observations (CIMEO).
    43. repec:spo:wpmain:info:hdl:2441/3n1gbsj6rs80ipqv9d42nfd0ge is not listed on IDEAS
    44. Iain M. Cockburn & Rebecca Henderson & Scott Stern, 2018. "The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Innovation: An Exploratory Analysis," NBER Chapters, in: The Economics of Artificial Intelligence: An Agenda, pages 115-146, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    45. Hélène Dernis & Flavio Calvino & Laurent Moussiegt & Daisuke Nawa & Lea Samek & Mariagrazia Squicciarini, 2023. "Identifying artificial intelligence actors using online data," OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers 2023/01, OECD Publishing.
    46. Igna, Ioana & Venturini, Francesco, 2023. "The determinants of AI innovation across European firms," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 52(2).
    47. Flavio Calvino & Daniel Haerle & Sarah Liu, 2025. "Is generative AI a General Purpose Technology?: Implications for productivity and policy," OECD Artificial Intelligence Papers 40, OECD Publishing.
    48. Heckman, James J, 1978. "Dummy Endogenous Variables in a Simultaneous Equation System," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 46(4), pages 931-959, July.
    49. Daron Acemoglu & Gary Anderson & David Beede & Catherine Buffington & Eric Childress & Emin Dinlersoz & Lucia Foster & Nathan Goldschlag & John Haltiwanger & Zachary Kroff & Pascual Restrepo & Nikolas, 2023. "Advanced Technology Adoption: Selection or Causal Effects?," AEA Papers and Proceedings, American Economic Association, vol. 113, pages 210-214, May.
    50. Thomas Barnebeck Andersen & Jeanet Bentzen & Carl-Johan Dalgaard & Pablo Selaya, 2012. "Lightning, IT Diffusion, and Economic Growth Across U.S. States," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 94(4), pages 903-924, November.
    51. repec:osf:socarx:v3cgs_v1 is not listed on IDEAS
    52. Mariagrazia Squicciarini & Heike Nachtigall, 2021. "Demand for AI skills in jobs: Evidence from online job postings," OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers 2021/03, OECD Publishing.
    53. James J. Heckman, 1976. "Introduction to "Annals of Economic and Social Measurement, Volume 5, number 4"," NBER Chapters, in: Annals of Economic and Social Measurement, Volume 5, number 4, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    54. Cirillo, Valeria & Fanti, Lucrezia & Mina, Andrea & Ricci, Andrea, 2023. "The adoption of digital technologies: Investment, skills, work organisation," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, vol. 66(C), pages 89-105.
    55. Babina, Tania & Fedyk, Anastassia & He, Alex & Hodson, James, 2024. "Artificial intelligence, firm growth, and product innovation," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 151(C).
    56. Laura Galindo & Karine Perset & Francesca Sheeka, 2021. "An overview of national AI strategies and policies," OECD Going Digital Toolkit Notes 14, OECD Publishing.
    57. Bisio, Laura & Cuzzola, Angelo & Grazzi, Marco & Moschella, Daniele, 2025. "The dynamics of automation adoption: Firm-level heterogeneity and aggregate employment effects," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 173(C).
    58. DeStefano, Timothy & Kneller, Richard & Timmis, Jonathan, 2018. "Broadband infrastructure, ICT use and firm performance: Evidence for UK firms," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 155(C), pages 110-139.
    59. Dosi, Giovanni & Mathew, Nanditha & Pugliese, Emanuele, 2022. "What a firm produces matters: Processes of diversification, coherence and performances of Indian manufacturing firms," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 51(8).
    60. Jose Manuel Campa & Simi Kedia, 2002. "Explaining the Diversification Discount," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 57(4), pages 1731-1762, August.
    61. Tyna Eloundou & Sam Manning & Pamela Mishkin & Daniel Rock, 2023. "GPTs are GPTs: An Early Look at the Labor Market Impact Potential of Large Language Models," Papers 2303.10130, arXiv.org, revised Aug 2023.
    62. Dahlke, Johannes & Beck, Mathias & Kinne, Jan & Lenz, David & Dehghan, Robert & Wörter, Martin & Ebersberger, Bernd, 2024. "Epidemic effects in the diffusion of emerging digital technologies: evidence from artificial intelligence adoption," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 53(2).
    63. Flavio Calvino & Lea Samek & Mariagrazia Squicciarini & Cody Morris, 2022. "Identifying and characterising AI adopters: A novel approach based on big data," OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers 2022/06, OECD Publishing.
    64. Francesca Borgonovi & Flavio Calvino & Chiara Criscuolo & Lea Samek & Helke Seitz & Julia Nania & Julia Nitschke & Layla O’Kane, 2023. "Emerging trends in AI skill demand across 14 OECD countries," OECD Artificial Intelligence Papers 2, OECD Publishing.
