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The Economics of Internal Migration: Advances and Policy Questions

Author

Listed:
  • Jia, Ning

    (Central University of Finance and Economics)

  • Molloy, Raven

    (Federal Reserve Board of Governors)

  • Smith, Christopher L.

    (Federal Reserve Board of Governors)

  • Wozniak, Abigail

    (Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis)

Abstract

We review developments in research on within-country migration, focusing on internal migration in the U.S. We begin by describing approaches to modelling individuals' migration decisions and equilibrium outcomes across local areas. Next, we summarize evidence regarding the impact of migration on individuals' outcomes, implications of migration for local labor market adjustment, and interactions between migration and housing markets. Finally, we discuss evidence on the efficacy of policies aimed at encouraging migration and conclude by highlighting important unanswered questions that are critical for informing migration-related policy.

Suggested Citation

  • Jia, Ning & Molloy, Raven & Smith, Christopher L. & Wozniak, Abigail, 2022. "The Economics of Internal Migration: Advances and Policy Questions," IZA Discussion Papers 15047, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    • Handle: RePEc:iza:izadps:dp15047
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    4. Jingyi Tian & Jun Nagayasu, 2023. "Financial Systemic Risk behind Artificial Intelligence:Evidence from China," TUPD Discussion Papers 44, Graduate School of Economics and Management, Tohoku University.
    5. de Julian, Mikel, 2025. "Economic Outcomes of the Great Migration in the U.S. South," SocArXiv 5gw9p_v1, Center for Open Science.
    6. Riphahn, Regina T. & Sauer, Irakli, 2024. "Earnings Assimilation of Post-reunification East German Migrants in West Germany," IZA Discussion Papers 17148, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    7. Bishop, Kelly C. & Kuminoff, Nicolai V. & Mathes, Sophie M. & Murphy, Alvin D., 2024. "The marginal cost of mortality risk reduction: Evidence from housing markets," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 139(C).
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    10. Paudel, Nawaraj S. & Lahiri, Sajal, 2024. "Heterogeneity in the Effect of Size on Internal Migration in the United States: A Gravity Model and PPML Estimator Approach," EconStor Preprints 300726, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics.
    11. Filipos Ruxho & Dimitrios P. Petropoulos & Dimas Angga Negoro, 2024. "Public Debt As A Determinant Of The Economic Growth In Kosovo," Sustainable Regional Development Scientific Journal, Sustainable Regional Development Scientific Journal, vol. 0(1), pages 55-67, July.
    12. Brian J. Asquith & Evan Mast, 2024. "Birth Dearth and Local Population Decline," Upjohn Working Papers 24-406, W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research.
    13. Suin Lee & Christos Pantzalis & Jung Chul Park, 2024. "Interstate migration‐based social networks and M&A decisions," The Financial Review, Eastern Finance Association, vol. 59(1), pages 113-153, February.
    14. Julia Fonseca & Lu Liu, 2024. "Mortgage Lock‐In, Mobility, and Labor Reallocation," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 79(6), pages 3729-3772, December.
    15. Agustín Indaco & Francesc Ortega, 2024. "Adapting to Climate Risk? Local Population Dynamics in the United States," Economics of Disasters and Climate Change, Springer, vol. 8(1), pages 61-106, March.
    16. Lin, Pengsheng & Pan, Yinghao & Wang, Yuan & Hu, Longhai, 2024. "Reshaping unfairness perceptions: Evidence from China's Hukou reform," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).
    17. Zikai Zhao & Bing Liang & Guoqing Shi & Wenqi Shan & Yingqi Li & Zhonggen Sun, 2025. "Factors Influencing Climate-Induced Evacuation in Coastal Cities: The Case of Shanghai," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(7), pages 1-24, March.
    18. Kihwan Bae & Edward Timmons, 2023. "Now You Can Take It with You: Effects of Occupational Credential Recognition on Labor Market Outcomes," Working Papers 23-03, Department of Economics, West Virginia University.
    19. Brummund, Peter & Makowsky, Michael D., 2024. "Monopsony and Local Religious Clubs: Evidence from Indonesia," IZA Discussion Papers 16999, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    20. Sylvain Leduc & Daniel J. Wilson, 2024. "Snow Belt to Sun Belt Migration: End of an Era?," Working Paper Series 2024, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.
    21. Vasyltsiv Taras & Mulska Olha & Osinska Oksana & Makhonyuk Oleksandr, 2022. "Social and economic development of Ukraine: Modelling the migration factor impact," Economics and Business Review, Sciendo, vol. 8(3), pages 27-58, October.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    migration policy; housing markets; labor market adjustment; internal migration; migration; migration theory;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • J61 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Mobility, Unemployment, Vacancies, and Immigrant Workers - - - Geographic Labor Mobility; Immigrant Workers
    • J68 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Mobility, Unemployment, Vacancies, and Immigrant Workers - - - Public Policy
    • J11 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Demographic Trends, Macroeconomic Effects, and Forecasts

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