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Necessity and Opportunity Entrepreneurs in Germany: Characteristics and Earnings Differentials

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  1. Civera, Alice & Meoli, Michele & Vismara, Silvio, 2020. "Engagement of academics in university technology transfer: Opportunity and necessity academic entrepreneurship," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 123(C).
  2. Jörn H. Block & Andreas Landgraf, 2016. "Transition from part-time entrepreneurship to full-time entrepreneurship: the role of financial and non-financial motives," International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Springer, vol. 12(1), pages 259-282, March.
  3. Joao Galindo da Fonseca, 2022. "Unemployment, Entrepreneurship and Firm Outcomes," Review of Economic Dynamics, Elsevier for the Society for Economic Dynamics, vol. 45, pages 322-338, July.
  4. Paul Couteret, 2010. "Peut-on aider les entrepreneurs contraints ? Une étude exploratoire," Post-Print hal-03540524, HAL.
  5. André Stel & Jorge Barrientos-Marín & Leonel Caçador-Rodrigues & Ana Millán & José María Millán, 2023. "Measuring performance differentials across entrepreneurship types," International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Springer, vol. 19(3), pages 981-1016, September.
  6. Anasuya K. Lingappa & Lewlyn L.R. Rodrigues, 2023. "Synthesis of Necessity and Opportunity Motivation Factors in Women Entrepreneurship: A Systematic Literature Review," SAGE Open, , vol. 13(1), pages 21582440231, March.
  7. Block, Joern & Kohn, Karsten, 2011. "Sozialpolitische Ziele der Gründungsförderung am Beispiel von Gründungen aus der Arbeitslosigkeit [Social policy as a motivation for start-up subsidies: supporting start-ups out of unemployment]," MPRA Paper 30775, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  8. Tessa Conroy & Sarah A. Low, 2022. "Opportunity, necessity, and no one in the middle: A closer look at small, rural, and female‐led entrepreneurship in the United States," Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 44(1), pages 162-196, March.
  9. Niclas Lavesson, 2018. "How does distance to urban centres influence necessity and opportunity‐based firm start‐ups?," Papers in Regional Science, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 97(4), pages 1279-1303, November.
  10. Fossen, Frank M. & Büttner, Tobias J.M., 2013. "The returns to education for opportunity entrepreneurs, necessity entrepreneurs, and paid employees," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 37(C), pages 66-84.
  11. Adela Luque & Maggie R. Jones, 2016. "Differences in Self-employment Duration by Year of Entry & Pre-entry," CARRA Working Papers 2016-09, Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau.
  12. Walid A Nakara & Karim Messeghem & Andry Ramaroson, 2019. "L’innovation produit et service dans un contexte de pauvreté : une analyse multiniveau," Post-Print hal-02519418, HAL.
  13. Marco Caliendo & Jens Hogenacker & Steffen Künn & Frank Wießner, 2012. "Alte Idee, neues Programm: Der Gründungszuschuss als Nachfolger von Überbrückungsgeld und Ich-AG [Old idea, new program: The new start-up subsidy as a successor of the former bridging allowance and," Journal for Labour Market Research, Springer;Institute for Employment Research/ Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), vol. 45(2), pages 99-123, July.
  14. Martin Binder, 2017. "Entrepreneurial Success and Subjective Well-Being: Worries about the Business Explain One's Well-Being Loss from Self-Employment," SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research 947, DIW Berlin, The German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP).
  15. Adela Luque & Maggie R. Jones, 2019. "Gender Differences in Self-employment Duration: the Case of Opportunity and Necessity Entrepreneurs," Working Papers 19-24, Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau.
  16. Block, Joern & Sandner, Philipp, 2006. "The Effect of Motivation on Self-Employment Duration in Germany: Necessity versus Opportunity Entrepreneurs," MPRA Paper 215, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  17. Guido Buenstorf & Kristian Nielsen & Bram Timmermans, 2017. "Steve Jobs or No Jobs? Entrepreneurial activity and performance among Danish college dropouts and graduates," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 48(1), pages 179-197, January.
