Research classified by Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) codes

2021

• Willén, Alexander, 2021, "Decentralization of wage determination: Evidence from a national teacher reform," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, volume 198, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2021.104388.
• Cotofan, Maria, 2021, "Learning from praise: Evidence from a field experiment with teachers," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, volume 204, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2021.104540.
• Ravid, Oded & Malul, Miki & Zultan, Ro’i, 2021, "Incentives, mission and productivity," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics (formerly The Journal of Socio-Economics), Elsevier, volume 91, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2021.101668.
• Becker, Sascha O. & Heblich, Stephan & Sturm, Daniel M., 2021, "The impact of public employment: evidence from Bonn," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library, number 108867, Mar.
• Cotofan, Maria, 2021, "Learning from praise: evidence from a field experiment with teachers," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library, number 112772, Dec.
• Boeri, Tito & de Porto, Edoardo & Naticchioni, Paolo & Scrutinio, Vincenzo, 2021, "Friday morning fever. Evidence from a randomized experiment on sick leave monitoring in the public sector," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library, number 114391, May.
• Simon Theurl & Dennis Tamesberger, 2021, "Does a job guarantee pay off? The fiscal costs of fighting long-term unemployment in Austria," European Journal of Economics and Economic Policies: Intervention, Edward Elgar Publishing, volume 18, issue 3, pages 364–378-3, December.
• Alessandro De Chiara & Marco A. Schwarz, 2021, "A dynamic theory of regulatory capture," UB School of Economics Working Papers, University of Barcelona School of Economics, number 2021/410.
• Arthur Guillouzouic & Emeric Henry & Joan Monras, 2021, "Local Public Goods and the Spatial Distribution of Economic Activity," Institut des Politiques Publiques, HAL, number hal-03389155, Jun.
• Arthur Guillouzouic & Emeric Henry & Joan Monras, 2021, "Local Public Goods and the Spatial Distribution of Economic Activity," Sciences Po Economics Publications (main), HAL, number hal-03389155, Jun.
• Arthur Guillouzouic & Emeric Henry & Joan Monras, 2021, "Local Public Goods and the Spatial Distribution of Economic Activity," Working Papers, HAL, number hal-03389155, Jun.
• Mohamed Ali Marouani & Phong Le Minh, 2021, "Inequality and occupational change in times of Revolution: the Tunisian perspective," Working Papers, HAL, number hal-04000997.
• Arthur Guillouzouic & Emeric Henry & Joan Monras, 2021, "Local Public Goods and the Spatial Distribution of Economic Activity," Sciences Po Economics Discussion Papers, HAL, number hal-03389155, Jun.
• Meurs, Dominique & Puhani, Patrick A., 2021, "Culture as a Hiring Criterion: Systemic Discrimination in a Procedurally Fair Hiring Process," Hannover Economic Papers (HEP), Leibniz Universität Hannover, Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät, number dp-682, Mar.
• Thoresson, Anna, 2021, "Employer concentration and wages for specialized workers," Working Paper Series, IFAU - Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy, number 2021:6, May.
• Mörk, Eva & Ottosson, Lillit & Vikman, Ulrika, 2021, "To work or not to work? Effects of temporary public employment on future employment and benefits," Working Paper Series, IFAU - Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy, number 2021:12, Sep.
• Grönqvist, Erik & Öckert, Björn & Rosenqvist, Olof, 2021, "Does the ‘Boost for Mathematics’ Boost Mathematics? A Large-Scale Evaluation of the ‘Lesson Study’ Methodology on Student Performance," Working Paper Series, IFAU - Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy, number 2021:22, Dec.
• Daniela Collazos & Leopoldo Fergusson & Miguel La Rota & Daniel Mejía & Daniel Ortega, 2021, "CSI in the tropics. Experimental evidence of improved public service delivery through coordination," HiCN Working Papers, Households in Conflict Network, number 342, Nov.
• Bertoni, Eleonora & Elacqua, Gregory & Méndez, Carolina & Santos, Humberto, 2021, "Teacher Hiring Instruments and Teacher Value Added: Evidence from Peru," IDB Publications (Working Papers), Inter-American Development Bank, number 11118, Mar, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003123.
• Glaser, Darrell J. & Rahman, Ahmed S., 2021, "Between the Dockyard and the Deep Blue Sea: Retention and Personnel Economics in the Royal Navy," IZA Discussion Papers, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), number 14037, Jan.
• Maczulskij, Terhi & Viinikainen, Jutta, 2021, "Personality and Public Sector Employment," IZA Discussion Papers, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), number 14118, Feb.
• Meurs, Dominique & Puhani, Patrick A., 2021, "Culture as a Hiring Criterion: Systemic Discrimination in a Procedurally Fair Hiring Process," IZA Discussion Papers, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), number 14148, Feb.
• Jones, Melanie K. & Kaya, Ezgi, 2021, "The Gender Pay Gap in UK Medicine," IZA Discussion Papers, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), number 14177, Mar.
• Cunningham, Jamein & Feir, Donn. L. & Gillezeau, Rob, 2021, "Collective Bargaining Rights, Policing, and Civilian Deaths," IZA Discussion Papers, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), number 14208, Mar.
• Boeri, Tito & di Porto, Edoardo & Naticchioni, Paolo & Scrutinio, Vincenzo, 2021, "Friday Morning Fever. Evidence from a Randomized Experiment on Sick Leave Monitoring in the Public Sector," IZA Discussion Papers, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), number 14346, Apr.
• Checchi, Daniele & Fenizia, Alessandra & Lucifora, Claudio, 2021, "Public Sector Jobs: Working in the Public Sector in Europe and the US," IZA Discussion Papers, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), number 14514, Jun.
