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Monopoly Without a Monopolist: An Economic Analysis of the Bitcoin Payment System

Citations

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Cited by:

  1. Jonathan Chiu & Thorsten V Koeppl, 2019. "Blockchain-Based Settlement for Asset Trading," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 32(5), pages 1716-1753.
  2. Makarov, Igor & Schoar, Antoinette, 2018. "Trading and Arbitrage in Cryptocurrency Markets," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 118909, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
  3. Bertucci, Louis, 2024. "Bitcoin Ordinals: Determinants and impact on total transaction fees," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 70(PA).
  4. Chiu, Jonathan & Koeppl, Thorsten, 2017. "The Economics of Cryptocurrencies - Bitcoin and Beyond," Queen's Economics Department Working Papers 274715, Queen's University - Department of Economics.
  5. Klaus Grobys, 2021. "When the blockchain does not block: on hackings and uncertainty in the cryptocurrency market," Quantitative Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 21(8), pages 1267-1279, August.
  6. Makarov, Igor & Schoar, Antoinette, 2020. "Trading and arbitrage in cryptocurrency markets," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 100409, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
  7. Grym, Aleksi, 2018. "The great illusion of digital currencies," BoF Economics Review 1/2018, Bank of Finland.
  8. Hitoshi Matsushima & Shunya Noda, 2020. "Mechanism Design with Blockchain Enforcement," DSSR Discussion Papers 111, Graduate School of Economics and Management, Tohoku University.
  9. Joshua S. Gans & Hanna Halaburda, 2023. ""Zero Cost'' Majority Attacks on Permissionless Blockchains," NBER Working Papers 31473, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  10. Chu, Gang & Dowling, Michael & Li, Xiao, 2026. "Impermanent loss in cryptocurrency," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 160(C).
  11. Yulin Liu & Yuxuan Lu & Kartik Nayak & Fan Zhang & Luyao Zhang & Yinhong Zhao, 2022. "Empirical Analysis of EIP-1559: Transaction Fees, Waiting Time, and Consensus Security," Papers 2201.05574, arXiv.org, revised Apr 2023.
  12. Emanuele Borgonovo & Stefano Caselli & Alessandra Cillo & Donato Masciandaro, 2018. "Between Cash, Deposit And Bitcoin: Would We Like A Central Bank Digital Currency? Money Demand And Experimental Economics," BAFFI CAREFIN Working Papers 1875, BAFFI CAREFIN, Centre for Applied Research on International Markets Banking Finance and Regulation, Universita' Bocconi, Milano, Italy.
  13. Raphael Auer, 2019. "Embedded supervision: how to build regulation into blockchain finance," BIS Working Papers 811, Bank for International Settlements.
  14. Bruno Biais & Christophe Bisière & Matthieu Bouvard & Catherine Casamatta & Albert J. Menkveld, 2023. "Equilibrium Bitcoin Pricing," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 78(2), pages 967-1014, April.
  15. Raphael A. Auer, 2022. "Embedded Supervision: How to Build Regulation into Decentralised Finance," CESifo Working Paper Series 9771, CESifo.
  16. Nick Arnosti & S. Matthew Weinberg, 2022. "Bitcoin: A Natural Oligopoly," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 68(7), pages 4755-4771, July.
  17. Jonathan Chiu & Thorsten V. Koeppl, 2022. "The economics of cryptocurrency: Bitcoin and beyond," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 55(4), pages 1762-1798, November.
  18. Igor Makarov & Antoinette Schoar, 2021. "Blockchain Analysis of the Bitcoin Market," NBER Working Papers 29396, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  19. Hokkanen, Topi, 2023. "Externalities and market failures of cryptocurrencies," BoF Economics Review 4/2023, Bank of Finland.
  20. Easley, David & O'Hara, Maureen & Basu, Soumya, 2019. "From mining to markets: The evolution of bitcoin transaction fees," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 134(1), pages 91-109.