    65. Czarnitzki, Dirk & Fernández, Gastón P. & Rammer, Christian, 2023. "Artificial intelligence and firm-level productivity," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 211(C), pages 188-205.
    66. Tania Babina & Anastassia Fedyk & Alex X. He & James Hodson, 2023. "Firm Investments in Artificial Intelligence Technologies and Changes in Workforce Composition," NBER Working Papers 31325, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    67. Engberg, Erik & Görg, Holger & Lodefalk, Magnus & Javed, Farrukh & Längkvist, Martin & Monteiro, Natália & Kyvik Nordås, Hildegunn & Pulito, Giuseppe & Schroeder, Sarah & Tang, Aili, 2023. "AI Unboxed and Jobs: A Novel Measure and Firm-Level Evidence from Three Countries," Ratio Working Papers 370, The Ratio Institute.
    68. Iain M. Cockburn & Rebecca Henderson & Scott Stern, 2018. "The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Innovation," NBER Working Papers 24449, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    69. Wooldridge, Jeffrey M., 2009. "On estimating firm-level production functions using proxy variables to control for unobservables," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 104(3), pages 112-114, September.
    70. Tania Babina & Anastassia Fedyk & Alex He & James Hodson, 2023. "Firm Investments in Artificial Intelligence Technologies and Changes in Workforce Composition," NBER Chapters, in: Technology, Productivity, and Economic Growth, pages 75-117, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    71. Flavio Calvino & Luca Fontanelli, 2023. "A portrait of AI adopters across countries: Firm characteristics, assets’ complementarities and productivity," OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers 2023/02, OECD Publishing.
    72. Kenta IKEUCHI & Tomohiko INUI & YoungGak KIM, 2023. "AI Adoption and Productivity of Japanese Firms: Spillover and innovation effects (Japanese)," Discussion Papers (Japanese) 23034, Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI).
    73. Kristina McElheran & Mu-Jeung Yang & Zachary Kroff & Erik Brynjolfsson, 2025. "The Rise of Industrial AI in America: Microfoundations of the Productivity J-curve(s)," Working Papers 25-27, Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau.
    74. Domini, Giacomo & Grazzi, Marco & Moschella, Daniele & Treibich, Tania, 2022. "For whom the bell tolls: The firm-level effects of automation on wage and gender inequality," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 51(7).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Fontanelli, Luca & Guerini, Mattia & Miniaci, Raffaele & Secchi, Angelo, 2025. "Predictive AI and productivity growth dynamics: Evidence from French firms," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 240(C).
    2. Ferrando, Annalisa & Lamboglia, Sara & Rariga, Judit & Schmidt, Maurice, 2026. "Adoption and investment in AI across the euro area. Insights from harmonised firm-level data," Occasional Paper Series 395, European Central Bank.
    3. Andrea Bacchiocchi & Germana Giombini & Ludovica Segneri & Francesco Venturini, 2026. "Financial risk and technology shifting: Firm-level evidence from the rise of AI," Mo.Fi.R. Working Papers 199, Money and Finance Research group (Mo.Fi.R.) - Univ. Politecnica Marche - Dept. Economic and Social Sciences.
    4. Andres, Raphaela & Niebel, Thomas & Sack, Robin, 2025. "Big data and firm-level productivity – A cross-country comparison," Information Economics and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
    5. Dumont, Michel & Rayp, Glenn, 2025. "Belgian start-ups in Artificial Intelligence," MPRA Paper 126994, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    6. Flavio Calvino & Luca Fontanelli, 2025. "Decoding AI: Nine facts about how firms use artificial intelligence in France," LEM Papers Series 2025/13, Laboratory of Economics and Management (LEM), Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy.
    7. Fontanelli, Luca & Calvino, Flavio & Criscuolo, Chiara & Nesta, Lionel & Verdolini, Elena, 2025. "Human after all: Occupations at the core of AI adoption," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 95(C).
    8. C. Castaldi & F. Castellacci & A. Fronzetti Colladon & L. Segneri & F. Venturini, 2026. "Measuring AI innovation with trademark data," Papers 2607.18795, arXiv.org.
    9. Flavio Calvino & Luca Fontanelli, 2026. "Decoding AI: an early look at how French firms use AI," Eurasian Business Review, Springer;Eurasia Business and Economics Society, vol. 16(1), pages 51-93, March.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Flavio Calvino & Luca Fontanelli, 2026. "Decoding AI: an early look at how French firms use AI," Eurasian Business Review, Springer;Eurasia Business and Economics Society, vol. 16(1), pages 51-93, March.