  18. Jolanda Hessels & Peter van der Zwan, 2013. "Start-up motivation and (in)voluntary exit," Scales Research Reports H201309, EIM Business and Policy Research.
  19. Renaud Bourlès & Anastasia Cozarenco, 2018. "Entrepreneurial motivation and business performance: evidence from a French Microfinance Institution," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 51(4), pages 943-963, December.
  20. Christopher J. Boudreaux & Boris Nikolaev, 2019. "Capital is not enough: opportunity entrepreneurship and formal institutions," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 53(3), pages 709-738, October.
  21. Robert W. Fairlie & Frank M. Fossen, 2020. "Defining Opportunity versus Necessity Entrepreneurship: Two Components of Business Creation," Research in Labor Economics, in: Change at Home, in the Labor Market, and On the Job, volume 48, pages 253-289, Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
  22. Marco Caliendo & Alexander S. Kritikos & Claudia Stier, 2023. "The influence of start-up motivation on entrepreneurial performance," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 61(3), pages 869-889, October.
  23. Albiol, Judit, 2014. "The Significance of Business Exit for Future Entrepreneurial Activity," Working Papers 2072/238221, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Economics.
  24. Congregado, Emilio & Fossen, Frank M. & Rubino, Nicola & Troncoso, David, 2024. "Long-Term Effects of Shocks on New Opportunity and Necessity Entrepreneurship," IZA Discussion Papers 16930, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
  25. Joern Block & Roy Thurik & Haibo Zhou, 2013. "What turns knowledge into innovative products? The role of entrepreneurship and knowledge spillovers," Journal of Evolutionary Economics, Springer, vol. 23(4), pages 693-718, September.
  26. Joern H. Block & Lennart Hoogerheide & Roy Thurik, 2009. "Education and Entrepreneurial Choice: An Instrumental Variables Analysis," Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers 09-088/4, Tinbergen Institute, revised 23 Nov 2010.
  27. Ting Zhang & Zoltan Acs, 2018. "Age and entrepreneurship: nuances from entrepreneur types and generation effects," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 51(4), pages 773-809, December.
  28. Monica C. Diochon & Alistair R. Anderson & Yogesh Ghore, 2017. "Microfranchise emergence and its impact on entrepreneurship," International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Springer, vol. 13(2), pages 553-574, June.
  29. Jean-Marie Nkongolo-Bakenda & Elie Chrysostome, 2013. "Engaging diasporas as international entrepreneurs in developing countries: In search of determinants," Journal of International Entrepreneurship, Springer, vol. 11(1), pages 30-64, March.
  30. Shaomeng Jia & Joshua K. Bedi, 2022. "To Assimilate or Not to Assimilate? A Cross-country Study on Assimilating Entrepreneurial Tendencies," Journal of Private Enterprise, The Association of Private Enterprise Education, vol. 37(Spring 20), pages 1-31.
  31. Yaron Zelekha & Erez Yaakobi & Gil Avnimelech, 2018. "Attachment orientations and entrepreneurship," Journal of Evolutionary Economics, Springer, vol. 28(3), pages 495-522, August.
  32. Amorós, José Ernesto & Cristi, Oscar & Naudé, Wim, 2021. "Entrepreneurship and subjective well-being: Does the motivation to start-up a firm matter?," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 127(C), pages 389-398.
  33. Gonçalo Brás & Elias Soukiazis, 2014. "The Nature of Entrepreneurship and its Determinants: Opportunity or Necessity?," GEMF Working Papers 2014-22, GEMF, Faculty of Economics, University of Coimbra.
  34. Karaivanov, Alexander & Yindok, Tenzin, 2022. "Involuntary entrepreneurship – Evidence from Thai urban data," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 149(C).
  35. Vivek Sharma & Sudhir K. Jain, 2020. "Extending Habitus to Employment Preferences: Identifying Social-actors Influencing Employment Choices Including Self-employment Among Youth in J&K (India)," Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Emerging Economies, Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India, vol. 6(2), pages 261-281, July.