  21. Simplice A. Asongu & Nicholas M. Odhiambo, 2023. "Female unemployment, mobile money innovations and doing business by females," Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Springer, vol. 12(1), pages 1-26, December.
  22. Muhammad Athar Nadeem & Zhiying Liu & Abdul Hameed Pitafi & Amna Younis & Yi Xu, 2021. "Investigating the Adoption Factors of Cryptocurrencies—A Case of Bitcoin: Empirical Evidence From China," SAGE Open, , vol. 11(1), pages 21582440219, March.
  23. Korniotis, George & Bhambhwani, Siddharth & Delikouras, Stefanos, 2019. "Blockchain Characteristics and the Cross-Section of Cryptocurrency Returns," CEPR Discussion Papers 13724, Centre for Economic Policy Research.
  24. Joel Hasbrouck & Thomas J. Rivera & Fahad Saleh, 2026. "An Economic Model of a Decentralized Exchange with Concentrated Liquidity," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 72(5), pages 3666-3683, May.
  25. Capponi, Agostino & Jia, Ruizhe & Wang, Kanye Ye, 2025. "Maximal extractable value and allocative inefficiencies in public blockchains," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 172(C).
  26. Aixing Li & Ke Gong & Jiashun Li & Li Zhang & Xueting Luo, 2025. "Is Monopolization Inevitable in Proof-of-Work Blockchains? Insights from Miner Scale Analysis," Computational Economics, Springer;Society for Computational Economics, vol. 66(3), pages 1825-1850, September.
  27. Giuseppe Gurrado & Donato Masciandaro, 2025. "Stablecoins vs CBDCs: the Digital Money Race in the Scientific and Social Networks," BAFFI CAREFIN Working Papers 25254, BAFFI CAREFIN, Centre for Applied Research on International Markets Banking Finance and Regulation, Universita' Bocconi, Milano, Italy.
  28. Lin William Cong & Ke Tang & Yanxin Wang & Xi Zhao, 2023. "Inclusion and Democratization Through Web3 and DeFi? Initial Evidence from the Ethereum Ecosystem," NBER Working Papers 30949, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  29. Simplice A. Asongu & Peter Agyemang-Mintah & Joseph Nnanna & Yolande E. Ngoungou, 2024. "Mobile money innovations, income inequality and gender inclusion in sub-Saharan Africa," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 10(1), pages 1-21, December.
  30. Lin William Cong & Zhiguo He & Jiasun Li & Wei Jiang, 2021. "Decentralized Mining in Centralized Pools [Concentrating on the fall of the labor share]," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 34(3), pages 1191-1235.
  31. Cole, Benjamin M. & Dyhrberg, Anne H. & Foley, Sean & Svec, Jiri, 2022. "Can Bitcoin be Trusted? Quantifying the economic value of blockchain transactions," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
  32. Tianyi Li & Xiaoquan (Michael) Zhang, 2024. "Development Trajectory of Blockchain Platforms: The Role of Multirole," Information Systems Research, INFORMS, vol. 35(3), pages 1296-1323, September.
  33. Shunya Noda & Kyohei Okumura & Yoshinori Hashimoto, 2026. "An Economic Analysis of Difficulty Adjustment Algorithms in Proof‐of‐Work Blockchain Systems," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 67(1), pages 259-285, February.
  34. Joseph Abadi & Markus Brunnermeier, 2018. "Blockchain Economics," NBER Working Papers 25407, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  35. Haim Shalit, 2024. "The Nonsense of Bitcoin 1n Portfolio Analysis," Working Papers 2401, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Department of Economics.
  36. Jens Gudmundsson & Jens Leth Hougaard & Erik Ansink, 2024. "Towards fully decentralized environmental regulation," Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers 24-035/VIII, Tinbergen Institute.
