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Publications

by alumni of

Washington University in St. Louis → Olin School of Business

These are publications listed in RePEc written by alumni of the above institution who are registered with the RePEc Author Service and listed in the RePEc Genealogy. List of alumni. For a list of publications by current members of the department, see here. Register yourself.

This page is updated in the first days of each month.

| Working papers | Journal articles | Books | Chapters |

Working papers

2026

  1. L. Randall Wray, 2026, "Artificial Intelligence: Friend, Foe, Fraud," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_1107, Feb.
  2. Yeva Nersisyan & L. Randall Wray, 2026, "Plutonomy--the AI Edition--and the Coming Crisis," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_1122, Jul.

2025

  1. Yeva Nersisyan & L. Randall Wray, 2025, "The Fed Lowered Rates Again. Is It Really a Surprise?," Economics Policy Note Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number 25-10, Dec.
  2. L. Randall Wray, 2025, "Ratings Agencies Downgrade the Dollar’s Exorbitant Privilege," Economics Policy Note Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number 25-4, May.
  3. Yeva Nersisyan & L. Randall Wray, 2025, "No, the Fed Is NOT Independent--It Is a Creature of Congress," Economics Policy Note Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number 25-7, Sep.
  4. L. Randall Wray, 2025, "The Rise of the Modern Monetary System: An Integration of the Credit and State Money Approaches," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_1076, Feb.
  5. L. Randall Wray, 2025, "MMT: Heuristics versus Paradigm Shift?," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_1084, Jul.

2024

  1. L. Randall Wray, 2024, "If Government Can Print Money, Why Does It Borrow?," Economics One-Pager Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number op_72, May.
  2. Yeva Nersisyan & L. Randall Wray, 2024, "The Boy Who Cried Wolf About Government Debt," Economics Policy Note Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number 24-1, Oct.
  3. L. Randall Wray & Eric Lin, 2024, "The Relation Between Budget Deficits and Growth: Complicated but Clear," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_1055, Sep.
  4. L. Randall Wray, 2024, "The Value of Money: A Survey of Heterodox Approaches," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_1062, Dec.

2023

  1. L. Randall Wray & Yeva Nersisyan & Xinhua Liu, 2023, "The Unbearable Weight of Aging: How to Deal with the "Demographic Time Bomb"," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_1018, Apr.

2022

  1. Yeva Nersisyan & L. Randall Wray, 2022, "Is It Time for Rate Hikes? The Fed Cannot Engineer a Soft Landing but Risks Stagflation by Trying," Economics Public Policy Brief Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number ppb_157, Apr.
  2. Yeva Nersisyan & L. Randall Wray, 2022, "Time to Celebrate Modern Money Theory?," Economics One-Pager Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number op_69, Feb.
  3. L. Randall Wray, 2022, "The Causes of Pandemic Inflation," Economics One-Pager Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number op_70, Dec.
  4. Yeva Nersisyan & L. Randall Wray, 2022, "What's Causing Accelerating Inflation: Pandemic or Policy Response?," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_1003, Mar.

2021

  1. Yeva Nersisyan & L. Randall Wray, 2021, "Can Biden Build Back Better? Yes, If He Abandons Fiscal "Pay Fors"," Economics Public Policy Brief Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number ppb_155, Jun.
  2. Dimitri B. Papadimitriou & L. Randall Wray, 2021, "Still Flying Blind after All These Years: The Federal Reserve's Continuing Experiments with Unobservables," Economics Public Policy Brief Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number ppb_156, Dec.
  3. Yeva Nersisyan & L. Randall Wray, 2021, "COVID Relief and the Inflation Warriors," Economics One-Pager Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number op_65, Feb.
  4. L. Randall Wray, 2021, "Are Concerns over Growing Federal Government Debt Misplaced?," Economics One-Pager Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number op_68, Nov.
  5. Edward Lane & L. Randall Wray, 2021, "Why President Biden Should Eliminate Corporate Taxes to Build Back Better," Economics Policy Note Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number 21-3, Jun.
  6. Yeva Nersisyan & L. Randall Wray, 2021, "Has Japan Been Following Modern Money Theory Without Recognizing It? No! And Yes," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_985, Feb.

2020

  1. Yeva Nersisyan & L. Randall Wray, 2020, "Can We Afford the Green New Deal?," Economics Public Policy Brief Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number ppb_148, Jan.
  2. Yeva Nersisyan & L. Randall Wray, 2020, "The Economic Response to the Coronavirus Pandemic," Economics One-Pager Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number op_62, Mar.
  3. Yeva Nersisyan & L. Randall Wray, 2020, "Are We All MMTers Now? Not so Fast," Economics One-Pager Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number op_63, Apr.
  4. L. Randall Wray, 2020, "The "Kansas City" Approach to Modern Money Theory," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_961, Jul.
  5. Edward Lane & L. Randall Wray, 2020, "Is It Time to Eliminate Federal Corporate Income Taxes?," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_979, Nov.

2019

  1. Yeva Nersisyan & L. Randall Wray, 2019, "How to Pay for the Green New Deal," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_931, May.
  2. L. Randall Wray, 2019, "Fiscal Reform to Benefit State and Local Governments: The Modern Money Theory Approach," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_936, Sep.

2018

  1. L. Randall Wray, 2018, "Why the United States Will Beat China to the Next Minsky Moment," Economics One-Pager Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number op_54, Feb.
  2. L. Randall Wray, 2018, "Does the United States Face Another Minsky Moment?," Economics Policy Note Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number 18-1, Feb.
  3. L. Randall Wray & Stephanie A. Kelton & Pavlina R. Tcherneva & Scott Fullwiler & Flavia Dantas, 2018, "Guaranteed Jobs through a Public Service Employment Program," Economics Policy Note Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number 18-2, Mar.
  4. L. Randall Wray, 2018, "A Consensus Strategy for a Universal Job Guarantee Program," Economics Policy Note Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number 18-3, May.
  5. L. Randall Wray, 2018, "Functional Finance: A Comparison of the Evolution of the Positions of Hyman Minsky and Abba Lerner," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_900, Jan.

2017

  1. Flavia Dantas & L. Randall Wray, 2017, "Full Employment: Are We There Yet?," Economics Public Policy Brief Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number ppb_142, Feb.
  2. Flavia Dantas & L. Randall Wray, 2017, "Falling Labor Force Participation: Demographics or Lack of Jobs?," Economics One-Pager Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number op_53, Feb.
  3. L. Randall Wray, 2017, "Why the Compulsive Shift to Single Payer? Because Healthcare Is Not Insurable," Economics Policy Note Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number 17-3, Jul.

2015

  1. L. Randall Wray, 2015, "Minsky on Banking: Early Work on Endogenous Money and the Prudent Banker," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_827, Jan.
  2. Alla Semenova & L. Randall Wray, 2015, "The Rise of Money and Class Society: The Contributions of John F. Henry," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_832, Feb.
  3. Mariana Mazzucato & L. Randall Wray, 2015, "Financing the Capital Development of the Economy: A Keynes-Schumpeter-Minsky Synthesis," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_837, May.

2014

  1. L. Randall Wray & Xinhua Liu, 2014, "Options for China in a Dollar Standard World: A Sovereign Currency Approach," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_783, Jan.
  2. L. Randall Wray, 2014, "From the State Theory of Money to Modern Money Theory: An Alternative to Economic Orthodoxy," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_792, Mar.
  3. L. Randall Wray, 2014, "Outside Money: The Advantages of Owning the Magic Porridge Pot," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_821, Dec.

2013

  1. L. Randall Wray, 2013, "Policy Options for China: Reorienting Fiscal Policy to Reduce Financial Fragility," Economics One-Pager Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number op_44, Dec.
  2. Eric Tymoigne & L. Randall Wray, 2013, "Modern Money Theory 101: A Reply to Critics," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_778, Nov.
  3. L. Randall Wray & Yolanda Fernandez Lommen, 2013, "Monetary and Fiscal Operations in the People’s Republic of China: An Alternative View of the Options Available," ADB Economics Working Paper Series, Asian Development Bank, number 380, Oct.

