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Endogenous Money: Structuralist and Horizontalist

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  • L. Randall Wray

Abstract

While the mainstream long argued that the central bank could use quantitative constraints as a means to controlling the private creation of money, most economists now recognize that the central bank can only set the overnight interest rate-which has only an indirect impact on the quantity of reserves and the quantity of privately created money. Indeed, in order to hit the overnight rate target, the central bank must accommodate the demand for reserves, draining the excess or supplying reserves when the system is short. Thus, the supply of reserves is best characterized as horizontal, at the central bank's target rate. Because reserves pay relatively low rates, or even zero rates (as in the United States), banks try to minimize their holdings. Over time, they continually innovate, as they seek to minimize costs and increase profits. This includes innovations that reduce the quantity of reserves they need to hold (either to satisfy legal requirements, or to meet the needs of check cashing and clearing), and also innovations that allow them to increase the rate of return on equity within regulatory constraints, such as those associated with Basle agreements. Such behavior has been a central concern of the structuralist approach-which argued that it is too simplistic to hypothesize simple horizontal loan-and-deposit supply curves.

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  • L. Randall Wray, 2007. "Endogenous Money: Structuralist and Horizontalist," Economics Working Paper Archive wp_512, Levy Economics Institute.
  • Handle: RePEc:lev:wrkpap:wp_512
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. Piti Disyatat, 2011. "The Bank Lending Channel Revisited," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 43(4), pages 711-734, June.
    2. Tianhao Zhi, 2016. "Animal Spirits and Financial Instability - A Disequilibrium Macroeconomic Perspective," PhD Thesis, Finance Discipline Group, UTS Business School, University of Technology, Sydney, number 28, July-Dece.
    3. Tianhao Zhi, 2016. "The Theory and Models of Keynesian Disequilibrium Macroeconomics," Working Paper Series 185, Finance Discipline Group, UTS Business School, University of Technology, Sydney.
    4. Ostapenko, V. & Buglevsky, E., 2022. "Money supply in the history of macroeconomic thought: 50 shades of endogeneity," Journal of the New Economic Association, New Economic Association, vol. 55(3), pages 156-176.
    5. Mario García Molina, 2011. "Esquema para el análisis de la estructura de un grupo económico," Documentos de Trabajo, Escuela de Economía 7957, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, FCE, CID.
    6. Léo MALHERBE, 2017. "Endogenous money: an heterodox synthesis (In French)," Cahiers du GREThA 2017-08, Groupe de Recherche en Economie Théorique et Appliquée.
    7. Tianhao Zhi, 2016. "Animal Spirits and Financial Instability - A Disequilibrium Macroeconomic Perspective," PhD Thesis, Finance Discipline Group, UTS Business School, University of Technology, Sydney, number 1-2016, January-A.

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