  37. Assamoi, Vincent K. & Ekponon, Adelphe & Guo, Zihan, 2025. "Are cryptocurrencies priced in the cross-section? A portfolio approach," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
  38. Marco Lambrecht & Andis Sofianos & Yilong Xu, 2025. "Does Mining Fuel Bubbles? An Experimental Study on Cryptocurrency Markets," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 71(3), pages 1865-1888, March.
  39. Jacob D. Leshno & Elaine Shi & Rafael Pass, 2024. "On the Viability of Open-Source Financial Rails: Economic Security of Permissionless Consensus," Papers 2409.08951, arXiv.org, revised Mar 2025.
  40. Borgonovo, Emanuele & Caselli, Stefano & Cillo, Alessandra & Masciandaro, Donato & Rabitti, Giovanni, 2021. "Money, privacy, anonymity: What do experiments tell us?," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 56(C).
  41. Guo, Weiwei & Intini, Silvia & Jahanshahloo, Hossein, 2025. "Bitcoin arbitrage and exchange default risk," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
  42. Daniel Ferreira & Jin Li & Radoslawa Nikolowa, 2019. "Corporate Capture of Blockchain Governance," Working Papers 880, Queen Mary University of London, School of Economics and Finance.
  43. Elisa Luciano, 2024. "Optimal Fees and Equilibrium in Crypto Markets," Carlo Alberto Notebooks 722 JEL Classification: D, Collegio Carlo Alberto.
  44. Raphael Auer, 2019. "Beyond the Doomsday Economics of “Proof-of-Work” in Cryptocurrencies," Globalization Institute Working Papers 355, Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas.
  45. Jun Aoyagi & Daisuke Adachi, 2018. "Economic Implications of Blockchain Platforms," Papers 1802.10117, arXiv.org, revised Oct 2018.
  46. Charles Bertucci & Louis Bertucci & Jean-Michel Lasry & Pierre-Louis Lions, 2020. "Mean Field Game Approach to Bitcoin Mining," Papers 2004.08167, arXiv.org.
  47. Ferreira, Daniel & Li, Jin & Nikolowa, Radoslawa, 2023. "Corporate capture of blockchain governance," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 115618, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
  48. Gilles Hilary & Laura Xiaolei Liu, 2021. "Blockchain and Other Distributed Ledger Technologies in Finance," Springer Books, in: Raghavendra Rau & Robert Wardrop & Luigi Zingales (ed.), The Palgrave Handbook of Technological Finance, pages 243-268, Springer.
  49. Feng Dong & Zhiwei Xu & Yu Zhang, 2022. "Bubbly Bitcoin," Economic Theory, Springer;Society for the Advancement of Economic Theory (SAET), vol. 74(3), pages 973-1015, October.
  50. Castillo León, Jaime & Lehar, Alfred, 2026. "What data have told us about decentralized finance," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 96(C).
  51. Sahebi, Iman Ghasemian & Masoomi, Behzad & Ghorbani, Shahryar, 2020. "Expert oriented approach for analyzing the blockchain adoption barriers in humanitarian supply chain," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 63(C).
  52. W. Scott Frame & Larry Wall & Lawrence J. White, 2018. "Technological Change and Financial Innovation in Banking: Some Implications for FinTech," Working Papers 18-28, New York University, Leonard N. Stern School of Business, Department of Economics.
  53. Juanjuan Li & Yong Yuan & Fei-Yue Wang, 2022. "Analyzing Bitcoin transaction fees using a queueing game model," Electronic Commerce Research, Springer, vol. 22(1), pages 135-155, March.
  54. Schilling, Linda & Uhlig, Harald, 2019. "Some simple bitcoin economics," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 106(C), pages 16-26.
  55. Auer, Raphael & Monnet, Cyril & Shin, Hyun Song, 2025. "Distributed ledgers and the governance of money," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 167(C).
  56. Julien Prat & Benjamin Walter, 2021. "An Equilibrium Model of the Market for Bitcoin Mining," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 129(8), pages 2415-2452.