• Bobba, Matteo & Ederer, Tim & Leon Ciliotta, Gianmarco & Neilson, Christopher A. & Nieddu, Marco, 2021, "Teacher Compensation and Structural Inequality: Evidence from Centralized Teacher School Choice in Perú," IZA Discussion Papers, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), number 14581, Jul.
• Loewenthal, Amit & Miaari, Sami H. & Abrahams, Alexei, 2021, "How Civilian Attitudes Respond to the State's Violence: Lessons from the Israel- Gaza Conflict," IZA Discussion Papers, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), number 14776, Oct.
• Ayllón, Sara, 2021, "Online Teaching and Gender Bias," IZA Discussion Papers, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), number 14787, Oct.
• Dai, Fengyan & Xu, Lei & Zhu, Yu, 2021, "Higher Education Expansion and Supply of Teachers in China," IZA Discussion Papers, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), number 14825, Nov.
• Johnston, Andrew C., 2021, "Preferences, Selection, and the Structure of Teacher Pay," IZA Discussion Papers, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), number 14831, Nov.
• Nicolas Gavoille, 2021, "Pay for politicians and campaign spending: evidence from the French municipal elections," Public Choice, Springer, volume 188, issue 3, pages 455-477, September, DOI: 10.1007/s11127-020-00839-w.
• Casey B. Mulligan, 2021, "The incidence and magnitude of the health costs of in-person schooling during the COVID-19 pandemic," Public Choice, Springer, volume 188, issue 3, pages 303-332, September, DOI: 10.1007/s11127-021-00917-7.
• Daniel Haim, 2021, "What Jobs Should a Public Job Guarantee Provide?: Lessons from Hyman P. Minsky," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_981, Jan.
• Judd B. Kessler & Sarah Tahamont & Alexander M. Gelber & Adam Isen, 2021, "The Effects of Youth Employment on Crime: Evidence from New York City Lotteries," NBER Working Papers, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc, number 28373, Jan.
• Barbara Biasi & Chao Fu & John Stromme, 2021, "Equilibrium in the Market for Public School Teachers: District Wage Strategies and Teacher Comparative Advantage," NBER Working Papers, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc, number 28530, Mar.
• Casey B. Mulligan, 2021, "The Incidence and Magnitude of the Health Costs of In-person Schooling during the COVID-19 Pandemic," NBER Working Papers, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc, number 28619, Mar.
• Matteo Bobba & Tim Ederer & Gianmarco Leon-Ciliotta & Christopher Neilson & Marco G. Nieddu, 2021, "Teacher Compensation and Structural Inequality: Evidence from Centralized Teacher School Choice in Perú," NBER Working Papers, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc, number 29068, Jul.
• Kyle Greenberg & Michael Greenstone & Stephen P. Ryan & Michael Yankovich, 2021, "The Heterogeneous Value of a Statistical Life: Evidence from U.S. Army Reenlistment Decisions," NBER Working Papers, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc, number 29104, Jul.
• Michael Gilraine & Nolan G. Pope, 2021, "Making Teaching Last: Long-Run Value-Added," NBER Working Papers, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc, number 29555, Dec.
• L. Gobillon & D. Meurs & S. Roux, 2021, "Differences in positions along a hierarchy : Counterfactuals based on an assignment model," Documents de Travail de l'Insee - INSEE Working Papers, Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques, number 2021-02.
• Karolina Socha-Dietrich, 2021, "Empowering the health workforce to make the most of the digital revolution," OECD Health Working Papers, OECD Publishing, number 129, Jul, DOI: 10.1787/37ff0eaa-en.
• Suzana Demyen & Mirela Minică & Carmen Năstase, 2021, "The Wages System In Romania €“ Between Convergence And Discrimination. Sustainability Or Over-Regulation?," Annals of Faculty of Economics, University of Oradea, Faculty of Economics, volume 1, issue 1, pages 23-38, July.
• Nicola Limodio, 2021, "Bureaucrat Allocation in the Public Sector: Evidence from the World Bank," The Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, volume 131, issue 639, pages 3012-3040.
• Alex Bryson & Michael White, 2021, "High-performance work systems and the performance of public sector workplaces in Britain," Oxford Economic Papers, Oxford University Press, volume 73, issue 3, pages 1057-1076.
• Joseph Kalmenovitz, 2021, "Incentivizing Financial Regulators," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, volume 34, issue 10, pages 4745-4784.
• António Afonso & Maria João Guedes & Pankaj C. Patel, 2021, "Labour Productivity in State-Owned Enterprises," Comparative Economic Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Association for Comparative Economic Studies, volume 63, issue 3, pages 450-465, September, DOI: 10.1057/s41294-021-00148-1.
• Rossi, Martin, 2021, "The Impact of Individual Wealth on Posterior Political Power," MPRA Paper, University Library of Munich, Germany, number 110532, Nov.
• Matteo Bobba & Tim Ederer & Gianmarco Leon-Ciliotta & Christopher A. Neilson & Marco Nieddu, 2021, "Teacher Compensation and Structural Inequality: Evidence from Centralized Teacher School Choice in Peru," Working Papers, Princeton University, Department of Economics, Industrial Relations Section., number 648, Mar.
• Lucas Navarro & Mauricio Tejada, 2021, "Code and data files for "Does Public Sector Employment Buffer the Minimum Wage Effects?"," Computer Codes, Review of Economic Dynamics, number 20-43, revised .
• Maczulskij, Terhi & Viinikainen, Jutta, 2021, "Personality and Public Sector Employment," ETLA Working Papers, The Research Institute of the Finnish Economy, number 86, Feb.
• Anna Lukyanova, 2021, "What keeps public sector workers in low-paid jobs? The role of self-selection and non-cognitive skills in explaining the public-private wage gap," Applied Econometrics, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA), volume 62, pages 32-53.