    2. Flavio Calvino & Luca Fontanelli, 2023. "Artificial intelligence, complementary assets and productivity: evidence from French firms," LEM Papers Series 2023/35, Laboratory of Economics and Management (LEM), Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy.
    3. Flavio Calvino & Luca Fontanelli, 2025. "Decoding AI: Nine facts about how firms use artificial intelligence in France," LEM Papers Series 2025/13, Laboratory of Economics and Management (LEM), Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy.
    4. Fontanelli, Luca & Guerini, Mattia & Miniaci, Raffaele & Secchi, Angelo, 2025. "Predictive AI and productivity growth dynamics: Evidence from French firms," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 240(C).
    5. Fontanelli, Luca & Calvino, Flavio & Criscuolo, Chiara & Nesta, Lionel & Verdolini, Elena, 2025. "Human after all: Occupations at the core of AI adoption," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 95(C).
    6. Flavio Calvino & Chiara Criscuolo & Luca Fontanelli & Lionel Nesta & Elena Verdolini, 2024. "The role of human capital for AI adoption: Evidence from French firms," CEP Discussion Papers dp2055, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE.
    7. Bernardo Caldarola & Luca Fontanelli, 2024. "Cloud technologies, firm growth and industry concentration: Evidence from France," LEM Papers Series 2024/25, Laboratory of Economics and Management (LEM), Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy.
    8. Bernardo Caldarola & Luca Fontanelli, 2024. "Scaling up to the cloud: Cloud technology use and growth rates in small and large firms," Papers 2409.17035, arXiv.org, revised Aug 2026.
    9. Guan, Yunfang & Tian, Hao & Tang, Zhen & Tian, Ming & Li, Xiaotong, 2026. "Can artificial intelligence orientation enhance supply chain trust? evidence of corporate trade credit," Technovation, Elsevier, vol. 152(C).
    10. Andres, Raphaela & Niebel, Thomas & Sack, Robin, 2025. "Big data and firm-level productivity – A cross-country comparison," Information Economics and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
    11. Nathalie Greenan & Dario Guarascio & Jelena Reljic, 2025. "AI and the labour market: opening the black box," Eurasian Business Review, Springer;Eurasia Business and Economics Society, vol. 15(4), pages 925-951, December.
    12. Duran-Vanegas, Juan, 2026. "Early AI Adoption and Firm Productivity Growth in a Middle-Income Economy: Evidence from Colombia," SocArXiv 64nmf_v1, Center for Open Science.
    13. Jensen, Mathias Fjællegaard & Schneider, Cédric, 2026. "Digital skill adoption and employment dynamics: Evidence from matched vacancy-employer–employee data," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 55(5).
    14. Park, Gangmin & Kang, Songhee & Yi, Sangyoon & Kim, Junyoun, 2026. "Diverse impacts of AI investments on productivity gains: Effects of industry and innovation characteristics," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 224(C).
    15. gert Bijnens & Joep Konings & Aaron Putseys, 2025. "Unveiling the J-curve: How Intangibles Drive Productivity Mismeasurement," Working Papers of VIVES - Research Centre for Regional Economics 779815, KU Leuven, Faculty of Economics and Business (FEB), VIVES - Research Centre for Regional Economics.
    16. Pastor-Merino, Ana & Martínez-Barbero, Xavier & Vicente, María R. & Domenech, Josep, 2026. "Does AI boost firm productivity? A web scraping and LLMs approach," Telecommunications Policy, Elsevier, vol. 50(2).
    17. Marioni, Larissa da Silva & Rincon-Aznar, Ana & Venturini, Francesco, 2024. "Productivity performance, distance to frontier and AI innovation: Firm-level evidence from Europe," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 228(C).
    18. Standaert, Thomas & Andries, Petra, 2026. "Overcoming difficulties in knowledge transfer: Harnessing the power of AI to drive process innovation," Technovation, Elsevier, vol. 149(C).
    19. Rathi, Sawan & Majumdar, Adrija & Chatterjee, Chirantan, 2024. "Did the COVID-19 pandemic propel usage of AI in pharmaceutical innovation? New evidence from patenting data," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 198(C).
    20. Chun, Hyunbae & Shin, Donghan, 2025. "Beyond automation: The multifaceted impact of advanced digital technologies on employment dynamics," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 54(10).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    JEL classification:

    • D20 - Microeconomics - - Production and Organizations - - - General
    • J24 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity
    • O14 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Industrialization; Manufacturing and Service Industries; Choice of Technology
    • O33 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights - - - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Diffusion Processes

    NEP fields

    This paper has been announced in the following NEP Reports:

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11466. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Klaus Wohlrabe (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/cesifde.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.