  57. Lingxiu Dong & Yunzhe Qiu & Fasheng Xu, 2023. "Blockchain-Enabled Deep-Tier Supply Chain Finance," Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, INFORMS, vol. 25(6), pages 2021-2037, November.
  58. Dunbar, Kwamie & Owusu-Amoako, Johnson, 2022. "Cryptocurrency returns under empirical asset pricing," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 82(C).
  59. Rui Ma & Ben R Marshall & Nhut H Nguyen & Nuttawat Visaltanachoti, 2022. "Does bitcoin liquidity resemble the liquidity of other financial assets?," Australian Journal of Management, Australian School of Business, vol. 47(4), pages 729-748, November.
  60. Chen, Muying & Zhang, Xinyu & Wei, Yunjie & Wang, Shouyang, 2025. "What determines Bitcoin's price over the past decade?," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 103(C).
  61. Bonaparte, Yosef & Bernile, Gennaro, 2023. "A new “Wall Street Darling?” effects of regulation sentiment in cryptocurrency markets," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 52(C).
  62. Asongu, Simplice A. & Ngoungou, Yolande E. & Nnanna, Joseph, 2023. "Mobile money innovations and health performance in sub-Saharan Africa," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
  63. Fabian E. Eska & Yanghua Shi & Erik Theissen & Marliese Uhrig-Homburg, 2026. "Design and valuation of cryptocurrencies," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 67(1), pages 1-44, July.
  64. Jain, Archana & Jain, Chinmay & Krystyniak, Karolina, 2023. "Blockchain transaction fee and Ethereum Merge," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 58(PC).
  65. Haim Shalit, 2025. "The Nonsense of Bitcoin in Portfolio Analysis," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 18(3), pages 1-14, February.
  66. Li, Zhicheng & Li, Jialong & Zhou, Ke, 2023. "Bitcoin transaction fees and the decentralization of Bitcoin mining pools," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 58(PB).
  67. Rodney J. Garratt & Maarten R. C. van Oordt, 2023. "Why Fixed Costs Matter for Proof-of-Work–Based Cryptocurrencies," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 69(11), pages 6482-6507, November.
  68. Schilling, Linda & Fernández-Villaverde, Jesús & Uhlig, Harald, 2024. "Central bank digital currency: When price and bank stability collide," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 145(C).
  69. Asongu, Simplice A. & le Roux, Sara, 2023. "The role of mobile money innovations in transforming unemployed women to self-employed women in sub-Saharan Africa," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 191(C).
  70. Ye Wang & Yan Chen & Haotian Wu & Liyi Zhou & Shuiguang Deng & Roger Wattenhofer, 2021. "Cyclic Arbitrage in Decentralized Exchanges," Papers 2105.02784, arXiv.org, revised Jan 2022.
  71. Shao, Enchuan & Rajapaksa, Danusha, 2024. "Miner competition and transaction fees," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 227(C).
  72. Jiahao He & Guangyuan Zhang & Jiheng Zhang & Rachel Q. Zhang, 2023. "Blockchain Operations in the Presence of Security Concerns," Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, INFORMS, vol. 25(3), pages 1117-1135, May.
  73. Kim, Daehan & Ryu, Doojin & Webb, Robert I., 2023. "Determination of equilibrium transaction fees in the Bitcoin network: A rank-order contest," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 86(C).
  74. Carlos Viñuela & Juan Sapena & Gonzalo Wandosell, 2020. "The Future of Money and the Central Bank Digital Currency Dilemma," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(22), pages 1-22, November.
  75. Raffaella Barone & Donato Masciandaro, 2019. "Cryptocurrency or usury? Crime and alternative money laundering techniques," European Journal of Law and Economics, Springer, vol. 47(2), pages 233-254, April.