• Tito Boeri & Edoardo Di Porto & Paolo Naticchioni & Vincenzo Scrutinio, 2021, "Friday Morning Fever. Evidence from a Randomized Experiment on Sick Leave Monitoring in the Public Sector," CSEF Working Papers, Centre for Studies in Economics and Finance (CSEF), University of Naples, Italy, number 610, May.
• Kamila Sławińska, 2021, "Public–private sector wage gap in a group of European countries: an empirical perspective," Empirical Economics, Springer, volume 60, issue 4, pages 1747-1775, April, DOI: 10.1007/s00181-020-01841-3.
• Tamalika Lodh & Poulomi Roy & Malabika Roy, 2021, "Intergenerational occupational mobility in India across social groups," Indian Economic Review, Springer, volume 56, issue 2, pages 405-433, December, DOI: 10.1007/s41775-021-00123-8.
• Julie Berry Cullen & Cory Koedel & Eric Parsons, 2021, "The Compositional Effect of Rigorous Teacher Evaluation on Workforce Quality," Education Finance and Policy, MIT Press, volume 16, issue 1, pages 7-41, Winter.
• Bobba, Matteo & Ederer, Tim & Nieddu, Marco & Leon-Ciliotta, Gianmarco & Neilson, Christopher, 2021, "Teacher Compensation and Structural Inequality: Evidence from Centralized Teacher School Choice in Peru," TSE Working Papers, Toulouse School of Economics (TSE), number 21-1232, Jul, revised Mar 2024.
• Wei Kong & Shawn Ni, 2021, "A Structural Econometric Approach to Analyzing the Impact of Teacher Pension Reform," Working Papers, Department of Economics, University of Missouri, number 2101.
• Matteo Bobba & Tim Ederer & Gianmarco León-Ciliotta & Christopher A. Neilson & Marco Nieddu, 2021, "Teacher compensation and structural inequality: Evidence from centralized teacher school choice in Perú," Economics Working Papers, Department of Economics and Business, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, number 1788, Jul.
• Puhani, Patrick & Meurs, Dominique, 2021, "Culture as a Hiring Criterion: Systemic Discrimination in a Procedurally Fair Hiring Process," Economics Working Paper Series, University of St. Gallen, School of Economics and Political Science, number 2102, Mar.
• Kelly Chen & Zeynep Hansen & Scott Lowe, 2021, "Why Do We Inflate Grades?: The Effect of Adjunct Faculty Employment on Instructor Grading Standards," Journal of Human Resources, University of Wisconsin Press, volume 56, issue 3, pages 878-921.
• Demirguc-Kunt,Asli & Lokshin,Michael M. & Kolchin,Vladimir, 2021, "Effects of Public Sector Wages on Corruption : Wage Inequality Matters," Policy Research Working Paper Series, The World Bank, number 9643, Apr.
• Barrera-Osorio,Felipe & Cilliers,Jacobus & Cloutier,Marie-Helene & Filmer,Deon P., 2021, "Heterogenous Teacher Effects of Two Incentive Schemes : Evidence from a Low-Income Country," Policy Research Working Paper Series, The World Bank, number 9652, May.
• Clare Leaver & Owen Ozier & Pieter Serneels & Andrew Zeitlin, 2021, "Recruitment, effort, and retention effects of performance contracts for civil servants: Experimental evidence from Rwandan primary schools," Department of Economics Working Papers, Department of Economics, Williams College, number 2021-04, Jan, DOI: 10.36934/wecon2021-04.
• Pamela Jakiela, 2021, "Simple Diagnostics for Two-Way Fixed Effects," Department of Economics Working Papers, Department of Economics, Williams College, number 2021-05, Mar, DOI: 10.36934/wecon:2021-05.
• Araujo P., Maria Daniela & Quis, Johanna Sophie, 2021, "Parents can tell! Evidence on classroom quality differences in German primary schools," BERG Working Paper Series, Bamberg University, Bamberg Economic Research Group, number 172.
• Bonaccolto-Töpfer, Marina & Castagnetti, Carolina & Prümer, Stephanie, 2021, "Does it pay to go public? Understanding the public-private sector wage gap in Germany," Discussion Papers, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Chair of Labour and Regional Economics, number 116.
• Prümer, Stephanie, 2021, "Sector switching in Germany," Discussion Papers, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Chair of Labour and Regional Economics, number 122.
• Meurs, Dominique & Puhani, Patrick A., 2021, "Culture as a Hiring Criterion: Systemic Discrimination in a Procedurally Fair Hiring Process," GLO Discussion Paper Series, Global Labor Organization (GLO), number 792.
• Dilger, Alexander, 2021, "Anreize für Hochschullehrer vor und nach der Dienstrechtsreform," Discussion Papers of the Institute for Organisational Economics, University of Münster, Institute for Organisational Economics, number 2/2021.
• Bose, Paul, 2021, "Political (self-)selection and competition: Evidence from U.S. Congressional elections," VfS Annual Conference 2021 (Virtual Conference): Climate Economics, Verein für Socialpolitik / German Economic Association, number 242377.
• Araujo P., María Daniela & Heineck, Guido & Cruz-Aguayo, Yyannú, 2021, "Does Test-Based Teacher Recruitment Work in the Developing World? Experimental Evidence from Ecuador," VfS Annual Conference 2021 (Virtual Conference): Climate Economics, Verein für Socialpolitik / German Economic Association, number 242448.
• Araujo P., María Daniela & Quis, Johanna Sophie, 2021, "Teacher Effects in Germany: Evidence from Elementary School," VfS Annual Conference 2021 (Virtual Conference): Climate Economics, Verein für Socialpolitik / German Economic Association, number 242457.

2020

• Emanuele Colonnelli & Mounu Prem & Edoardo Teso, 2020, "Patronage and Selection in Public Sector Organizations," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, volume 110, issue 10, pages 3071-3099, October, DOI: 10.1257/aer.20181491.
