IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/ecotra/v4y2015i1p50-63.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

A review of the economics of parking

Author

Listed:
  • Inci, Eren

Abstract

This paper reviews the literature on parking with an emphasis on economic issues. Parking is not just one of the most important intermediate goods in the economy; it is also a vast use of land. Many theoretical and empirical papers analyze the quantity and pricing of parking by concentrating on particular aspects of the issue. The aspects covered in this review are cruising for parking, spatial competition, (minimum and maximum) parking requirements, parking pricing and road pricing in the bottleneck model, and temporal-spatial pricing. Various forms of parking, including residential parking, shopping mall parking, and employer-provided parking, are also reviewed before identifying understudied topics that should be on the research agenda.

Suggested Citation

  • Inci, Eren, 2015. "A review of the economics of parking," Economics of Transportation, Elsevier, vol. 4(1), pages 50-63.
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:ecotra:v:4:y:2015:i:1:p:50-63
    DOI: 10.1016/j.ecotra.2014.11.001
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212012214000562
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.ecotra.2014.11.001?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Shoup, Donald C., 2006. "Cruising for parking," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 13(6), pages 479-486, November.
    2. Kobus, Martijn B.W. & Gutiérrez-i-Puigarnau, Eva & Rietveld, Piet & Van Ommeren, Jos N., 2013. "The on-street parking premium and car drivers' choice between street and garage parking," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 43(2), pages 395-403.
    3. Guo, Zhan, 2013. "Does residential parking supply affect household car ownership? The case of New York City," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 26(C), pages 18-28.
    4. Chatman, Daniel G. & Manville, Michael, 2014. "Theory versus implementation in congestion-priced parking: An evaluation of SFpark, 2011–2012," Research in Transportation Economics, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 52-60.
    5. Philippe Choné & Laurent Linnemer, 2012. "A Treatment Effect Method for Merger Analysis with an Application to Parking Prices in P aris," Journal of Industrial Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 60(4), pages 631-656, December.
    6. Arnott, Richard & Rowse, John, 2013. "Curbside parking time limits," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 89-110.
    7. Anderson, Simon P. & de Palma, Andre, 2004. "The economics of pricing parking," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 55(1), pages 1-20, January.
    8. Willson, Richard W., 1992. "Estimating the Travel and Parking Demand Effects of Employer-Paid Parking," University of California Transportation Center, Working Papers qt37p740qt, University of California Transportation Center.
    9. Molenda, Inga & Sieg, Gernot, 2013. "Residential parking in vibrant city districts," Economics of Transportation, Elsevier, vol. 2(4), pages 131-139.
    10. Cutter, W. Bowman & Franco, Sofia F., 2012. "Do parking requirements significantly increase the area dedicated to parking? A test of the effect of parking requirements values in Los Angeles County," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 46(6), pages 901-925.
    11. Jos Van Ommeren & Derk Wentink, 2012. "The (Hidden) Cost Of Employer Parking Policies," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 53(3), pages 965-978, August.
    12. Jansson, Jan Owen, 2010. "Road pricing and parking policy," Research in Transportation Economics, Elsevier, vol. 29(1), pages 346-353.
    13. van Ommeren, Jos & Russo, Giovanni, 2014. "Time-varying parking prices," Economics of Transportation, Elsevier, vol. 3(2), pages 166-174.
    14. Shoup, Donald C., 2004. "The Ideal Source of Local Public Revenue," University of California Transportation Center, Working Papers qt3x03s541, University of California Transportation Center.
    15. van Ommeren, Jos & de Groote, Jesper & Mingardo, Giuliano, 2014. "Residential parking permits and parking supply," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 33-44.
    16. Rye, Tom & Ison, Stephen, 2005. "Overcoming barriers to the implementation of car parking charges at UK workplaces," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 12(1), pages 57-64, January.
    17. Calthrop, Edward & Proost, Stef, 2006. "Regulating on-street parking," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 36(1), pages 29-48, January.
    18. Arnott, Richard, 2013. "A bathtub model of downtown traffic congestion," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 110-121.