  76. Muhammad Nazam & Muhammad Hashim & Florian Marcel Nută & Liming Yao & Muhammad Azam Zia & Muhammad Yousaf Malik & Muhammad Usman & Levente Dimen, 2022. "Devising a Mechanism for Analyzing the Barriers of Blockchain Adoption in the Textile Supply Chain: A Sustainable Business Perspective," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-31, December.
  77. Crépellière, Tommy & Pelster, Matthias & Zeisberger, Stefan, 2023. "Arbitrage in the market for cryptocurrencies," Journal of Financial Markets, Elsevier, vol. 64(C).
  78. Balvers, Ronald J. & McDonald, Bill, 2021. "Designing a global digital currency," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 111(C).
  79. Akaki Mamageishvili & Edward W. Felten, 2022. "Efficient Rollup Batch Posting Strategy on Base Layer," Papers 2212.10337, arXiv.org, revised Feb 2023.
  80. Itay Goldstein & Deeksha Gupta & Ruslan Sverchkov, 2024. "Utility Tokens as a Commitment to Competition," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 79(6), pages 4197-4246, December.
  81. Paolo Guasoni & Gur Huberman & Clara Shikhelman, 2024. "Lightning Network Economics: Channels," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 70(6), pages 3827-3840, June.
  82. Daehan Kim & Doojin Ryu & Robert I. Webb, 2024. "Does a higher hashrate strengthen Bitcoin network security?," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 10(1), pages 1-15, December.
  83. Svetlana V. Krivoruchko, 2018. "Cryptocurrencies and Approaches to Their Regulation," Finansovyj žhurnal — Financial Journal, Financial Research Institute, Moscow 125375, Russia, issue 5, pages 120-129, October.
  84. Andreas Freund & Danielle Stanko, 2018. "The Wolf and the Caribou: Coexistence of Decentralized Economies and Competitive Markets," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 11(2), pages 1-38, May.
  85. Zamora-Pérez, Alejandro, 2026. "Who owns crypto in the euro area? Drivers of crypto adoption, payment use, and its interaction with fiat cash," Working Paper Series 3215, European Central Bank.
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  88. Hinzen, Franz J. & John, Kose & Saleh, Fahad, 2022. "Bitcoin’s limited adoption problem," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 144(2), pages 347-369.
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  128. Lin William Cong & Zhiguo He, 2019. "Blockchain Disruption and Smart Contracts," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 32(5), pages 1754-1797.
  129. Joshua S. Gans & Hanna Halaburda, 2024. "“Zero Cost” Majority Attacks on Permissionless Proof of Work Blockchains," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 70(6), pages 4155-4165, June.
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  133. Garud Iyengar & Fahad Saleh & Jay Sethuraman & Wenjun Wang, 2024. "Blockchain Adoption in a Supply Chain with Manufacturer Market Power," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 70(9), pages 6158-6178, September.
  134. Juan Jesús Rico-Peña & Raquel Arguedas-Sanz & Carmen López-Martín, 2025. "Transactions Market in Bitcoin: Empirical Analysis of the Demand and Supply Block Space Curves," Computational Economics, Springer;Society for Computational Economics, vol. 66(4), pages 3327-3357, October.
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  138. Benigno, Pierpaolo & Schilling, Linda M. & Uhlig, Harald, 2022. "Cryptocurrencies, currency competition, and the impossible trinity," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 136(C).
  139. Soumya Basu & David Easley & Maureen O’Hara & Emin Gün Sirer, 2023. "StableFees: A Predictable Fee Market for Cryptocurrencies," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 69(11), pages 6508-6524, November.
  140. Anil Savio Kavuri & Alistair Milne, 2019. "Fintech and the Future of Financial Services: What Are the Research Gaps?," CAMA Working Papers 2019-18, Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis, Crawford School of Public Policy, The Australian National University.
  141. Baumgartner, Tim & Güttler, André, 2022. "Bitcoin flash crash on May 19, 2021: What did really happen on Binance?," IWH Discussion Papers 25/2022, Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH).
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