• Sarena Goodman & Adam Isen, 2020, "Un-Fortunate Sons: Effects of the Vietnam Draft Lottery on the Next Generation's Labor Market," American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, American Economic Association, volume 12, issue 1, pages 182-209, January, DOI: 10.1257/app.20170482.
• John P. Papay & Eric S. Taylor & John H. Tyler & Mary E. Laski, 2020, "Learning Job Skills from Colleagues at Work: Evidence from a Field Experiment Using Teacher Performance Data," American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, American Economic Association, volume 12, issue 1, pages 359-388, February, DOI: 10.1257/pol.20170709.
• Natalie Bau & Jishnu Das, 2020, "Teacher Value Added in a Low-Income Country," American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, American Economic Association, volume 12, issue 1, pages 62-96, February, DOI: 10.1257/pol.20170243.
• Lucia Foster & Julia Manzella & Erika McEntarfer & Danielle H. Sandler, 2020, "Employment and Earnings for Federal Government Economists: Empirical Evidence by Gender and Race," AEA Papers and Proceedings, American Economic Association, volume 110, pages 210-214, May, DOI: 10.1257/pandp.20201122.
• Nayoung Rim & Bocar Ba & Roman Rivera, 2020, "Disparities in Police Award Nominations: Evidence from Chicago," AEA Papers and Proceedings, American Economic Association, volume 110, pages 447-451, May, DOI: 10.1257/pandp.20201118.
• Maximiliano Lauletta & Martín A. Rossi & Christian A. Ruzzier, 2020, "Audits and the Quality of Government," Asociación Argentina de Economía Política: Working Papers, Asociación Argentina de Economía Política, number 4404, Nov.
• Azar Abizada & In'acio B'o, 2020, "Hiring from a pool of workers," Papers, arXiv.org, number 2012.09541, Dec.
• Lucia Rizzica, 2020, "The Italian public sector workforce: recent evolution in the light of the rules on turnover," Questioni di Economia e Finanza (Occasional Papers), Bank of Italy, Economic Research and International Relations Area, number 560, Jun.
• Duha T. Altindag & Elif S. Filiz & Erdal Tekin, 2020, "Does It Matter How and How Much Politicians are Paid?," Economica, London School of Economics and Political Science, volume 87, issue 348, pages 1105-1132, October, DOI: 10.1111/ecca.12336.
• De Benedetto Marco Alberto, 2020, "Personal or Partisan Incumbency Advantage? Evidence from an Electoral Reform at the Local Level in Italy," The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, De Gruyter, volume 20, issue 1, pages 1-18, January, DOI: 10.1515/bejeap-2018-0125.
• Quaresima Federico & Santolini Raffaella & Fiorillo Fabio, 2020, "Political affiliation in post-parliamentary careers in Italian public enterprises," German Economic Review, De Gruyter, volume 21, issue 1, pages 35-64, April, DOI: 10.1515/ger-0016-0019.
• Congressional Budget Office, 2020, "Approaches to Changing Military Compensation," Reports, Congressional Budget Office, number 55648, Jan.
• Massimiliano Coda Zabetta & Aldo Geuna, 2020, "Italian Doctorate Holders and Academic Career. Progression in the Period 1986-2015," Carlo Alberto Notebooks, Collegio Carlo Alberto, number 629.
• Athanasios Geromichalos & Ioannis Kospentaris, 2020, "The Unintended Consequences of Meritocratic Government Hiring," Working Papers, University of California, Davis, Department of Economics, number 335, Jan.
• Esteban M. Aucejo & Claudia Hupkau & Jenifer Ruiz-Valenzuela, 2020, "Where versus What: College Value-Added and Returns to Field of Study in Further Education," CVER Research Papers, Centre for Vocational Education Research, number 030, Jun.
• Niklas Potrafke & Marcus Rösch & Heinrich Ursprung, 2020, "Election Systems, the "Beauty Premium" in Politics, and the Beauty of Dissent," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 8296.
• António Afonso & Maria João Guedes & Pankaj C. Patel, 2020, "Labor Productivity in State-Owned Enterprises," EconPol Working Paper, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, number 45.
• Björn Kauder & Manuela Krause & Niklas Potrafke, 2020, "Reduzieren linke Landesregierungen die Ungleichheit bei der Beamtenbesoldung?," ifo Schnelldienst, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, volume 73, issue 12, pages 28-31, December.
• Niklas Potrafke & Marcus Rösch & Heinrich Ursprung, 2020, "Election Systems, the “Beauty Premium” in Politics, and the Beauty of Dissent," ifo Working Paper Series, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, number 327.
• Lee Crawfurd & Todd Pugatch, 2020, "Teacher Labor Markets in Developing Countries," Working Papers, Center for Global Development, number 546, Sep.
• Hernando Bayona-Rodr√≠guez & SebastiÔøΩn Melo, 2020, "Efecto de ingresar a la carrera docente oficial sobre el salario y la salud Hernando Bayona-Rodr√≠guez, Sebasti√°n Melo," Documentos CEDE, Universidad de los Andes, Facultad de Economía, CEDE, number 18192, May.
• Daniela Collazos & Leopoldo Fergusson & Miguel La Rota & Daniel MejÔøΩa & Daniel Ortega, 2020, "CSI in the tropics Experimental evidence of improved public service delivery through coordination," Documentos CEDE, Universidad de los Andes, Facultad de Economía, CEDE, number 18206, Jun.
• Carlos Alberto BARRETO NIETO & Agust�n JIMENEZ OSPINA & Diego Fernando LEMUS POLAN�A & Pablo MONTENEGRO HELFER & Diana Paola RAM�REZ, 2020, "Brecha Salarial De Género: Estudio De Caso De Los Contratistas Independientes Del Estado En Colombia," Archivos de Economía, Departamento Nacional de Planeación, number 18422, May.