2012

  1. Dimitri B. Papadimitriou & L. Randall Wray, 2012, "Fiddling in Euroland as the Global Meltdown Nears," Economics Public Policy Brief Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number ppb_122, Feb.
  2. Dimitri B. Papadimitriou & L. Randall Wray, 2012, "Delaying the Next Global Meltdown," Economics One-Pager Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number op_24, Feb.
  3. Dimitri B. Papadimitriou & L. Randall Wray, 2012, "Euroland's Original Sin," Economics Policy Note Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number 12-08, Jul.
  4. L. Randall Wray, 2012, "Imbalances? What Imbalances? A Dissenting View," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_704, Jan.
  5. L. Randall Wray, 2012, "The Euro Crisis and the Job Guarantee: A Proposal for Ireland," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_707, Feb.
  6. L. Randall Wray, 2012, "Global Financial Crisis: A Minskyan Interpretation of the Causes, the Fed's Bailout, and the Future," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_711, Mar.
  7. L. Randall Wray, 2012, "Introduction to an Alternative History of Money," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_717, May.
  8. L. Randall Wray, 2012, "A Meme for Money," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_736, Nov.
  9. Brett Fiebiger & Scott Fullwiler & Stephanie Kelton & L. Randall Wray, 2012, "Modern Monetary Theory: A Debate," Working Papers, Political Economy Research Institute, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, number wp279.

2011

  1. Scott Fullwiler & L. Randall Wray, 2011, "It's Time to Rein In the Fed," Economics Public Policy Brief Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number ppb_117, Apr.
  2. L. Randall Wray, 2011, "Waiting for the Next Crash: The Minskyan Lessons We Failed to Learn," Economics Public Policy Brief Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number ppb_120, Oct.
  3. Dimitri B. Papadimitriou & L. Randall Wray, 2011, "Confusion in Euroland," Economics One-Pager Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number op_20, Nov.
  4. L. Randall Wray, 2011, "$29,000,000,000,000: A Detailed Look at the Fed's Bailout of the Financial System," Economics One-Pager Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number op_23, Dec.
  5. L. Randall Wray, 2011, "The Dismal State of Macroeconomics and the Opportunity for a New Beginning," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_652, Mar.
  6. L. Randall Wray, 2011, "Financial Keynesianism and Market Instability," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_653, Mar.
  7. L. Randall Wray, 2011, "A Minskyan Road to Financial Reform," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_655, Mar.
  8. L. Randall Wray, 2011, "Money in Finance," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_656, Mar.
    • L. Randall Wray, 2012, "Money in finance," Chapters, Edward Elgar Publishing, chapter 33, in: Jan Toporowski & Jo Michell, "Handbook of Critical Issues in Finance".
  9. L. Randall Wray, 2011, "Keynes after 75 Years: Rethinking Money as a Public Monopoly," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_658, Mar.
  10. L. Randall Wray, 2011, "Minsky Crisis," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_659, Mar.
  11. L. Randall Wray, 2011, "Minsky's Money Manager Capitalism and the Global Financial Crisis," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_661, Mar.
  12. L. Randall Wray, 2011, "The Financial Crisis Viewed from the Perspective of the “Social Costs” Theory," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_662, Mar.
  13. L. Randall Wray, 2011, "Lessons We Should Have Learned from the Global Financial Crisis but Didn't," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_681, Aug.
  14. L. Randall Wray, 2011, "Is There Room for Bulls, Bears, and States in the Circuit?," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_700, Dec.

2010

  1. Yeva Nersisyan & L. Randall Wray, 2010, "The Trouble with Pensions: Toward an Alternative Public Policy to Support Retirement," Economics Public Policy Brief Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number ppb_109, Jan.
  2. Marshall Auerback & L. Randall Wray, 2010, "Toward True Health Care Reform: More Care, Less Insurance," Economics Public Policy Brief Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number ppb_110, Jan.
  3. Yeva Nersisyan & L. Randall Wray, 2010, "Deficit Hysteria Redux? Why We Should Stop Worrying About U.S. Government Deficits," Economics Public Policy Brief Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number ppb_111, May.
  4. Dimitri B. Papadimitriou & L. Randall Wray & Yeva Nersisyan, 2010, "Endgame for the Euro? Without Major Restructuring, the Eurozone is Doomed," Economics Public Policy Brief Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number ppb_113, Jul.
  5. L. Randall Wray, 2010, "What Should Banks Do? A Minskyan Analysis," Economics Public Policy Brief Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number ppb_115, Sep.
  6. Dimitri B. Papadimitriou & L. Randall Wray & Yeva Nersisyan, 2010, "Is the Eurozone Doomed? The Rescue Plan Cannot Address the Central Problem," Economics One-Pager Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number op_4, Nov.
  7. L. Randall Wray, 2010, "Minsky's View of Capitalism and Banking in America," Economics One-Pager Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number op_6, Nov.
  8. Yeva Nersisyan & L. Randall Wray, 2010, "The Global Financial Crisis and the Shift to Shadow Banking," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_587, Feb.
  9. Yeva Nersisyan & L. Randall Wray, 2010, "Does Excessive Sovereign Debt Really Hurt Growth? A Critique of This Time Is Different, by Reinhart and Rogoff," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_603, Jun.
  10. L. Randall Wray, 2010, "What Do Banks Do? What Should Banks Do?," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_612, Aug.
  11. Scott Fullwiler & L. Randall Wray, 2010, "Quantitative Easing and Proposals for Reform of Monetary Policy Operations," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_645, Dec.
  12. L. Randall Wray, 2010, "Money," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_647, Dec.

2009

  1. Eric Tymoigne & L. Randall Wray, 2009, "It Isn't Working: Time for More Radical Policies," Economics Public Policy Brief Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number ppb_105, Oct.
  2. Stephanie A. Kelton & L. Randall Wray, 2009, "Can Euroland Survive?," Economics Public Policy Brief Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number ppb_106, Nov.
  3. James K. Galbraith & L. Randall Wray & Warren Mosler, 2009, "The Case Against Intergenerational Accounting: The Accounting Campaign Against Social Security and Medicare," Economics Public Policy Brief Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number ppb_98, Feb.
  4. L. Randall Wray, 2009, "The Return of Big Government--Policy Advice for President Obama," Economics Public Policy Brief Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number ppb_99, Mar.
  5. Marshall Auerback & L. Randall Wray, 2009, "Banks Running Wild--The Subversion of Insurance by "Life Settlements" and Credit Default Swaps," Economics Policy Note Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number 09-9, Oct.
  6. L. Randall Wray, 2009, "The Social and Economic Importance of Full Employment," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_560, May.
  7. L. Randall Wray, 2009, "Money Manager Capitalism and the Global Financial Crisis," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_578, Sep.
  8. L. Randall Wray, 2009, "An Alternative View of Finance, Saving, Deficits, and Liquidity," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_580, Oct.

2008

  1. L. Randall Wray, 2008, "Financial Markets Meltdown: What Can We Learn from Minsky," Economics Public Policy Brief Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number ppb_94, Apr.
  2. L. Randall Wray, 2008, "The Commodities Market Bubble: Money Manager Capitalism and the Financialization of Commodities," Economics Public Policy Brief Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number ppb_96, Oct.
  3. Hyman P. Minsky & L. Randall Wray, 2008, "Securitization," Economics Policy Note Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number 08-2, Jun.
  4. L. Randall Wray, 2008, "What's a Central Bank to Do? Policy Response to the Current Crisis," Economics Policy Note Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number 08-3, Aug.
  5. Dimitri B. Papadimitriou & L. Randall Wray, 2008, "Time to Bail Out: Alternatives to the Bush-Paulson Plan," Economics Policy Note Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number 08-6, Nov.
  6. L. Randall Wray & Eric Tymoigne, 2008, "Macroeconomics Meets Hyman P. Minsky: The Financial Theory of Investment," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_543, Sep.
  7. Peter Havlik & Wlodzimierz Kalicki, 2008, "Monthly Report No. 5/2008," wiiw Monthly Reports, The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw, number 2008-05, May.