  36. Li, Rui & Wang, Tianyu & Zhou, Mingshan, 2021. "Entrepreneurship and household portfolio choice: Evidence from the China Household Finance Survey," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 1-15.
  37. Rietveld, Cornelius A. & Bailey, Henry & Hessels, Jolanda & van der Zwan, Peter, 2016. "Health and entrepreneurship in four Caribbean Basin countries," Economics & Human Biology, Elsevier, vol. 21(C), pages 84-89.
  38. Mukesh Sud & Craig VanSandt, 2015. "Identity Rights: A Structural Void in Inclusive Growth," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 132(3), pages 589-601, December.
  39. Jan Selmer & Yvonne McNulty & Jakob Lauring & Charles Vance, 2018. "Who is an expat-preneur? Toward a better understanding of a key talent sector supporting international entrepreneurship," Journal of International Entrepreneurship, Springer, vol. 16(2), pages 134-149, June.
  40. Pau Sendra-Pons & Sara Belarbi-Muñoz & Dolores Garzón & Alicia Mas-Tur, 2022. "Cross-country differences in drivers of female necessity entrepreneurship," Service Business, Springer;Pan-Pacific Business Association, vol. 16(4), pages 971-989, December.
  41. Thompson Piers & Jones-Evans Dylan & Kwong Caleb, 2012. "Entrepreneurship in Deprived Urban Communities: The Case of Wales," Entrepreneurship Research Journal, De Gruyter, vol. 2(1), pages 1-33, January.
  42. Peter Zwan & Roy Thurik & Ingrid Verheul & Jolanda Hessels, 2016. "Factors influencing the entrepreneurial engagement of opportunity and necessity entrepreneurs," Eurasian Business Review, Springer;Eurasia Business and Economics Society, vol. 6(3), pages 273-295, December.
  43. Maximilian Scheu & Andreas Kuckertz, 2023. "Explorers of the twenty-first century? A systematic literature review of the scholarship on international entrepreneurs from developed economies," International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Springer, vol. 19(1), pages 177-235, March.
  44. Giacomin, Olivier & Janssen, Frank & Guyot, Jean-luc & Lohest, Olivier, 2011. "Opportunity and/or necessity entrepreneurship? The impact of the socio-economic characteristics of entrepreneurs," MPRA Paper 29506, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  45. Marcus Dejardin & Hélène Laurent, 2024. "Entry-regulation and corruption: grease or sand in the wheels of entrepreneurship? Fresh evidence according to entrepreneurial motives," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 62(3), pages 1223-1272, March.
  46. Isabel Martínez-Rodríguez & Consolación Quintana-Rojo & Pedro Gento & Fernando-Evaristo Callejas-Albiñana, 2022. "Public policy recommendations for promoting female entrepreneurship in Europe," International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Springer, vol. 18(3), pages 1235-1262, September.
  47. Monika Mühlböck & Julia-Rita Warmuth & Marian Holienka & Bernhard Kittel, 2018. "Desperate entrepreneurs: no opportunities, no skills," International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Springer, vol. 14(4), pages 975-997, December.
  48. Guido Buenstorf, 2009. "Opportunity spin-offs and necessity spin-offs," International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 1(1), pages 22-40.
  49. Nardo Vries & Werner Liebregts & André Stel, 2020. "Explaining entrepreneurial performance of solo self-employed from a motivational perspective," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 55(2), pages 447-460, August.
  50. Matthew Roskruge & Jacques Poot & Laura King, 2016. "Social capital, entrepreneurship and living standards: differences between migrants and the native born," Chapters, in: Hans Westlund & Johan P. Larsson (ed.), Handbook of Social Capital and Regional Development, chapter 9, pages 221-254, Edward Elgar Publishing.
  51. Xi, Guoqian & Block, Jörn & Lasch, Frank & Robert, Frank & Thurik, Roy, 2017. "How Does Firm Survival Differ between Business Takeovers and New Venture Start-ups?," IZA Discussion Papers 11155, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
  52. Adela Luque & Maggie R. Jones, 2019. "Differences in Self-Employment Duration by Year of Entry & Pre-Entry Wage-Sector Attachment," Journal of Labor Research, Springer, vol. 40(1), pages 24-57, March.