• Daniela Collazos & Leopoldo Fergusson & Miguel La Rota & Daniel Mej�a & Daniel Ortega, 2020, "CSI in the tropics: Experimental evidence of improved public service delivery through coordination," Documentos de Trabajo, The Latin American and Caribbean Economic Association (LACEA), number 18215, Jul.
• Jaaidane, Touria & Larribeau, Sophie & Leprince, Matthieu, 2020, "The Determinants of French Municipal Labor Demand," CEPREMAP Working Papers (Docweb), CEPREMAP, number 2003, May.
• Garibaldi, Pietro & Gomes, Pedro & Sopraseuth, Thepthida, 2020, "Public Employment Redux," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 14321, Jan.
• Leaver, Clare & Ozier, Owen & Serneels, Pieter & Zeitlin, Andrew, 2020, "Recruitment, Effort, and Retention Effects of Performance Contracts for Civil Servants: Experimental Evidence from Rwandan Prim," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 15333, Oct.
• Brassiolo, Pablo & Estrada, Ricardo & Fajardo, Gustavo, 2020, "My (Running) Mate, the Mayor: Political Ties and Access to Public Jobs in Ecuador," Research Department working papers, CAF Development Bank Of Latinamerica, number 1521.
• Estrada, Ricardo & Lombardi, María, 2020, "Skills and selection into teaching: Evidence from Latin America," Research Department working papers, CAF Development Bank Of Latinamerica, number 1628.
• Steingrimsdottir, Herdis, 2020, "The decreased popularity of the teaching sector in the 1970s," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, volume 74, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.econedurev.2019.101948.
• Chassamboulli, Andri & Fontaine, Idriss & Gomes, Pedro, 2020, "How important are worker gross flows between public and private sector?," Economics Letters, Elsevier, volume 192, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.econlet.2020.109204.
• Vu, Tien Manh & Yamada, Hiroyuki, 2020, "Convergence of public and private enterprise wages in a transition economy: Evidence from a distributional decomposition in Vietnam, 2002–2014," Economic Systems, Elsevier, volume 44, issue 1, DOI: 10.1016/j.ecosys.2019.100737.
• Kessing, Sebastian G. & Lipatov, Vilen & Zoubek, J. Malte, 2020, "Optimal taxation under regional inequality," European Economic Review, Elsevier, volume 126, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.euroecorev.2020.103439.
• Wang, Bin & Zheng, Yu, 2020, "A model of tournament incentives with corruption," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, volume 48, issue 1, pages 182-197, DOI: 10.1016/j.jce.2019.09.003.
• Prakash, Nishith, 2020, "The impact of employment quotas on the economic lives of disadvantaged minorities in India," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, volume 180, issue C, pages 494-509, DOI: 10.1016/j.jebo.2020.10.017.
• Fontaine, Idriss & Gálvez-Iniesta, Ismael & Gomes, Pedro & Vila-Martin, Diego, 2020, "Labour market flows: Accounting for the public sector," Labour Economics, Elsevier, volume 62, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2019.101770.
• Michael, Maria & Christofides, Louis N., 2020, "The impact of austerity measures on the public - private sector wage gap in Europe," Labour Economics, Elsevier, volume 63, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2020.101796.
• Potrafke, Niklas & Rösch, Marcus & Ursprung, Heinrich, 2020, "Election systems, the “beauty premium” in politics, and the beauty of dissent," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, volume 64, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2020.101900.
• Berlinski, Samuel & Ramos, Alejandra, 2020, "Teacher mobility and merit pay: Evidence from a voluntary public award program," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, volume 186, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104186.
• Brassiolo, Pablo & Estrada, Ricardo & Fajardo, Gustavo, 2020, "My (running) mate, the mayor: Political ties and access to public sector jobs in Ecuador," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, volume 191, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104286.
• Jofre-Monseny, Jordi & Silva, José I. & Vázquez-Grenno, Javier, 2020, "Local labor market effects of public employment," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, volume 82, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2018.11.001.
• Rattsø, Jørn & Stokke, Hildegunn E., 2020, "Private-public wage gap and return to experience: Role of geography, gender and education," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, volume 84, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2020.103571.
• Tansel, Aysit & Keskin, Halil Ibrahim & Ozdemir, Zeynel Abidin, 2020, "Public-private sector wage gap by gender in Egypt: Evidence from quantile regression on panel data, 1998–2018," World Development, Elsevier, volume 135, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105060.
• Bruno Anastasia, 2020, "La rilevanza del settore istruzione nel contesto del mercato del lavoro: note e indicazioni dalle fonti statistiche disponibili," ECONOMIA E SOCIET? REGIONALE, FrancoAngeli Editore, volume 0, issue 1, pages 14-41.
• Idriss Fontaine & Ismael Gálvez-Iniesta & Pedro Gomes & Diego Vila-Martin, 2020, "Labour market flows: Accounting for the public sector," Post-Print, HAL, number hal-03665961, Jan, DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2019.101770.
• Andri Chassamboulli & Idriss Fontaine & Pedro Gomes, 2020, "How important are worker gross flows between public and private sector?," Post-Print, HAL, number hal-03665977, Jul, DOI: 10.1016/j.econlet.2020.109204.
• Pascale Petit & Mathieu Bunel & Yannick L’horty, 2020, "Les discriminations à l’embauche dans la sphère publique : effets respectifs de l’adresse et de l’origine," Post-Print, HAL, number hal-04714146, Jan, DOI: 10.3917/reco.711.0031.
• Yajna Govind, 2020, "Post-colonial Trends of Income Inequality: Evidence from the Overseas Departments of France," PSE Working Papers, HAL, number halshs-03022303, Jun.
• Yajna Govind, 2020, "Post-colonial Trends of Income Inequality: Evidence from the Overseas Departments of France," World Inequality Lab Working Papers, HAL, number halshs-03022303, Jun.