2007

  1. Dimitri B. Papadimitriou & L. Randall Wray, 2007, "The April AMT Shock: Tax Reform Advice for the New Majority," Economics Policy Note Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number 07-1, Jan.
  2. L. Randall Wray, 2007, "Demand Constraints and Big Government," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_488, Jan.
  3. C. Sardoni & L. Randall Wray, 2007, "Fixed and Flexible Exchange Rates and Currency Sovereignty," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_489, Jan.
  4. L. Randall Wray, 2007, "A Post-Keynesian View of Central Bank Independence, Policy Targets, and the Rules-versus-Discretion Debate," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_510, Aug.
  5. L. Randall Wray, 2007, "Endogenous Money: Structuralist and Horizontalist," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_512, Sep.
  6. L. Randall Wray, 2007, "The Continuing Legacy of John Maynard Keynes," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_514, Sep.
  7. L. Randall Wray, 2007, "Minsky's Approach to Employment Policy and Poverty: Employer of Last Resort and the War on Poverty," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_515, Sep.
  8. Pavlina R. Tcherneva & L. Randall Wray, 2007, "Public Employment and Women: The Impact of Argentina’s Jefes Program on Female Heads of Poor Households," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_519, Nov.
  9. L. Randall Wray, 2007, "Lessons from the Subprime Meltdown," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_522, Dec.

2006

  1. L. Randall Wray, 2006, "Can Basel II Enhance Financial Stability?: A Pessimistic View," Economics Public Policy Brief Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number ppb_84, May.
  2. L. Randall Wray, 2006, "Twin Deficits and Sustainability," Economics Policy Note Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number 06-3, Apr.
  3. L. Randall Wray, 2006, "The Burden Of Aging: Much Ado About Nothing, Or Little To Do About Something?," Economics Policy Note Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number 06-5, Jul.
  4. L. Randall Wray, 2006, "Keynes's Approach To Money: An Assessment After 70 Years," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_438, Jan.
  5. L. Randall Wray, 2006, "Extending Minsky's Classifications of Fragility to Government and the Open Economy," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_450, May.
  6. L. Randall Wray, 2006, "Banking, Finance, and Money: A Socioeconomics Approach," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_459, Jul.
  7. L. Randall Wray, 2006, "Global Demographic Trends and Provisioning for the Future," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_468, Aug.

2005

  1. L. Randall Wray, 2005, "The Ownership Society: Social Security Is Only the Beginning," Economics Public Policy Brief Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number ppb_82, Aug.
  2. L. Randall Wray, 2005, "Manufacturing a Crisis: the Neocon Attack on Social Security," Economics Policy Note Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number 05-2, Feb.
  3. L. Randall Wray, 2005, "Social Security's 70th Anniversary: Surviving 20 Years of Reform," Economics Policy Note Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number 05-6, Sep.
  4. L. Randall Wray, 2005, "Monetary Policy Strategies of the European Central Bank and the Federal Reserve Bank of the U.S," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_431, Nov.

2004

  1. L. Randall Wray, 2004, "The Case for Rate Hikes: Did the Fed Prematurely Raise Rates?," Economics Public Policy Brief Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number ppb_79, Aug.
  2. L. Randall Wray, 2004, "The Fed and the New Monetary Consensus: The Case for Rate Hikes, Part Two," Economics Public Policy Brief Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number ppb_80, Dec.

1999

  1. L. Randall Wray, 1999, "Theories of Value and the Monetary Theory of Production," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_261, Jan.
  2. L. Randall Wray, 1999, "The 1966 Financial Crisis: A Case of Minskian Instability?," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_262, Jan.
  3. Marc-Andre Pigeon & L. Randall Wray, 1999, "Demand Constraints and Economic Growth," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_269, May.
  4. Dimitri B. Papadimitriou & L. Randall Wray, 1999, "Can Social Security Be Saved?," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_270, May.
  5. Dimitri B. Papadimitriou & L. Randall Wray, 1999, "Minsky's Analysis of Financial Capitalism," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_275, Jul.

1998

  1. L. Randall Wray, 1998, "The Development and Reform of the Modern International Financial System," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_225, Jan.
  2. Richard P. F. Holt & J. Barkley Rosser & L. Randall Wray, 1998, "Paul Davidson's Economics," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_251, Sep.
  3. L. Randall Wray, 1998, "Modern Money," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_252, Sep.
  4. John F. Henry & L. Randall Wray, 1998, "Economic Time," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_255, Oct.
  5. L. Randall Wray, 1998, "Is Keynesianism Institutionalist?: An Irreverent Overview of the History of Money from the Beginning of the Beginning to the Present," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_257, Nov.
  6. Dimitri B. Papadimitriou & L. Randall Wray, 1998, "The Consumer Price Index as a Measure of Inflation and Target of Monetary Policy," Macroeconomics, University Library of Munich, Germany, number 9807004, Jul.

1997

  1. L. Randall Wray, 1997, "Government as Employer of Last Resort: Full Employment without Inflation," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_213, Nov.
  2. Dimitri B. Papadimitriou & L. Randall Wray, 1997, "The Economic Contributions of Hyman Minsky: Varieties of Capitalism and Institutional Reform," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_217, Dec.
  3. L. Randall Wray, 1997, "Money and Taxes: The Chartalist Approach," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_222, Dec.

1996

  1. Dimitri B. Papadimitriou & L. Randall Wray, 1996, "The Consumer Price Index As a Measure of Inflation," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_164, May.

1994

  1. Dimitri B. Papadimitriou & Ronnie J. Phillips & L. Randall Wray, 1994, "Community-based Factoring Companies and Small Business Lending," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_108, Apr.
  2. Dimitri B. Papadimitriou & L. Randall Wray, 1994, "Flying Blind: The Federal Reserve's Experiment with Unobservables," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_124, Sep.

1993

  1. L. Randall Wray, 1993, "The Origins of Money and the Development of the Modern Financial System," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_86, Mar.
  2. Dimitri B. Papadimitriou & Ronnie J. Phillips & L. Randall Wray, 1993, "The Community Reinvestment Act, Lending Discrimination, and the Role of Community Development Banks," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_95, May.
  3. Randall Wray, 1993, "Government Deficits, Liquidity Preference, and Schumpeterian Innovation," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_99, Oct.

1992

  1. Hyman P. Minsky & Dimitri B. Papadimitriou & Ronnie J. Phillips & L. Randall Wray, 1992, "Community Development Banks," Economics Working Paper Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number wp_83, Dec.