  53. Nadia Simoes & Nuno Crespo & Sandrina B. Moreira, 2016. "Individual Determinants Of Self-Employment Entry: What Do We Really Know?," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 30(4), pages 783-806, September.
  54. Halvarsson, Daniel & Korpi, Martin & Wennberg, Karl, 2018. "Entrepreneurship and income inequality," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 145(C), pages 275-293.
  55. Robert W. Fairlie & Frank M. Fossen, 2018. "Opportunity versus Necessity Entrepreneurship: Two Components of Business Creation," SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research 959, DIW Berlin, The German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP).
  56. Juergen Bruenjes & Javier Revilla Diez, 2012. "Opportunity entrepreneurs - potential drivers of non-farm growth in rural Vietnam?," Working Papers on Innovation and Space 2012-01, Philipps University Marburg, Department of Geography.
  57. Alin Croitoru, 2020. "Great Expectations: A Regional Study of Entrepreneurship Among Romanian Return Migrants," SAGE Open, , vol. 10(2), pages 21582440209, May.
  58. Shepherd, Dean A. & Osofero, Moses & Wincent, Joakim, 2022. "A personal adversity model of justifying the costs of entrepreneurial action: The case of oil thieves in the Niger DELTA," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 37(1).
  59. Joern Block & Karsten Kohn & Danny Miller & Katrin Ullrich, 2015. "Necessity entrepreneurship and competitive strategy," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 44(1), pages 37-54, January.
  60. Saul Estrin & Ute Stephan & Suncica Vujic, 2014. "Do Women Earn Less Even as Social Entrepreneurs?," CEP Discussion Papers dp1313, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE.
  61. Christel Tessier-Dargent & Alain Fayolle, 2016. "Une approche typologique de l’entrepreneuriat de nécessité," Post-Print hal-02311891, HAL.
  62. Ana Venâncio & Inês Pinto, 2020. "Type of Entrepreneurial Activity and Sustainable Development Goals," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(22), pages 1-25, November.
  63. Marco Caliendo & Jens Hogenacker & Steffen Künn & Frank Wießner, 2012. "Alte Idee, neues Programm: Der Gründungszuschuss als Nachfolger von Überbrückungsgeld und Ich-AG," Journal for Labour Market Research, Springer;Institute for Employment Research/ Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), vol. 45(2), pages 99-123, July.
  64. Philipp Kruse, 2020. "Can there only be one? – an empirical comparison of four models on social entrepreneurial intention formation," International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Springer, vol. 16(2), pages 641-665, June.
  65. Awaworyi Churchill, Sefa & Munyanyi, Musharavati Ephraim & Smyth, Russell & Trinh, Trong-Anh, 2021. "Early life shocks and entrepreneurship: Evidence from the Vietnam War," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 124(C), pages 506-518.
  66. Alin Croitoru & Flavius Mihalache, 2018. "Fostering rural transformation in Romania: Entrepreneurship, land reform and institutional changes," Journal of Community Positive Practices, Catalactica NGO, issue 1, pages 3-17.
  67. Peter Thompson, 2011. "Necessity and Opportunity Entrepreneurs through the Business Cycle," Working Papers 1102, Florida International University, Department of Economics.
  68. Matthew J. Higgins & Donald J. Lacombe & Briana S. Stenard & Andrew T. Young, 2021. "Evaluating the effects of Small Business Administration lending on growth," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 57(1), pages 23-45, June.
  69. Pakura, Stefanie, 2015. "Unternehmerische Motivation und Wiedergründungsbereitschaft: Eine empirische Untersuchung deutscher Unternehmensneugründungen in der Frühentwicklungsphase," Lüneburger Beiträge zur Gründungsforschung 10, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Department of Entrepreneurship & Start-up Management.