• Yajna Govind, 2020, "Post-colonial Trends of Income Inequality: Evidence from the Overseas Departments of France," Working Papers, HAL, number halshs-03022303, Jun.
• Grönqvist, Erik & Hensvik, Lena & Thoresson, Anna, 2020, "Teacher career opportunities and school quality," Working Paper Series, IFAU - Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy, number 2020:2, Feb.
• Bjerregaard, Uffe & Hølge-Hazelton, Bibi & Rud Kristensen, Søren & Rose Olsen, Kim, 2020, "Nurse staffing and patient outcomes: Analyzing within- and between-variation," DaCHE discussion papers, University of Southern Denmark, Dache - Danish Centre for Health Economics, number 2020:3, Sep, DOI: 10.21996/d5ef-1y69.
• Bäckström, Peter, 2020, "Essays on Military Labour Supply in the Era of Voluntary Recruitment," Umeå Economic Studies, Umeå University, Department of Economics, number 965, Jan.
• Nayoung Rim & Roman Rivera & Andrea Kiss & Bocar Ba, 2020, "The Black-White Recognition Gap in Award Nominations," Working Papers, Human Capital and Economic Opportunity Working Group, number 2020-065, Sep.
• Elacqua, Gregory & Hincapie, Diana & Hincapié, Isabel & Montalva, Veronica, 2019, "Can Financial Incentives Help Disadvantaged Schools to Attract and Retain High-performing Teachers?: Evidence from Chile," IDB Publications (Working Papers), Inter-American Development Bank, number 10005, Nov, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0001820.
• Megan Sheahan & Yanyan Liu & Sudha Narayanan & Christopher B. Barrett, 2020, "Disaggregated labor supply implications of guaranteed employment in India," Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai Working Papers, Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai, India, number 2020-035, Nov.
• Alessandro De Chiara & Marco A. Schwarz, 2020, "A Dynamic Theory of Regulatory Capture," Working Papers, Faculty of Economics and Statistics, Universität Innsbruck, number 2020-12, Dec.
• António Afonso & Maria João Guedes & Pankaj C. Patel, 2020, "Labour Productivity in State-Owned Enterprises," Working Papers REM, ISEG - Lisbon School of Economics and Management, REM, Universidade de Lisboa, number 2020/0125, Apr.
• Crawfurd, Lee & Pugatch, Todd, 2020, "Teacher Labor Markets in Developing Countries," IZA Discussion Papers, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), number 12985, Feb.
• Gomes, Pedro Maia & Wellschmied, Felix, 2020, "Public-Sector Compensation over the Life Cycle," IZA Discussion Papers, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), number 13042, Mar.
• Chassamboulli, Andri & Gomes, Pedro Maia, 2020, "Jumping the Queue: Nepotism and Public-Sector Pay," IZA Discussion Papers, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), number 13086, Mar.
• Johnston, Andrew C., 2020, "Teacher Preferences, Working Conditions, and Compensation Structure," IZA Discussion Papers, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), number 13121, Apr.
• Tanaka, Ryuichi & Bessho, Shun-ichiro & Kawamura, Akira & Noguchi, Haruko & Ushijima, Koichi, 2020, "Determinants of Teacher Value-Added in Public Primary Schools: Evidence from Administrative Panel Data," IZA Discussion Papers, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), number 13146, Apr.
• Bryson, Alex & Corsini, Lorenzo & Martelli, Irene, 2020, "Teacher Allocation and School Performance in Italy," IZA Discussion Papers, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), number 13669, Sep.
• Leaver, Clare & Ozier, Owen & Serneels, Pieter & Zeitlin, Andrew, 2020, "Recruitment, Effort, and Retention Effects of Performance Contracts for Civil Servants: Experimental Evidence from Rwandan Primary Schools," IZA Discussion Papers, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), number 13696, Sep.
• Fehrler, Sebastian & Hahn, Volker, 2020, "Committee Decision-Making under the Threat of Leaks," IZA Discussion Papers, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), number 13746, Sep.
• Biasi, Barbara & Sarsons, Heather, 2020, "Flexible Wages, Bargaining, and the Gender Gap," IZA Discussion Papers, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), number 13754, Sep.
• Araujo, Maria Daniela & Heineck, Guido & Cruz Aguayo, Yyannu, 2020, "Does Test-Based Teacher Recruitment Work in the Developing World? Experimental Evidence from Ecuador," IZA Discussion Papers, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), number 13830, Oct.
• Prakash, Nishith, 2020, "The Impact of Employment Quotas on the Economic Lives of Disadvantaged Minorities in India," IZA Discussion Papers, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), number 13847, Nov.
• Mirco Tonin, 2020, "Are workers motivated by the greater good?," IZA World of Labor, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), pages 138-138, July.
• Panu Poutvaara & Henrik Jordahl, 2020, "Public sector outsourcing," IZA World of Labor, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), pages 1-65, November.
• Potrafke, Niklas & Rosch, Marcus & Ursprung, Heinrich, 2020, "Election systems, the "beauty premium" in politics, and the beauty of dissent," Munich Reprints in Economics, University of Munich, Department of Economics, number 84729.
• Sebastian G. Kessing & Vilen Lipatov & J. Malte Zoubek, 2020, "Optimal Taxation under Regional Inequality," MAGKS Papers on Economics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Faculty of Business Administration and Economics, Department of Economics (Volkswirtschaftliche Abteilung), number 202013.
• Charles Cameron & John M. de Figueiredo, 2020, "Quitting in Protest: Presidential Policymaking and Civil Service Response," NBER Working Papers, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc, number 26944, Apr.
• Michael Gilraine & Jiaying Gu & Robert McMillan, 2020, "A New Method for Estimating Teacher Value-Added," NBER Working Papers, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc, number 27094, May.