    19. Yang, Hai & Liu, Wei & Wang, Xiaolei & Zhang, Xiaoning, 2013. "On the morning commute problem with bottleneck congestion and parking space constraints," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 106-118.
    20. Arnott, Richard & Inci, Eren & Rowse, John, 2015. "Downtown curbside parking capacity," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 86(C), pages 83-97.
    21. van Ommeren, Jos & Wentink, Derk & Dekkers, Jasper, 2011. "The real price of parking policy," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 70(1), pages 25-31, July.
    22. Russo, Antonio, 2013. "Voting on road congestion policy," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 43(5), pages 707-724.
    23. Arnott, Richard & Inci, Eren, 2010. "The stability of downtown parking and traffic congestion," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 68(3), pages 260-276, November.
    24. Voith, Richard, 1998. "Parking, Transit, and Employment in a Central Business District," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 44(1), pages 43-58, July.
    25. Gillen, David W., 1977. "Estimation and specification of the effects of parking costs on urban transport mode choice," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 4(2), pages 186-199, April.
    26. Arnott, Richard & de Palma, Andre & Lindsey, Robin, 1991. "A temporal and spatial equilibrium analysis of commuter parking," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 45(3), pages 301-335, August.
    27. Arnott, Richard & Rowse, John, 1999. "Modeling Parking," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 45(1), pages 97-124, January.
    28. Rye, Tom & Hunton, Kim & Ison, Stephen & Kocak, Nazan, 2008. "The role of market research and consultation in developing parking policy," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 15(6), pages 387-394, November.
    29. Arnott, Richard & Inci, Eren, 2006. "An integrated model of downtown parking and traffic congestion," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 60(3), pages 418-442, November.
    30. Bonsall, Peter & Young, William, 2010. "Is there a case for replacing parking charges by road user charges?," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 17(5), pages 323-334, September.
    31. Andrew Kelly, J. & Peter Clinch, J., 2006. "Influence of varied parking tariffs on parking occupancy levels by trip purpose," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 13(6), pages 487-495, November.
    32. Fosgerau, Mogens & de Palma, André, 2013. "The dynamics of urban traffic congestion and the price of parking," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 105(C), pages 106-115.
    33. Teodorovic, Dusan & Lucic, Panta, 2006. "Intelligent parking systems," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 175(3), pages 1666-1681, December.
    34. Merriman, David, 1997. "Subsidized Parking and Neighborhood Nuisances," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 41(2), pages 198-201, March.
    35. Shoup, Donald C., 2006. "Cruising for Parking," University of California Transportation Center, Working Papers qt55s7079f, University of California Transportation Center.
    36. Kelly, J. Andrew & Clinch, J. Peter, 2009. "Temporal variance of revealed preference on-street parking price elasticity," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 16(4), pages 193-199, August.
    37. Thompson, Russell G. & Richardson, Anthony J., 1998. "A Parking Search Model," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 32(3), pages 159-170, April.
    38. Gragera, Albert & Hybel, Jesper & Madsen, Edith & Mulalic, Ismir, 2021. "A model for estimation of the demand for on-street parking," Economics of Transportation, Elsevier, vol. 28(C).
    39. Glazer, Amihai & Niskanen, Esko, 1992. "Parking fees and congestion," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 22(1), pages 123-132, March.
    40. Button, Kenneth, 2006. "The political economy of parking charges in "first" and "second-best" worlds," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 13(6), pages 470-478, November.
    41. Romain Petiot, 2004. "Parking enforcement and travel demand management," Post-Print hal-02422664, HAL.
    42. Gallo, Mariano & D'Acierno, Luca & Montella, Bruno, 2011. "A multilayer model to simulate cruising for parking in urban areas," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 18(5), pages 735-744, September.
    43. Shoup, Donald C., 2004. "The ideal source of local public revenue," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 34(6), pages 753-784, November.
    44. Zhang, Xiaoning & Yang, Hai & Huang, Hai-Jun, 2011. "Improving travel efficiency by parking permits distribution and trading," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 45(7), pages 1018-1034, August.