Undated

  1. Dimitri B. Papadimitriou & Ronnie J. Phillips & L. Randall Wray, undated, "An Alternative in Small Business Finance, Community-Based Factoring Companies and Small Business Lending," Economics Public Policy Brief Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number 12.
  2. Hyman P. Minsky & Dimitri B. Papadimitriou & Ronnie J. Phillips & L. Randall Wray, undated, "Community Development Banking, A Proposal to Establish a Nationwide System of Community Development Banks," Economics Public Policy Brief Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number 3.
  3. Dimitri B. Papadimitriou & Ronnie J. Phillips & L. Randall Wray, undated, "A Path to Community Development, The Community Reinvestment Act, Lending Discrimination, and the Role of Community Development Banks," Economics Public Policy Brief Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number 6.
  4. Dimitri B. Papadimitriou & L. Randall Wray, undated, "Monetary Policy Uncovered, Flying Blind: The FederalReserve's Experiment with Unobservables," Economics Public Policy Brief Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number ppb_15.
  5. Dimitri B. Papadimitriou & L. Randall Wray, undated, "Targeting Inflation, The Effects of Monetary Policy on the CPI and Its Housing Component," Economics Public Policy Brief Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number ppb_27.
  6. Marc-Andre Pigeon & L. Randall Wray, undated, "Did the Clinton Rising Tide Raise All Boats? Job Opportunity for the Less Skilled," Economics Public Policy Brief Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number ppb_45.
  7. Marc-Andre Pigeon & L. Randall Wray, undated, "Down and Out in the United States, An Inside Look at the Out of the Labor Force Population," Economics Public Policy Brief Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number ppb_54.
  8. Dimitri B. Papadimitriou & L. Randall Wray, undated, "Does Social Security Need Saving? Providing for Retirees throughout the Twenty-first Century," Economics Public Policy Brief Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number ppb_55.
  9. L. Randall Wray & Dimitri B. Papadimitriou, undated, "Understanding Deflation: Treating the Disease, Not the Symptoms," Economics Public Policy Brief Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number ppb_74.
  10. Stephanie Bell & L. Randall Wray, undated, "The War on Poverty After 40 Years: A Minskyan Assessment," Economics Public Policy Brief Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number ppb_78.
  11. L. Randall Wray, undated, "Why Does The Fed Want Slower Growth?," Economics Policy Note Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number 00-7.
  12. Dimitri B. Papadimitriou & L. Randall Wray, undated, "Are We All Keynesians (Again)?," Economics Policy Note Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number 01-10.
  13. Dimitri B. Papadimitriou & L. Randall Wray, undated, "Fiscal Policy For the Coming Recession: Large Tax Cuts are Needed to Prevent a Hard Landing," Economics Policy Note Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number 01-2.
  14. L. Randall Wray, undated, "The Backward Art of Tax Cutting," Economics Policy Note Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number 01-5.
  15. L. Randall Wray, undated, "Killing Social Security Softly with faux Kindness," Economics Policy Note Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number 01-6.
  16. L. Randall Wray, undated, "Deflation Worries," Economics Policy Note Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number 03-5.
  17. L. Randall Wray, undated, "Those "D" Words: Deficits, Debt, Deflation, and Depreciation," Economics Policy Note Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number 04-2.
  18. L. Randall Wray, undated, "The Real Cost of War," Economics Policy Note Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number 26-3.
  19. Dimitri B. Papadimitriou & L. Randall Wray, undated, "The Fed Should Lower Interest Rates More," Economics Policy Note Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number 98-5.
  20. Dimitri B. Papadimitriou & L. Randall Wray, undated, "What to Do with the Surplus: Fiscal Policy and the Coming Recession," Economics Policy Note Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number 98-6.
  21. L. Randall Wray, undated, "Goldilocks and the Three Bears," Economics Policy Note Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number 98-7.
  22. L. Randall Wray, undated, "The Emperor Has No Clothes: President Clinton's Proposed Social Security Reform," Economics Policy Note Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number 99-2.
  23. L. Randall Wray, undated, "Surplus Mania: A Reality Check," Economics Policy Note Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number 99-3.
  24. Wynne Godley & L. Randall Wray, undated, "Can Goldilocks Survive?," Economics Policy Note Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number 99-4.
  25. Dimitri B. Papadimitriou & L. Randall Wray, undated, "How Can We Provide for the Baby Boomers in Their Old Age?," Economics Policy Note Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number 99-5.
  26. Dimitri B. Papadimitriou & L. Randall Wray, undated, "More Pain, No Gain: Breaux Plan Slashes Social Security Benefits Unnecessarily," Economics Policy Note Archive, Levy Economics Institute, number 99-8.

Journal articles

2025

  1. Dirk H. Ehnts & L. Randall Wray, 2025, "Revisiting MMT, Sovereign Currencies and the Eurozone: A Reply to Marc Lavoie," Review of Political Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 37, issue 5, pages 2102-2116, October, DOI: 10.1080/09538259.2023.2298448.

2024

  1. Dimitri B. Papadimitriou & L. Randall Wray, 2024, "Still flying blind after all these years: The Federal Reserve's continuing experiments with unobservables," Society and Economy, Akadémiai Kiadó, Hungary, volume 46, issue 3, pages 219-235, September, DOI: 10.1556/204.2023.00028.

2023

  1. Yeva Nersisyan & L. Randall Wray, 2023, "Raising interest rates was the wrong medicine," Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting & Financial Management, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, volume 36, issue 2, pages 253-266, December, DOI: 10.1108/JPBAFM-10-2023-0173.
  2. L. Randall Wray, 2023, "Post-Keynesian liquidity preference theory four decades later: a reexamination," Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 46, issue 4, pages 498-516, October, DOI: 10.1080/01603477.2023.2242332.

2022

  1. L. Randall Wray, 2022, "The 2022 Veblen-Commons Award Recipient: L. Randall Wray: Wampeters, Foma, and Granfalloons: Enabling Myths and Not-So-Innocent Frauds," Journal of Economic Issues, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 56, issue 2, pages 294-313, April, DOI: 10.1080/00213624.2022.2050138.
  2. L. Randall Wray, 2022, "In Memoriam: Gladys Foster (1921-2021)," Journal of Economic Issues, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 56, issue 4, pages 1193-1195, October, DOI: 10.1080/00213624.2022.2123655.

2021

  1. William Waller & Tamim Akiki & G. C. Harcourt & Charlene Heinen & Tae-Hee Jo & Stephanie Kelton & Jan Kregel & Yan Liang & Erik Olsen & Trevor Roycroft & Mario Seccareccia & Alla Semenova & Zdravka To, 2021, "In Remembrance: John F. Henry (1943–2020)," Journal of Economic Issues, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 55, issue 3, pages 870-889, July, DOI: 10.1080/00213624.2021.1954389.
  2. Yeva Nersisyan & L. Randall Wray, 2021, "Can we afford the Green New Deal?," Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 44, issue 1, pages 68-88, January, DOI: 10.1080/01603477.2020.1835499.

2020

  1. L. Randall Wray, 2020, "Sovereign Currency and Non‐Sovereign Budgets: The Modern Money Theory Approach," Public Budgeting & Finance, Wiley Blackwell, volume 40, issue 3, pages 26-48, September, DOI: 10.1111/pbaf.12251.
  2. L. Randall Wray & Yeva Nersisyan, 2020, "Does the national debt matter?," The Japanese Political Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 46, issue 4, pages 261-286, October, DOI: 10.1080/2329194X.2020.1867586.

2019

  1. L. Randall Wray, 2019, "MMT and Two Paths to Big Deficits," Challenge, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 62, issue 6, pages 398-415, November, DOI: 10.1080/05775132.2019.1668646.

2018

  1. Jan Kregel & L. Randall Wray, 2018, "Editors’ Introduction," Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 41, issue 1, pages 1-2, January, DOI: 10.1080/01603477.2018.1466606.

2016

  1. Xinhua Liu & L. Randall Wray, 2016, "A Sovereign Currency Approach to China’s Policy Options," Chinese Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 49, issue 3, pages 173-198, May, DOI: 10.1080/10971475.2016.1159905.
  2. L. Randall Wray, 2016, ""The Reality of the Present and the Challenge of the Future": J. Fagg Foster for the Twenty-First Century," Journal of Economic Issues, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 50, issue 1, pages 245-268, January, DOI: 10.1080/00213624.2016.1148982.
  3. Yeva Nersisyan & L. Randall Wray, 2016, "Modern Money Theory and the facts of experience," Cambridge Journal of Economics, Cambridge Political Economy Society, volume 40, issue 5, pages 1297-1316.
  4. Papadimitriu, Dimitri (Пападимитриу, Димитри) & Wray, Randall (Рэй, Рэндалл), 2016, "Hyman Minsky's "Stabilizing an unstable economy" - twenty years later
    [«Стабилизируя Нестабильную Экономику» Хаймана Мински — Двадцать Лет Спустя]    ," Ekonomicheskaya Politika / Economic Policy, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, volume 2, pages 22-51, April.
  5. L. Randall Wray, 2016, "Taxes are for Redemption, Not Spending," World Economic Review, World Economics Association, volume 2016, issue 7, pages 3-11, July.

2015

  1. Eric Tymoigne & L. Randall Wray, 2015, "Modern Money Theory: A Reply to Palley," Review of Political Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 27, issue 1, pages 24-44, January, DOI: 10.1080/09538259.2014.957471.

2014

  1. Jan Kregel & L. Wray, 2014, "Editors' Corner," Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 37, issue 1, pages 181-183, DOI: 10.2753/PKE0160-3477370111.

2013

  1. Wray L. Randall, 2013, "What Do Banks Do? What Should Banks Do? A Minskian Perspective," Accounting, Economics, and Law: A Convivium, De Gruyter, volume 3, issue 3, pages 277-311, April, DOI: 10.1515/ael-2013-0033.
  2. L Randall Wray, 2013, "Keynes: The Return of the Master, by Robert Skidelsky," Eastern Economic Journal, Palgrave Macmillan;Eastern Economic Association, volume 39, issue 1, pages 134-137.

2012

  1. Xinhua Liu & L. Randall Wray, 2012, "Lessons for China from the Crisis in Euroland," Chinese Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 45, issue 6, pages 6-25, November.

