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Mind the Gap in the Mining Game

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  • Kyoung-Kuk Kim
  • Donghwa Seo

Abstract

We analyze intentional block delays (mining gaps) in Proof-of-Work blockchain systems, where miners strategically balance mining rewards against operational costs. Using a game-theoretic model, we derive a Nash equilibrium with optimal mining strategies and establish necessary and sufficient conditions for mining gap existence. We demonstrate that mining gaps, when combined with difficulty adjustment algorithms, can destabilize the system. We propose conditions to address sustainability concerns as block rewards decrease and reliance on transaction fees increases. Our findings are illustrated through a two-player game simulation and an analysis of the Bitcoin network, providing insights for blockchain design and policy. This work contributes to understanding strategic mining behavior and its impact on blockchain stability and efficiency.

Suggested Citation

  • Kyoung-Kuk Kim & Donghwa Seo, 2026. "Mind the Gap in the Mining Game," Papers 2606.03153, arXiv.org.
    • Handle: RePEc:arx:papers:2606.03153
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Easley, David & O'Hara, Maureen & Basu, Soumya, 2019. "From mining to markets: The evolution of bitcoin transaction fees," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 134(1), pages 91-109.
    2. Gur Huberman & Jacob D Leshno & Ciamac Moallemi, 2021. "Monopoly without a Monopolist: An Economic Analysis of the Bitcoin Payment System," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 88(6), pages 3011-3040.
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