  70. Pittino, Daniel & Visintin, Francesca & Lenger, Tamara & Sternad, Dietmar, 2016. "Are high performance work practices really necessary in family SMEs? An analysis of the impact on employee retention," Journal of Family Business Strategy, Elsevier, vol. 7(2), pages 75-89.
  71. Bögenhold, Dieter & Fachinger, Uwe, 2010. "How Diverse is Entrepreneurship? Observations on the social heterogeneity of self-employment in Germany," MPRA Paper 23271, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  72. Nezameddin Faghih & Ebrahim Bonyadi & Lida Sarreshtehdari, 2021. "Comparison of the entrepreneurial motivation in different economic groups," Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, Springer;UNESCO Chair in Entrepreneurship, vol. 11(1), pages 29-39, December.
  73. Walid A. Nakara & Karim Messeghem & Andry Ramaroson, 2021. "Innovation and entrepreneurship in a context of poverty: a multilevel approach," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 56(4), pages 1601-1617, April.
  74. Jafari-Sadeghi, Vahid, 2020. "The motivational factors of business venturing: Opportunity versus necessity? A gendered perspective on European countries," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 279-289.
  75. Mann Stefan, 2018. "A Mesoeconomic Approach to a Basic Income," Basic Income Studies, De Gruyter, vol. 13(1), pages 1-8, June.
  76. Inès Gabarret & Benjamin Vedel, 2015. "Pour une nouvelle approche de la motivation entrepreneuriale," Post-Print hal-01891934, HAL.
  77. Albiol, Judit, 2012. "Business Exits entail greater future levels of entrepreneurship? An empirical analysis at country level," Working Papers 2072/211754, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Economics.
  78. A. Uday Bhaskar & Somayajullu Garimella, 2017. "A Study of Predictors of Entrepreneurial Intentions: Development of Comprehensive Measures," Global Business Review, International Management Institute, vol. 18(3), pages 629-651, June.
  79. Bollmann, Tobias, 2018. "Unternehmensgründungen und Hochschulen: Eine Analyse der Bedeutung von universitärer Entrepreneurship-Bildung und Clustermitgliedschaften auf regionale Unternehmensgründungen," Arbeitspapiere 180, University of Münster, Institute for Cooperatives.
  80. Odermatt, Reto & Powdthavee, Nattavudh & Stutzer, Alois, 2021. "Are newly self-employed overly optimistic about their future well-being?," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics (formerly The Journal of Socio-Economics), Elsevier, vol. 95(C).
  81. Johannes Martin, 2013. "The Impact on Earnings When Entering Self-Employment: Evidence for Germany," SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research 537, DIW Berlin, The German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP).
  82. Lucio Fuentelsaz & Consuelo Gonz�lez-Gil & Juan P. Maicas, 2015. "What determines entepreneurial failure: taking advantage of the institutional context," Documentos de Trabajo dt2015-05, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Universidad de Zaragoza.
  83. Begoña Cueto & Patricia Suárez & Matías Mayor, 2021. "Effects of human capital and regional context on entrepreneurial survival," The Annals of Regional Science, Springer;Western Regional Science Association, vol. 66(2), pages 331-357, April.
  84. Malgorzata Wosiek, 2021. "Unemployment and new firm formation: evidence from Polish industries at the regional level," Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy, Institute of Economic Research, vol. 16(4), pages 765-782, December.
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  91. Stefan Hossinger & Jörn Block & Xiangyu Chen & Arndt Werner, 2023. "Venture creation patterns in academic entrepreneurship: the role of founder motivations," The Journal of Technology Transfer, Springer, vol. 48(1), pages 68-125, February.
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  99. Eriko Naiki & Yuta Ogane, 2022. "Human capital effects on fundraising for necessity- and opportunity-based entrepreneurs," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 59(2), pages 721-741, August.
  100. Raquel Justo & Emilio Congregado & Concepción Román, 2021. "Becoming self-employed from inactivity: an in-depth analysis of satisfaction," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 56(1), pages 145-187, January.
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