2011

  1. L. Randall Wray, 2011, "Government and Markets: Toward a New Theory of Regulation. Edited by Edward J. Balleisen and David A. Moss," Economica, London School of Economics and Political Science, volume 78, issue 311, pages 584-585, July.
  2. Yeva S. Nersisyan & L. Randall Wray, 2011, "Un excès de dette publique handicape-t-il réellement la croissance ?," Revue de l'OFCE, Presses de Sciences-Po, volume 0, issue 1, pages 173-190.
  3. Yeva Nersisyan & L. Wray, 2011, "Review," Challenge, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 54, issue 1, pages 113-120, DOI: 10.2753/0577-5132540107.
  4. L. Wray, 2011, "Minsky's Money Manager Capitalism and the Global Financial Crisis," International Journal of Political Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 40, issue 2, pages 5-20, DOI: 10.2753/IJP0891-1916400201.

2010

  1. Yeva Nersisyan & L. Randall Wray, 2010, "The global financial crisis and the shift to shadow banking," European Journal of Economics and Economic Policies: Intervention, Edward Elgar Publishing, volume 7, issue 2, pages 377-400.
  2. Xinhua Liu & L. Wray, 2010, "Excessive Liquidity and Bank Lending in China," International Journal of Political Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 39, issue 3, pages 45-63, DOI: 10.2753/IJP0891-1916390303.

2009

  1. L. Wray, 2009, "An Alternative View of Finance, Saving, Deficits, and Liquidity," International Journal of Political Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 38, issue 4, pages 25-43, DOI: 10.2753/IJP0891-1916380402.
  2. L. Randall Wray, 2009, "The rise and fall of money manager capitalism: a Minskian approach," Cambridge Journal of Economics, Cambridge Political Economy Society, volume 33, issue 4, pages 807-828, July.
  3. Randall Wray, 2009, "Minsky, the Global Financial Crisis, and the Prospects Before Us," Development, Palgrave Macmillan;Society for International Deveopment, volume 52, issue 3, pages 302-307, September.

2008

  1. L. Wray, 2008, "Lessons from the Subprime Meltdown," Challenge, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 51, issue 2, pages 40-68, DOI: 10.2753/0577-5132510205.
  2. L. Wray, 2008, "Money Manager Capitalism and the Commodities Market Bubble," Challenge, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 51, issue 6, pages 52-80, DOI: 10.2753/0577-5132510604.
  3. Wray L. Randall, 2008, "Demand Constraints and Big Government," Journal of Economic Issues, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 42, issue 1, pages 153-173, March, DOI: 10.1080/00213624.2008.11507119.
  4. L. Randall Wray, 2008, "The Predator State: How Conservatives Abandoned the Free Market and Why Liberals Should Too," Journal of Economic Issues, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 42, issue 3, pages 872-874, September, DOI: 10.1080/00213624.2008.11507189.

2007

  1. L. Randall Wray, 2007, "and Keynes’s Monetary Theory of Production," Journal of Economic Issues, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 41, issue 2, pages 617-624, June, DOI: 10.1080/00213624.2007.11507052.
  2. L. Wray, 2007, "A Post Keynesian view of central bank independence, policy targets, and the rules versus discretion debate," Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 30, issue 1, pages 119-141, DOI: 10.2753/PKE0160-3477300106.
  3. L Randall Wray, 2007, "Employer of Last Resort: Strategies for combating poverty," Development, Palgrave Macmillan;Society for International Deveopment, volume 50, issue 2, pages 96-102, June.

2006

  1. L. Wray, 2006, "Keynes's Approach to Money: An Assessment After Seventy Years," Atlantic Economic Journal, Springer;International Atlantic Economic Society, volume 34, issue 2, pages 183-193, June, DOI: 10.1007/s11293-006-9005-2.
  2. L. Randall Wray, 2006, "Neocons and the Ownership Society," Challenge, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 49, issue 1, pages 44-73, DOI: 10.2753/CHA0577-5132490103.
  3. L. Randall Wray, 2006, "Review of Theories of Financial Disturbance: An Examination of Critical Theories of Finance from Adam Smith to the Present Day," Journal of Economic Issues, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 40, issue 3, pages 836-838, September, DOI: 10.1080/00213624.2006.11506954.
  4. C. Sardoni & L.R. Wray, 2006, "Monetary policy strategies of the European Central Bank and the Federal Reserve bank of the United States," Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 28, issue 3, pages 451-472, DOI: 10.2753/PKE0160-3477280305.
  5. L. Randall Wray, 2006, "Flexible Exchange Rates, Fed Behavior, and Demand Constrained Growth in the USA," International Review of Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 20, issue 3, pages 375-389, DOI: 10.1080/02692170600736193.
  6. L. Randall Wray, 2006, "Social security in an aging society," Review of Political Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 18, issue 3, pages 391-411, DOI: 10.1080/09538250600797925.

2005

  1. William Mitchell & L. Randall Wray, 2005, "In Defense of Employer of Last Resort: A Response to Malcolm Sawyer," Journal of Economic Issues, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 39, issue 1, pages 235-244, March, DOI: 10.1080/00213624.2005.11506788.

2004

  1. Stephanie Bell & L. Randall Wray & L. Randall Wray, 2004, "The War on Poverty Forty Years On," Challenge, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 47, issue 5, pages 6-29, DOI: 10.1080/05775132.2004.11034267.
  2. Randall L. Wray, 2004, "Economics, Bureaucracy, and Race: How Keynesians Misguided the War on Poverty," Journal of Economic Issues, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 38, issue 4, pages 1091-1094, December, DOI: 10.1080/00213624.2004.11506766.
  3. Stephanie Bell & John Henry & L Randall Wray, 2004, "A Chartalist Critique of John Locke's Theory of Property, Accumulation, and Money: or, is it Moral to Trade Your Nuts for Gold?," Review of Social Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 62, issue 1, pages 51-65, DOI: 10.1080/0034676042000183826.

2003

  1. L. Randall Wray, 2003, "The Perfect Fiscal Storm," Challenge, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 46, issue 1, pages 55-78, DOI: 10.1080/05775132.2003.11034189.
  2. L. Randall Wray, 2003, "Loanable funds, liquidity preference, and endogenous money: do credit cards make a difference?," Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 26, issue 2, pages 309-323, DOI: 10.1080/01603477.2003.11051395.

2002

  1. Wray, L. Randall, 2002, "Senhoriagem ou soberania?," Revista Economia e Sociedade, Instituto de Economia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), volume 19, pages 1-19, January.
  2. L. Randall Wray, 2002, "State Money," International Journal of Political Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 32, issue 3, pages 23-40, DOI: 10.1080/08911916.2002.11042877.
  3. L. Randall Wray, 2002, "What Happened to Goldilocks? A Minskian Framework," Journal of Economic Issues, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 36, issue 2, pages 383-391, June, DOI: 10.1080/00213624.2002.11506481.
  4. Stephanie Bell & L. Randall Wray, 2002, "Fiscal effects on reserves and the independence of the Fed," Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 25, issue 2, pages 263-271, DOI: 10.1080/01603477.2002.11051356.

2001

  1. L. Randall Wray, 2001, "Coins, Bodies, Games, and Gold," Journal of Economic Issues, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 35, issue 1, pages 201-206, March, DOI: 10.1080/00213624.2001.11506348.
  2. L. Randall Wray, 2001, "Did the Rising Tide Eliminate Our “Surplus” Population?," Journal of Economic Issues, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 35, issue 2, pages 525-531, June, DOI: 10.1080/00213624.2001.11506387.

2000

  1. L. Randall Wray, 2000, "A New Economic Reality: Penal Keynesianism," Challenge, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 43, issue 5, pages 31-59, September, DOI: 10.1080/05775132.2000.11472170.
  2. Wynne Godley & L. Randall Wray, 2000, "Is Goldilocks Doomed?," Journal of Economic Issues, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 34, issue 1, pages 201-206, March, DOI: 10.1080/00213624.2000.11506253.
  3. Stephanie Bell & L. Randall Wray, 2000, "Financial Aspects of the Social Security “Problem”," Journal of Economic Issues, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 34, issue 2, pages 357-364, June, DOI: 10.1080/00213624.2000.11506273.
  4. L. Randall Wray & Marc-André Pigeon, 2000, "Can a Rising Tide Raise All Boats? Evidence from the Clinton-Era Expansion," Journal of Economic Issues, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 34, issue 4, pages 811-845, December, DOI: 10.1080/00213624.2000.11506317.