• Jesse M. Bruhn & Scott A. Imberman & Marcus A. Winters, 2020, "Regulatory Arbitrage in Teacher Hiring and Retention: Evidence from Massachusetts Charter Schools," NBER Working Papers, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc, number 27607, Jul.
• Abhay Aneja & Guo Xu, 2020, "The Costs of Employment Segregation: Evidence from the Federal Government under Woodrow Wilson," NBER Working Papers, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc, number 27798, Sep.
• Oecd, 2020, "Civil service pension reform in developing countries: Experiences and lessons," OECD Development Policy Papers, OECD Publishing, number 33, Nov, DOI: 10.1787/f872f328-en.
• Michael Mueller & Karolina Socha-Dietrich, 2020, "Reassessing private practice in public hospitals in Ireland: An overview of OECD experiences," OECD Health Working Papers, OECD Publishing, number 118, May, DOI: 10.1787/111171d3-en.
• Marta Auricchio & Emanuele Ciani & Alberto Dalmazzo & Guido de Blasio, 2020, "Life after public employment retrenchment: evidence from Italian municipalities
  [Redistributive public employment]," Journal of Economic Geography, Oxford University Press, volume 20, issue 3, pages 733-782.
• Francesco Decarolis & Leonardo M Giuffrida & Elisabetta Iossa & Vincenzo Mollisi & Giancarlo Spagnolo, 2020, "Bureaucratic Competence and Procurement Outcomes
  [“Politics and Economics in Weak and Strong States]," The Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, Oxford University Press, volume 36, issue 3, pages 537-597.
• Kodila-Tedika, Oasis & Khalifa, Sherif & Konso Mulali, Ben, 2020, "Who Becomes Minister in an Autocratic Regime? Evidence From DRC," MPRA Paper, University Library of Munich, Germany, number 103022, Sep.
• Alex Bryson & Lorenzo Corsini & Irene Martelli, 2020, "Teacher Allocation and School Performance in Italy," DoQSS Working Papers, Quantitative Social Science - UCL Social Research Institute, University College London, number 20-12, Sep.
• Andri Chassamboulli & Pedro Gomes, 2020, "Online Appendix to "Jumping the queue: nepotism and public-sector pay"," Online Appendices, Review of Economic Dynamics, number 20-120.
• Andri Chassamboulli & Pedro Gomes, 2020, "Code and data files for "Jumping the queue: nepotism and public-sector pay"," Computer Codes, Review of Economic Dynamics, number 20-120, revised .
• Dora Gicheva, 2020, "Altruism and Burnout: Long Hours in the Teaching Profession," UNCG Economics Working Papers, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Department of Economics, number 20-7, Aug.
• Maximiliano Lauletta & Martín Rossi & Christian Ruzzier, 2020, "Audits and Government Hiring Practices," Working Papers, Universidad de San Andres, Departamento de Economia, number 141, Jun, revised Sep 2021.
• Shiney Chakraborty, 2020, "Gender Wage Differential in Public and Private Sectors in India," The Indian Journal of Labour Economics, Springer;The Indian Society of Labour Economics (ISLE), volume 63, issue 3, pages 765-780, September, DOI: 10.1007/s41027-020-00246-1.
• Adriana Ana Maria Davidescu & Alexandra Beiu & Mihaela Mosora, 2020, "Are Romanian Employees Satisfied with Their Jobs, with the Performance Evaluation Process? An Empirical Analysis Among Employees from Public Versus Private Sector," Springer Proceedings in Business and Economics, Springer, chapter 0, in: Silvia L. Fotea & Ioan Ş. Fotea & Sebastian A. Văduva, "Challenges and Opportunities to Develop Organizations Through Creativity, Technology and Ethics", DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-43449-6_16.
• Raikhan Nuranova & Maira Ryskulova & Kulyash Aidarkhanova & Nurgul Baigelova, 2020, "The impact of public-private partnership on labor mobility and employment promotion," Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, VsI Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Center, volume 8, issue 2, pages 1158-1176, December, DOI: 10.9770/jesi.2020.8.2(69).
• Patrick Minford & Yi Wang & Peng Zhou, 2020, "Resolving the public-sector wage premium puzzle by indirect inference," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 52, issue 7, pages 726-741, February, DOI: 10.1080/00036846.2019.1648748.
• Adam Ayaita & Kathleen Stürmer, 2020, "Risk aversion and the teaching profession: an analysis including different forms of risk aversion, different control groups, selection and socialization effects," Education Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 28, issue 1, pages 4-25, January, DOI: 10.1080/09645292.2019.1675592.
• Niklas Potrafke & Marcus Rösch & Heinrich Ursprung, 2020, "Election systems, the “beauty premium” in politics, and the beauty of dissent," Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers, Tinbergen Institute, number 20-026/V, May.
• Stephen D. O'Connell, 2020, "Can Quotas Increase the Supply of Candidates for Higher-Level Positions? Evidence from Local Government in India," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, volume 102, issue 1, pages 65-78, March.
• Matt Dickson & Lindsey Macmilllan, 2020, "Inequality in access to grammar schools," CEPEO Briefing Note Series, UCL Centre for Education Policy and Equalising Opportunities, number 3, Apr, revised Apr 2020.
• Asma Benhenda, 2020, "The impact of recessions on teacher labour markets," CEPEO Briefing Note Series, UCL Centre for Education Policy and Equalising Opportunities, number 4, May, revised May 2020.
• María Bastida & Alberto Vaquero & Maite Cancelo, 2020, "La contribución de la ley de economía social de Galicia al desarrollo territorial y a la mejora del empleo
  [The contribution of the law on the social economy of Galicia to territorial development a," REVESCO: Revista de estudios cooperativos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Escuela de Estudios Cooperativos, issue 134, pages 69174-69174, DOI: 10.5209/reve.69174.
