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Lightning Network Economics: Channels

Author

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  • Paolo Guasoni

    (School of Mathematical Sciences, Dublin City University, D09 W6Y4 Dublin, Ireland; Dipartimento di Statistica, Università di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy)

  • Gur Huberman

    (Columbia Business School, New York, New York 10027)

  • Clara Shikhelman

    (Chaincode Labs, New York, New York 10017)

Abstract

Compared with existing payment systems, Bitcoin’s throughput is low. Designed to address Bitcoin’s scalability challenge, the Lightning Network (LN) is a protocol allowing two parties to secure bitcoin payments and escrow holdings between them. In a lightning channel, each party commits collateral toward future payments to the counterparty and payments are cryptographically secured updates of collaterals. The network of channels increases transaction speed and reduces blockchain congestion. This paper (i) identifies conditions for two parties to optimally establish a channel, (ii) finds explicit formulas for channel costs, (iii) obtains the optimal collaterals and savings entailed, and (iv) derives the implied reduction in congestion of the blockchain. Unidirectional channels costs grow with the square-root of payment rates, while symmetric bidirectional channels with their cubic root. Asymmetric bidirectional channels are akin to unidirectional when payment rates are significantly different, otherwise to symmetric bidirectional.

Suggested Citation

  • Paolo Guasoni & Gur Huberman & Clara Shikhelman, 2024. "Lightning Network Economics: Channels," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 70(6), pages 3827-3840, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:inm:ormnsc:v:70:y:2024:i:6:p:3827-3840
    DOI: 10.1287/mnsc.2022.01664
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