1999

  1. Marc-André Pigeon & L. Randall Wray, 1999, "Did the Clinton Rising Tide Lift All Boats?," Challenge, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 42, issue 3, pages 14-33, May, DOI: 10.1080/05775132.1999.11472097.
  2. L. Randall Wray, 1999, "Public Service Employment-Assured Jobs Program: Further Considerations," Journal of Economic Issues, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 33, issue 2, pages 483-490, June, DOI: 10.1080/00213624.1999.11506181.
  3. L. Randall Wray, 1999, "An Irreverent Overview of the History of Money from the Beginning of the Beginning through to the Present," Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 21, issue 4, pages 679-687, July, DOI: 10.1080/01603477.1999.11490222.
  4. L. Randall Wray, 1999, "The 1966 Financial Crisis: Financial instability or political economy?," Review of Political Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 11, issue 4, pages 415-425, DOI: 10.1080/095382599106887.

1998

  1. Richard P.F. Holt & J. Barkley Rosser, Jr. & L. Randall Wray, 1998, "Neglected Prophets: Paul Davidson: The Truest Keynesian?," Eastern Economic Journal, Eastern Economic Association, volume 24, issue 4, pages 495-506, Fall.
  2. L. Randall Wray, 1998, "Zero Unemployment and Stable Prices," Journal of Economic Issues, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 32, issue 2, pages 539-545, June, DOI: 10.1080/00213624.1998.11506062.
  3. Dimitri Papadimitriou & L. Randall Wray, 1998, "The Economic Contributions of Hyman Minsky: varieties of capitalism and institutional reform," Review of Political Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 10, issue 2, pages 199-225, DOI: 10.1080/09538259800000025.

1997

  1. L. Randall Wray, 1997, "Post Keynesian Economics: An Annotated Bibliography," Journal of Economic Issues, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 31, issue 1, pages 289-292, March, DOI: 10.1080/00213624.1997.11505915.
  2. Dimitri B. Papadimitriou & L. Randall Wray, 1997, "A Tribute to Hyman P. Minsky," Journal of Economic Issues, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 31, issue 2, pages 491-492, June, DOI: 10.1080/00213624.1997.11505938.
  3. Dimitri B. Papadimitriou & L. Randall Wray, 1997, "The Institutional Prerequisites for Successful Capitalism," Journal of Economic Issues, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 31, issue 2, pages 493-500, June, DOI: 10.1080/00213624.1997.11505939.
  4. L. Randall Wray, 1997, "Deficits, Inflation, and Monetary Policy," Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 19, issue 4, pages 543-571, July, DOI: 10.1080/01603477.1997.11490128.
  5. L. Randall Wray, 1997, "Kenneth Boulding's Reconstruction of Macroeconomics," Review of Social Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 55, issue 4, pages 445-463, DOI: 10.1080/00346769700000017.

1996

  1. Dimitri B. Papadimitrion & L. Randall Wray, 1996, "The Consumer Price Index as a Target of Monetary Policy," Challenge, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 39, issue 5, pages 18-25, September, DOI: 10.1080/05775132.1996.11471921.
  2. L. Randall Wray, 1996, "Flying Swine: Appropriate Targets and Goals of Monetary Policy," Journal of Economic Issues, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 30, issue 2, pages 545-552, June, DOI: 10.1080/00213624.1996.11505818.

1995

  1. Dimitri B. Papadimitriou & L. Randall Wray, 1995, "The Fed: Wrong Turn in Risky Traffic," Challenge, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 38, issue 1, pages 15-21, January, DOI: 10.1080/05775132.1995.11471797.
  2. L. Randall Wray, 1995, "Keynesian Monetary Theory: Liquidity Preference or Black Box Horizontalism?," Journal of Economic Issues, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 29, issue 1, pages 273-282, March, DOI: 10.1080/00213624.1995.11505654.
  3. L. Randall Wray, 1995, "A New Year’s Keynesian Wish: Advice to Clinton in the Mtermath of November 1994," Journal of Economic Issues, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 29, issue 2, pages 601-608, June, DOI: 10.1080/00213624.1995.11505697.

1994

  1. L. Randall Wray, 1994, "Kenneth Boulding’s Grants Economics," Journal of Economic Issues, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 28, issue 4, pages 1205-1225, December, DOI: 10.1080/00213624.1994.11505619.
  2. L. Randall Wray, 1994, "Is Keynesian Policy Dead after All These Years?," Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 17, issue 2, pages 285-306, December, DOI: 10.1080/01603477.1994.11490029.

1993

  1. L. Randall Wray, 1993, "No Free Lunches?," Challenge, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 36, issue 6, pages 63-64, November, DOI: 10.1080/05775132.1993.11471708.
  2. L. Randall Wray, 1993, "The Monetary Macroeconomics of Dudley Dillard," Journal of Economic Issues, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 27, issue 2, pages 547-560, June, DOI: 10.1080/00213624.1993.11505437.
  3. L. Randall Wray, 1993, "Money, Interest Rates, and Monetarist Policy: Some More Unpleasant Monetarist Arithmetic?," Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 15, issue 4, pages 541-569, July, DOI: 10.1080/01603477.1993.11489959.
  4. Wray L. Randall, 1993, "Abolish taxes," Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 15, issue 4, pages 621-625, July, DOI: 10.1080/01603477.1993.11489963.

1992

  1. L. Randall Wray, 1992, "What Is Saving, and Who Gets the Credit (Blame)?," Journal of Economic Issues, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 26, issue 1, pages 256-262, March, DOI: 10.1080/00213624.1992.11505274.
  2. L. Randall Wray, 1992, "The Greatest-Ever Bank Robbery: The Collapse of the Savings and Loan Industry; A State of Risk: Will Government-Sponsored Enterprises Be the Next Financial Crisis?," Journal of Economic Issues, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 26, issue 1, pages 275-284, March, DOI: 10.1080/00213624.1992.11505277.
  3. L. Randall Wray, 1992, "Controversies in Post Keynesian Economics," Journal of Economic Issues, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 26, issue 3, pages 929-933, September, DOI: 10.1080/00213624.1992.11505344.
  4. L. Randall Wray, 1992, "Alternative Approaches to Money and Interest Rates," Journal of Economic Issues, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 26, issue 4, pages 1145-1178, December, DOI: 10.1080/00213624.1992.11505365.
  5. L. Randall Wray, 1992, "Commercial Banks, the Central Bank, and Endogenous Money," Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 14, issue 3, pages 297-310, March, DOI: 10.1080/01603477.1992.11489900.
  6. Wray, L Randall, 1992, "Alternative Theories of the Rate of Interest," Cambridge Journal of Economics, Cambridge Political Economy Society, volume 16, issue 1, pages 69-89, March.

1991

  1. L. Randall Wray, 1991, "Boulding’s Balloons: A Contribution to Monetary Theory," Journal of Economic Issues, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 25, issue 1, pages 01-20, March, DOI: 10.1080/00213624.1991.11505125.
  2. L. Randall Wray, 1991, "The Trouble with Money: A Prescription for America’s Financial Fever," Journal of Economic Issues, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 25, issue 1, pages 271-275, March, DOI: 10.1080/00213624.1991.11505157.
  3. L.Randall Wray, 1991, "Saving, Profits, and Speculation in Capitalist Economies," Journal of Economic Issues, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 25, issue 4, pages 951-975, December, DOI: 10.1080/00213624.1991.11505226.
  4. L. Randall Wray, 1991, "Endogenous Money and a Liquidity Preference Theory of Asset Prices," Review of Radical Political Economics, Union for Radical Political Economics, volume 23, issue 1-2, pages 118-125, March.

1990

  1. L. Randall Wray, 1990, "Can Americans Afford to Grow Old?: Paying for Social Security," Journal of Economic Issues, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 24, issue 4, pages 1175-1179, December, DOI: 10.1080/00213624.1990.11505115.
  2. L. Randall Wray, 1990, "Can the Social Security Trust Fund Contribute to Savings?," Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 13, issue 2, pages 155-170, December, DOI: 10.1080/01603477.1990.11489837.