• Richard Murphy, 2020, "Why Unions Survive: Understanding How Unions Overcome the Free-Rider Problem," Journal of Labor Economics, University of Chicago Press, volume 38, issue 4, pages 1141-1188, DOI: 10.1086/706091.
• Ricardo Estrada & María Lombardi, 2020, "Skills and Selection into Teaching: Evidence from Latin America," Department of Economics Working Papers, Universidad Torcuato Di Tella, number wp_gob_2020_10, Aug.
• Shawn Ni & Michael Podgursky & Fangda Wang, 2020, "How Teachers Value Pension Wealth: A Reexamination of the Illinois Experience," Working Papers, Department of Economics, University of Missouri, number 2007, Oct.
• Miszczyńska Katarzyna M. & Miszczyński Piotr M., 2020, "Inpatient Costs in the Perspective of Polish Health Policy: Scenario Analysis," South East European Journal of Economics and Business, Sciendo, volume 15, issue 2, pages 43-56, December, DOI: 10.2478/jeb-2020-0014.
• Filmer,Deon P. & Habyarimana,James Paul & Sabarwal,Shwetlena, 2020, "Teacher Performance-Based Incentives and Learning Inequality," Policy Research Working Paper Series, The World Bank, number 9382, Sep.
• Leaver,Clare & Ozier,Owen & Serneels,Pieter Maria & Zeitlin,Andrew, 2020, "Recruitment, Effort, and Retention Effects of Performance Contracts for Civil Servants : Experimental Evidence from Rwandan Primary Schools," Policy Research Working Paper Series, The World Bank, number 9395, Sep.
• David Card & Thomas Lemieux & W. Craig Riddell, 2020, "Unions and wage inequality: The roles of gender, skill and public sector employment," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, volume 53, issue 1, pages 140-173, February, DOI: 10.1111/caje.12432.
• Araujo P., Maria Daniela & Heineck, Guido & Cruz Aguayo, Yyannú, 2020, "Does test-based teacher recruitment work in the developing world? Experimental evidence from Ecuador," BERG Working Paper Series, Bamberg University, Bamberg Economic Research Group, number 165.
• Crawfurd, Lee & Pugatch, Todd, 2020, "Teacher Labor Markets in Developing Countries," GLO Discussion Paper Series, Global Labor Organization (GLO), number 473.
• Martins, Pedro S., 2020, "Jobs Cronyism in Public-Sector Firms," GLO Discussion Paper Series, Global Labor Organization (GLO), number 624.
• Marcén, Miriam & Morales, Marina, 2020, "The intensity of COVID-19 Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions and labor market outcomes in the public sector," GLO Discussion Paper Series, Global Labor Organization (GLO), number 637.
• Kleinod, Sonja & Klüh, Ulrich, 2020, "An ever-looser union? Juxtaposing accumulation and agglomeration in the context of surveillance capitalism," ZNWU Discussion Papers, Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences, Darmstadt Business School, Center for Sustainable Economic and Corporate Policy (SECP), number 3.
• Scott Viallet-Thévenin & Cédric Chambru, 2020, "Attaining autonomy in the empire: French governors between 1860 and 1960," ECON - Working Papers, Department of Economics - University of Zurich, number 366, Oct.

2019

• Ivan Pivovarov & Hendri Kroukamp & Victoria Nekrasova, 2019, "Public Service Motivation Of Students: A Comparative Analysis From Universities Of Russia And South Africa," CBU International Conference Proceedings, ISE Research Institute, volume 7, issue 0, pages 248-255, September, DOI: 10.12955/cbup.v7.1369.
• Adnan Q. Khan & Asim Ijaz Khwaja & Benjamin A. Olken, 2019, "Making Moves Matter: Experimental Evidence on Incentivizing Bureaucrats through Performance-Based Postings," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, volume 109, issue 1, pages 237-270, January.
• Isaac M. Opper, 2019, "Does Helping John Help Sue? Evidence of Spillovers in Education," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, volume 109, issue 3, pages 1080-1115, March.
• Prashant Loyalka & Anna Popova & Guirong Li & Zhaolei Shi, 2019, "Does Teacher Training Actually Work? Evidence from a Large-Scale Randomized Evaluation of a National Teacher Training Program," American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, American Economic Association, volume 11, issue 3, pages 128-154, July.
• Ravi Jagadeesan, 2019, "Cadet-Branch Matching in a Kelso-Crawford Economy," American Economic Journal: Microeconomics, American Economic Association, volume 11, issue 3, pages 191-224, August.
• Guido Friebel & Michael Kosfeld & Gerd Thielmann, 2019, "Trust the Police? Self-Selection of Motivated Agents into the German Police Force," American Economic Journal: Microeconomics, American Economic Association, volume 11, issue 4, pages 59-78, November.
• Michael F. Lovenheim & Alexander Willén, 2019, "The Long-Run Effects of Teacher Collective Bargaining," American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, American Economic Association, volume 11, issue 3, pages 292-324, August.
• Sebastian Barfort & Nikolaj A. Harmon & Frederik Hjorth & Asmus Leth Olsen, 2019, "Sustaining Honesty in Public Service: The Role of Selection," American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, American Economic Association, volume 11, issue 4, pages 96-123, November.
• Jesse J. Kalinowski & Matthew B. Ross & Stephen L. Ross, 2019, "Now You See Me, Now You Don't: The Geography of Police Stops," AEA Papers and Proceedings, American Economic Association, volume 109, pages 143-147, May.
• John M. MacDonald & Jeffrey Fagan, 2019, "Using Shifts in Deployment and Operations to Test for Racial Bias in Police Stops," AEA Papers and Proceedings, American Economic Association, volume 109, pages 148-151, May.
• Emily K. Weisburst, 2019, "Police Use of Force as an Extension of Arrests: Examining Disparities across Civilian and Officer Race," AEA Papers and Proceedings, American Economic Association, volume 109, pages 152-156, May.