IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/intfor/v41y2025i4p1559-1588.html

Disaggregating VIX

Author

Listed:
  • Degiannakis, Stavros
  • Kafousaki, Eleftheria

Abstract

The present study highlights the economic profits of markets’ participants, accumulated from the disaggregated forecasts of the stock market’s implied volatility, generated from an ensemble modelling architecture. We incorporate six decomposition techniques, namely, the EMD, the EEMD, the SSA, the HVD, the EWT and the VMD and four different model frameworks that of AR, HAR, HW and LSTM, which are tested against a trading strategy. We diverge from quantifying forecast accuracy solely on statistical loss functions and report the cumulative returns of short or long exposure on roll adjusted VIX futures. The findings show that decomposing a time series into its intrinsic modes prior to modelling and forecasting, can result in generating forecast gains that are translated into improved profits for trading horizons of 1 to 22 days ahead. Important trading implications are drawn from these results.

Suggested Citation

  • Degiannakis, Stavros & Kafousaki, Eleftheria, 2025. "Disaggregating VIX," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 41(4), pages 1559-1588.
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:intfor:v:41:y:2025:i:4:p:1559-1588
    DOI: 10.1016/j.ijforecast.2025.01.007
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016920702500007X
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.ijforecast.2025.01.007?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to look for a different version below or

    for a different version of it.

    Other versions of this item:

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Peter R. Winters, 1960. "Forecasting Sales by Exponentially Weighted Moving Averages," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 6(3), pages 324-342, April.
    2. Guo, Zhenhai & Zhao, Weigang & Lu, Haiyan & Wang, Jianzhou, 2012. "Multi-step forecasting for wind speed using a modified EMD-based artificial neural network model," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 37(1), pages 241-249.
    3. Tim Bollerslev & George Tauchen & Hao Zhou, 2009. "Expected Stock Returns and Variance Risk Premia," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 22(11), pages 4463-4492, November.
    4. Hu, Jianming & Wang, Jianzhou, 2015. "Short-term wind speed prediction using empirical wavelet transform and Gaussian process regression," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 93(P2), pages 1456-1466.
    5. Graham Elliott & Allan Timmermann, 2016. "Economic Forecasting," Economics Books, Princeton University Press, edition 1, number 10740, December.
    6. Angelidis, Timotheos & Degiannakis, Stavros, 2008. "Volatility forecasting: Intra-day versus inter-day models," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 18(5), pages 449-465, December.
    7. Degiannakis, Stavros & Filis, George, 2017. "Forecasting oil price realized volatility using information channels from other asset classes," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 28-49.
    8. Peter R. Hansen & Asger Lunde & James M. Nason, 2011. "The Model Confidence Set," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 79(2), pages 453-497, March.
    9. Ole E. Barndorff-Nielsen & Peter Reinhard Hansen & Asger Lunde & Neil Shephard, 2008. "Designing Realized Kernels to Measure the ex post Variation of Equity Prices in the Presence of Noise," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 76(6), pages 1481-1536, November.
    10. Fulvio Corsi, 2009. "A Simple Approximate Long-Memory Model of Realized Volatility," Journal of Financial Econometrics, Oxford University Press, vol. 7(2), pages 174-196, Spring.
    11. Andersen, Torben G & Bollerslev, Tim, 1998. "Answering the Skeptics: Yes, Standard Volatility Models Do Provide Accurate Forecasts," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 39(4), pages 885-905, November.
    12. Dimos S. Kambouroudis & David G. McMillan & Katerina Tsakou, 2016. "Forecasting Stock Return Volatility: A Comparison of GARCH, Implied Volatility, and Realized Volatility Models," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 36(12), pages 1127-1163, December.
    13. Bams, Dennis & Blanchard, Gildas & Lehnert, Thorsten, 2017. "Volatility measures and Value-at-Risk," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 33(4), pages 848-863.
    14. Jichang Dong & Wei Dai & Ling Tang & Lean Yu, 2019. "Why do EMD‐based methods improve prediction? A multiscale complexity perspective," Journal of Forecasting, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 38(7), pages 714-731, November.
    15. Nicholas Taylor, 2014. "The Economic Value of Volatility Forecasts: A Conditional Approach," Journal of Financial Econometrics, Oxford University Press, vol. 12(3), pages 433-478.
    16. Becker, Ralf & Clements, Adam E., 2008. "Are combination forecasts of S&P 500 volatility statistically superior?," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 24(1), pages 122-133.
    17. Spyridon D. Vrontos & John Galakis & Ioannis D. Vrontos, 2021. "Implied volatility directional forecasting: a machine learning approach," Quantitative Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 21(10), pages 1687-1706, October.
    18. Tang, Ling & Wu, Yao & Yu, Lean, 2018. "A randomized-algorithm-based decomposition-ensemble learning methodology for energy price forecasting," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 526-538.
    19. Stavros Degiannakis, 2023. "The D-model for GDP nowcasting," Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics, Springer;Swiss Society of Economics and Statistics, vol. 159(1), pages 1-33, December.
    20. West, Kenneth D. & Edison, Hali J. & Cho, Dongchul, 1993. "A utility-based comparison of some models of exchange rate volatility," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 35(1-2), pages 23-45, August.
    21. Panagiotis Delis & Stavros Degiannakis & Konstantinos Giannopoulos, 2023. "What Should be Taken into Consideration when Forecasting Oil Implied Volatility Index?," The Energy Journal, , vol. 44(5), pages 231-250, September.
    22. Ole E. Barndorff-Nielsen & Neil Shephard, 2002. "Estimating quadratic variation using realized variance," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 17(5), pages 457-477.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Degiannakis, Stavros & Filis, George, 2022. "Oil price volatility forecasts: What do investors need to know?," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 123(C).
    2. Ma, Feng & Wahab, M.I.M. & Zhang, Yaojie, 2019. "Forecasting the U.S. stock volatility: An aligned jump index from G7 stock markets," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 132-146.
    3. Vasiliki Skintzi & Stavroula P. Fameliti, 2025. "Combining realized volatility estimators based on economic performance," Journal of Asset Management, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 26(7), pages 819-846, December.
    4. Chun, Dohyun & Cho, Hoon & Ryu, Doojin, 2025. "Volatility forecasting and volatility-timing strategies: A machine learning approach," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 75(C).
    5. Eleftheria Kafousaki & Stavros Degiannakis, 2023. "Forecasting VIX: the illusion of forecast evaluation criteria," Economics and Business Letters, Oviedo University Press, vol. 12(3), pages 231-240.
    6. Stavros Degiannakis & Panagiotis Delis & George Filis & George Giannopoulos, 2025. "Trading VIX on Volatility Forecasts: Another Volatility Puzzle?," Journal of Forecasting, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 44(4), pages 1602-1618, July.
    7. Li, Zhao-Chen & Xie, Chi & Wang, Gang-Jin & Zhu, You & Zeng, Zhi-Jian & Gong, Jue, 2024. "Forecasting global stock market volatilities: A shrinkage heterogeneous autoregressive (HAR) model with a large cross-market predictor set," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 93(PB), pages 673-711.
    8. Degiannakis, Stavros & Filis, George, 2023. "Oil price assumptions for macroeconomic policy," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 117(C).
    9. Panagiotis Delis & Stavros Degiannakis & Konstantinos Giannopoulos, 2023. "What Should be Taken into Consideration when Forecasting Oil Implied Volatility Index?," The Energy Journal, , vol. 44(5), pages 231-250, September.
    10. Chen, Wang & Ma, Feng & Wei, Yu & Liu, Jing, 2020. "Forecasting oil price volatility using high-frequency data: New evidence," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 66(C), pages 1-12.
    11. Degiannakis, Stavros & Filis, George, 2017. "Forecasting oil price realized volatility using information channels from other asset classes," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 28-49.
    12. Degiannakis, Stavros & Filis, George & Klein, Tony & Walther, Thomas, 2022. "Forecasting realized volatility of agricultural commodities," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 38(1), pages 74-96.
    13. Qiao, Gaoxiu & Jiang, Gongyue & Yang, Jiyu, 2022. "VIX term structure forecasting: New evidence based on the realized semi-variances," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 82(C).
    14. Zhang, Yaojie & Lei, Likun & Wei, Yu, 2020. "Forecasting the Chinese stock market volatility with international market volatilities: The role of regime switching," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 52(C).
    15. Zhang, Yaojie & Ma, Feng & Wei, Yu, 2019. "Out-of-sample prediction of the oil futures market volatility: A comparison of new and traditional combination approaches," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 1109-1120.
    16. Yaojie Zhang & Yudong Wang & Feng Ma & Yu Wei, 2022. "To jump or not to jump: momentum of jumps in crude oil price volatility prediction," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 8(1), pages 1-31, December.
    17. Delis, Panagiotis & Degiannakis, Stavros & Filis, George, 2025. "Navigating crude oil volatility forecasts: Assessing the contribution of geopolitical risk," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 148(C).
    18. Liu, Min, 2022. "The driving forces of green bond market volatility and the response of the market to the COVID-19 pandemic," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 288-309.
    19. Bu, Ruijun & Hizmeri, Rodrigo & Izzeldin, Marwan & Murphy, Anthony & Tsionas, Mike, 2023. "The contribution of jump signs and activity to forecasting stock price volatility," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 144-164.
    20. Liang, Chao & Li, Yan & Ma, Feng & Wei, Yu, 2021. "Global equity market volatilities forecasting: A comparison of leverage effects, jumps, and overnight information," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 75(C).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    JEL classification:

    • C22 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Single Equation Models; Single Variables - - - Time-Series Models; Dynamic Quantile Regressions; Dynamic Treatment Effect Models; Diffusion Processes
    • C53 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric Modeling - - - Forecasting and Prediction Models; Simulation Methods
    • C61 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Mathematical Methods; Programming Models; Mathematical and Simulation Modeling - - - Optimization Techniques; Programming Models; Dynamic Analysis
    • G11 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Portfolio Choice; Investment Decisions
    • G17 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Financial Forecasting and Simulation

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:intfor:v:41:y:2025:i:4:p:1559-1588. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/ijforecast .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.