1989

  1. Christopher J. Niggle & L. Randall Wray, 1989, "Horizontalists and Verticalists: The Macroeconomics of Credit Money," Journal of Economic Issues, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 23, issue 4, pages 1181-1190, December, DOI: 10.1080/00213624.1989.11504983.
  2. L. Randall Wray, 1989, "A Keynesian Presentation of the Relations among Government Deficits, Investment, Saving, and Growth," Journal of Economic Issues, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 23, issue 4, pages 977-1002, December, DOI: 10.1080/00213624.1989.11504969.
  3. L. Randall Wray, 1989, "A Keynesian Theory of Banking: A Comment on Dymski," Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 12, issue 1, pages 152-156, September, DOI: 10.1080/01603477.1989.11489786.

1988

  1. Wray Larry Randall, 1988, "Profit Expectations and the Investment–Saving Relation," Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, volume 11, issue 1, pages 131-147, September, DOI: 10.1080/01603477.1988.11489729.

Books

2025

  1. L. Randall Wray, 2025, "Understanding Modern Money Theory," Books, Edward Elgar Publishing, number 20168, ISBN: ARRAY(0x959b7430).

2016

  1. L. Randall Wray, 2016, "Why Minsky Matters: An Introduction to the Work of a Maverick Economist," Economics Books, Princeton University Press, number 10575, edition 1, December.

2012

  1. L. Randall Wray, 2012, "Modern Money Theory," Palgrave Macmillan Books, Palgrave Macmillan, number 978-1-137-26514-2, ISBN: ARRAY(0xa436d838), April, DOI: 10.1057/9781137265142.
  2. L. R. Wray (ed.), 2012, "Theories of Money and Banking," Books, Edward Elgar Publishing, number 13290, ISBN: ARRAY(0x947d1920).

2010

  1. Dimitri B. Papadimitriou & L. Randall Wray (ed.), 2010, "The Elgar Companion to Hyman Minsky," Books, Edward Elgar Publishing, number 13122, ISBN: ARRAY(0x947ee248).

2008

  1. L. Randall Wray & Matthew Forstater (ed.), 2008, "Keynes and Macroeconomics After 70 Years," Books, Edward Elgar Publishing, number 12915, ISBN: ARRAY(0x95e0d508).
  2. Mathew Forstater & L. Randall Wray (ed.), 2008, "Keynes for the Twenty-First Century," Palgrave Macmillan Books, Palgrave Macmillan, number 978-0-230-61113-9, ISBN: ARRAY(0xa4c32348), April, DOI: 10.1057/9780230611139.

2006

  1. L. Randall Wray & Mathew Forstater (ed.), 2006, "Money, Financial Instability and Stabilization Policy," Books, Edward Elgar Publishing, number 3902, ISBN: ARRAY(0x95fface0).

2005

  1. L. Randall Wray & Mathew Forstater (ed.), 2005, "Contemporary Post Keynesian Analysis," Books, Edward Elgar Publishing, number 3161, ISBN: ARRAY(0x955dd460).

2004

  1. L. Randall Wray (ed.), 2004, "Credit and State Theories of Money," Books, Edward Elgar Publishing, number 3204, ISBN: ARRAY(0x97f886c0).

1998

  1. L. Randall Wray, 1998, "Understanding Modern Money," Books, Edward Elgar Publishing, number 1668, ISBN: ARRAY(0x96395400).

1990

  1. L. R. Wray, 1990, "Money and Credit in Capitalist Economies," Books, Edward Elgar Publishing, number 474, ISBN: ARRAY(0x97990c60).

Chapters

2024

  1. L. Randall Wray, 2024, "Why Hyman Minsky matters for Modern Money Theory," Chapters, Edward Elgar Publishing, chapter 16, in: Yeva Nersisyan & L. R. Wray, "The Elgar Companion to Modern Money Theory".
  2. Yeva Nersisyan & Xinhua Liu & L. Randall Wray, 2024, "The Modern Money Theory approach to provisioning for an aging population," Chapters, Edward Elgar Publishing, chapter 20, in: Yeva Nersisyan & L. R. Wray, "The Elgar Companion to Modern Money Theory".
  3. L. Randall Wray, 2024, "Sovereign currency and non-sovereign budgets: the Modern Money Theory approach to provincial, state, and local government budgets," Chapters, Edward Elgar Publishing, chapter 29, in: Yeva Nersisyan & L. R. Wray, "The Elgar Companion to Modern Money Theory".

2023

  1. Yeva Nersisyan & L. Randall Wray, 2023, "Sovereign nations face resource constraints, not financial constraints," Chapters, Edward Elgar Publishing, chapter 3, in: L. R. Wray & Phil Armstrong & Sara Holland & Claire Jackson-Prior & Prue Plumridge & Neil Wilson, "Modern Monetary Theory".

2019

  1. L. Randall Wray & Flavia Dantas & Scott Fullwiler & Pavlina R. Tcherneva & Stephanie A. Kelton, 2019, "Guaranteed jobs through a public service employment programme for the United States," Chapters, Edward Elgar Publishing, chapter 13, in: Nikolaos Karagiannis & John E. King, "A Modern Guide to State Intervention".

2016

  1. L. Randall Wray, 2016, "Hyman Philip Minsky (1919–1996)," Chapters, Edward Elgar Publishing, chapter 112, in: Gilbert Faccarello & Heinz D. Kurz, "Handbook on the History of Economic Analysis Volume I".
  2. L. Randall Wray, 2016, "Introduction," Introductory Chapters, Princeton University Press, "Why Minsky Matters: An Introduction to the Work of a Maverick Economist".

2015

  1. L. Randall Wray, 2015, "Introduction: The Basics of Modern Money Theory," Palgrave Macmillan Books, Palgrave Macmillan, "Modern Money Theory", DOI: 10.1057/9781137539922_1.
  2. L. Randall Wray, 2015, "Inflation and Sovereign Currencies," Palgrave Macmillan Books, Palgrave Macmillan, chapter 9, "Modern Money Theory", DOI: 10.1057/9781137539922_10.
  3. L. Randall Wray, 2015, "Conclusions: Modern Money Theory for Sovereign Currencies," Palgrave Macmillan Books, Palgrave Macmillan, chapter 10, "Modern Money Theory", DOI: 10.1057/9781137539922_11.
  4. L. Randall Wray, 2015, "Tax Policy for Sovereign Nations," Palgrave Macmillan Books, Palgrave Macmillan, chapter 5, "Modern Money Theory", DOI: 10.1057/9781137539922_6.

2013

  1. L. Randall Wray, 2013, "Is there room for bulls, bears and States in the circuit?," Chapters, Edward Elgar Publishing, chapter 6, in: Louis-Philippe Rochon & Mario Seccareccia, "Monetary Economies of Production".
  2. L. Randall Wray, 2013, "The Euro Crisis and the Job Guarantee: A Proposal for Ireland," Palgrave Macmillan Books, Palgrave Macmillan, chapter 7, in: Michael J. Murray & Mathew Forstater, "The Job Guarantee", DOI: 10.1057/9781137297990_8.
  3. L. Randall Wray, 2013, "A New Meme for Money," Palgrave Macmillan Books, Palgrave Macmillan, chapter 5, in: Jocelyn Pixley & G. C. Harcourt, "Financial Crises and the Nature of Capitalist Money", DOI: 10.1057/9781137302953_6.

2012

  1. L. Randall Wray, 2012, "Money in finance," Chapters, Edward Elgar Publishing, chapter 33, in: Jan Toporowski & Jo Michell, "Handbook of Critical Issues in Finance".
  2. L. Randall Wray, 2012, "Keynes after 75 Years: Rethinking Money as a Public Monopoly," Chapters, Edward Elgar Publishing, chapter 15, in: Thomas Cate, "Keynes’s General Theory".
  3. L. Randall Wray, 2012, "The Basics of Macroeconomic Accounting," Palgrave Macmillan Books, Palgrave Macmillan, chapter 1, "Modern Money Theory", DOI: 10.1057/9781137265142_1.
  4. L. Randall Wray, 2012, "Spending by Issuer of Domestic Currency," Palgrave Macmillan Books, Palgrave Macmillan, chapter 2, "Modern Money Theory", DOI: 10.1057/9781137265142_2.
  5. L. Randall Wray, 2012, "The Domestic Monetary System: Banking and Central Banking," Palgrave Macmillan Books, Palgrave Macmillan, chapter 3, "Modern Money Theory", DOI: 10.1057/9781137265142_3.
  6. L. Randall Wray, 2012, "Fiscal Operations in a Nation That Issues Its Own Currency," Palgrave Macmillan Books, Palgrave Macmillan, chapter 4, "Modern Money Theory", DOI: 10.1057/9781137265142_4.
  7. L. Randall Wray, 2012, "Modern Money Theory and Alternative Exchange Rate Regimes," Palgrave Macmillan Books, Palgrave Macmillan, chapter 5, "Modern Money Theory", DOI: 10.1057/9781137265142_5.
  8. L. Randall Wray, 2012, "Monetary and Fiscal Policy for Sovereign Currencies: What Should Government Do?," Palgrave Macmillan Books, Palgrave Macmillan, chapter 6, "Modern Money Theory", DOI: 10.1057/9781137265142_6.
  9. L. Randall Wray, 2012, "Policy for Full Employment and Price Stability," Palgrave Macmillan Books, Palgrave Macmillan, chapter 7, "Modern Money Theory", DOI: 10.1057/9781137265142_7.
  10. L. Randall Wray, 2012, "What Is Money? Conclusions on the Nature of Money," Palgrave Macmillan Books, Palgrave Macmillan, chapter 8, "Modern Money Theory", DOI: 10.1057/9781137265142_8.
  11. L. Randall Wray, 2012, "Conclusions," Palgrave Macmillan Books, Palgrave Macmillan, "Modern Money Theory", DOI: 10.1057/9781137265142_9.

2011

  1. L. Randall Wray, 2011, "The Dismal State of Macroeconomics and the Opportunity for a New Beginning," Chapters, Edward Elgar Publishing, chapter 19, in: John B. Davis & D. Wade Hands, "The Elgar Companion to Recent Economic Methodology".
  2. Yeva Nersisyan & L. Randall Wray, 2011, "Public Policy to Support Retirement: An Alternative to Financialization," Chapters, Edward Elgar Publishing, chapter 2, in: Joëlle Leclaire & Tae-Hee Jo & Jane Knodell, "Heterodox Analysis of Financial Crisis and Reform".
  3. L. Randall Wray, 2011, "What Should a Financial System Do? Minskian Lessons from the Global Financial Crisis," Chapters, Edward Elgar Publishing, chapter 13, in: Steven Kates, "The Global Financial Crisis".
  4. L. Randall Wray, 2011, "Minsky crisis," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, Palgrave Macmillan, in: Steven N. Durlauf & Lawrence E. Blume.

2010

  1. Dimitri B. Papadimitriou & L. Randall Wray, 2010, "Introduction: Minsky on Money, Banking and Finance," Chapters, Edward Elgar Publishing, chapter 1, in: Dimitri B. Papadimitriou & L. Randall Wray, "The Elgar Companion to Hyman Minsky".
  2. L. Randall Wray, 2010, "Minsky, the Global Money-Manager Crisis, and the Return of Big Government," Chapters, Edward Elgar Publishing, chapter 15, in: Steven Kates, "Macroeconomic Theory and its Failings".
  3. L. Randall Wray, 2010, "Keynes’s Approach to Money: What can be Recovered?," International Economic Association Series, Palgrave Macmillan, chapter 12, in: Robert W. Dimand & Robert A. Mundell & Alessandro Vercelli, "Keynes’s General Theory After Seventy Years", DOI: 10.1057/9780230276147_13.
  4. Yeva Nersisyan & L. Randall Wray, 2010, "Transformation of the Financial System: Financialisation, Concentration and the Shift to Shadow Banking," Palgrave Macmillan Books, Palgrave Macmillan, chapter 2, in: Daniela Tavasci & Jan Toporowski, "Minsky, Crisis and Development", DOI: 10.1057/9780230292321_3.

2009

  1. L. Randall Wray & Eric Tymoigne, 2009, "Macroeconomics Meets Hyman P. Minsky: The Financial Theory of Investment," Palgrave Macmillan Books, Palgrave Macmillan, chapter 12, in: Giuseppe Fontana & Mark Setterfield, "Macroeconomic Theory and Macroeconomic Pedagogy", DOI: 10.1007/978-0-230-29166-9_13.

2008

  1. L. Randall Wray, 2008, "Banking, Finance and Money: A Social Economics Approach," Chapters, Edward Elgar Publishing, chapter 27, in: John B. Davis & Wilfred Dolfsma, "The Elgar Companion to Social Economics".
  2. L. Randall Wray, 2008, "Introduction," Palgrave Macmillan Books, Palgrave Macmillan, in: Mathew Forstater & L. Randall Wray, "Keynes for the Twenty-First Century", DOI: 10.1057/9780230611139_1.

2007

  1. Éric Tymoigne & L. Randall Wray, 2007, "Money: An Alternative Story," Chapters, Edward Elgar Publishing, chapter 1, in: Philip Arestis & Malcolm Sawyer, "A Handbook of Alternative Monetary Economics".
  2. L. Randall Wray & Richard Startz, 2007, "Global Demographic Trends and Provisioning for the Future," Palgrave Macmillan Books, Palgrave Macmillan, chapter 3, in: Dimitri B. Papadimitriou, "Government Spending on the Elderly", DOI: 10.1057/9780230591448_3.

2006

  1. L. Randall Wray, 2006, "When are Interest Rates Exogenous?," Chapters, Edward Elgar Publishing, chapter 15, in: Mark Setterfield, "Complexity, Endogenous Money and Macroeconomic Theory".
  2. L. Randall Wray, 2006, "To Fix or to Float: Theoretical and Pragmatic Considerations," Chapters, Edward Elgar Publishing, chapter 11, in: Louis-Philippe Rochon & Sergio Rossi, "Monetary and Exchange Rate Systems".
  3. Linwood Tauheed & L. Randall Wray, 2006, "System Dynamics of Interest Rate Effects on Aggregate Demand," Chapters, Edward Elgar Publishing, chapter 3, in: L. Randall Wray & Mathew Forstater, "Money, Financial Instability and Stabilization Policy".

2005

  1. L. Randall Wray, 2005, "International aspects of current monetary policy," Chapters, Edward Elgar Publishing, chapter 14, in: Phillip Arestis & Michelle Baddeley & John S.L. McCombie, "The New Monetary Policy".

2004

  1. L. Randall Wray & Stephanie Bell, 2004, "Introduction," Chapters, Edward Elgar Publishing, chapter 1, in: L. Randall Wray, "Credit and State Theories of Money".
  2. L. Randall Wray, 2004, "Conclusion: The Credit Money and State Money Approaches," Chapters, Edward Elgar Publishing, chapter 8, in: L. Randall Wray, "Credit and State Theories of Money".

2003

  1. L. Randall Wray, 2003, "Seigniorage or Sovereignty?," Chapters, Edward Elgar Publishing, chapter 5, in: Louis-Philippe Rochon & Sergio Rossi, "Modern Theories of Money".
  2. L. Randall Wray, 2003, "Functional Finance and US Government Budget Surpluses in the New Millennium," Chapters, Edward Elgar Publishing, chapter 10, in: Edward J. Nell & Mathew Forstater, "Reinventing Functional Finance".

2001

  1. Dimitri B. Papadimitriou & L. Randall Wray, 2001, "Minsky's analysis of financial capitalism," Chapters, Edward Elgar Publishing, chapter 7, in: Riccardo Bellofiore & Piero Ferri, "Financial Keynesianism and Market Instability".

1998

  1. L. Randall Wray, 1998, "Preliminaries to a Monetary Theory of Production: The Labour Theory of Value, Liquidity Preference and the Two Price Systems," Palgrave Macmillan Books, Palgrave Macmillan, chapter 17, in: Riccardo Bellofiore, "Marxian Economics: A Reappraisal", DOI: 10.1007/978-1-349-26118-5_17.

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