    45. Arnott, Richard, 2006. "Spatial competition between parking garages and downtown parking policy," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 13(6), pages 458-469, November.
    46. Inci, Eren & Lindsey, Robin, 2015. "Garage and curbside parking competition with search congestion," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 49-59.
    47. Shoup, Donald C., 1997. "Evaluating the effects of cashing out employer-paid parking: Eight case studies," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 4(4), pages 201-216, October.
    48. Arnott, Richard & de Palma, Andre & Lindsey, Robin, 1990. "Economics of a bottleneck," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 27(1), pages 111-130, January.
    49. Willson, Richard W. & Shoup, Donald C., 1990. "Parking Subsidies and Travel Choices: Assessing the Evidence," University of California Transportation Center, Working Papers qt3256f490, University of California Transportation Center.
    50. Watters, Paul & O'Mahony, Margaret & Caulfield, Brian, 2006. "Response to cash outs for work place parking and work place parking charges," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 13(6), pages 503-510, November.
    51. Romain de Nijs, 2012. "The price discrimination effect of a large merger of parking garages," PSE-Ecole d'économie de Paris (Postprint) hal-00813277, HAL.
    52. Shoup, Donald C., 1997. "Evaluating the effects of cashing out employer-paid parking: Eight case studies," University of California Transportation Center, Working Papers qt2qw4w2s1, University of California Transportation Center.
    53. Arnott, Richard, 2014. "On the optimal target curbside parking occupancy rate," Economics of Transportation, Elsevier, vol. 3(2), pages 133-144.
    54. Petiot, Romain, 2004. "Parking enforcement and travel demand management," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 11(4), pages 399-411, October.
    55. Shoup, Donald C., 1999. "The trouble with minimum parking requirements," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 33(7-8), pages 549-574.
    56. Wilson, Richard W. & Shoup, Donald C., 1990. "Parking Subsidies and Travel Choices: Assessing the Evidence," University of California Transportation Center, Working Papers qt5w24532x, University of California Transportation Center.
    57. Romain de Nijs, 2012. "The price discrimination effect of a large merger of parking garages," Post-Print hal-00813277, HAL.
    58. Ahmadi Azari, Kian & Arintono, Sulistyo & Hamid, Hussain & Rahmat, Riza Atiq O.K., 2013. "Modelling demand under parking and cordon pricing policy," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 25(C), pages 1-9.
    59. De Nijs, Romain, 2012. "The price discrimination effect of a large merger of parking garages," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 117(3), pages 928-931.
    60. Ottosson, Dadi Baldur & Chen, Cynthia & Wang, Tingting & Lin, Haiyun, 2013. "The sensitivity of on-street parking demand in response to price changes: A case study in Seattle, WA," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 25(C), pages 222-232.
    61. Hensher, David A. & King, Jenny, 2001. "Parking demand and responsiveness to supply, pricing and location in the Sydney central business district," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 35(3), pages 177-196, March.
    62. Simon P. Anderson & André De Palma, 2007. "Parking in the city," Papers in Regional Science, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 86(4), pages 621-632, November.
    63. Michael Manville, 2013. "Parking Requirements and Housing Development," Journal of the American Planning Association, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 79(1), pages 49-66, January.
    64. Zhan Guo, 2013. "Residential Street Parking and Car Ownership," Journal of the American Planning Association, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 79(1), pages 32-48, January.
    65. Zhang, Xiaoning & Yang, Hai & Huang, Hai-Jun & Zhang, H. Michael, 2005. "Integrated scheduling of daily work activities and morning-evening commutes with bottleneck congestion," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 39(1), pages 41-60, January.
    66. Vickrey, William S, 1969. "Congestion Theory and Transport Investment," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 59(2), pages 251-260, May.
    67. Kevin Hasker & Eren Inci, 2014. "Free Parking For All In Shopping Malls," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 55, pages 1281-1304, November.
    68. repec:hal:pseose:hal-00813277 is not listed on IDEAS
    69. Shoup, Donald C., 1995. "Cashing out Employer-Paid Parking: An Opportunity to Reduce Minimum Parking Requirements," University of California Transportation Center, Working Papers qt4jg417cw, University of California Transportation Center.
    70. Mingardo, G. & van Meerkerk, J., 2012. "Is parking supply related to turnover of shopping areas? The case of the Netherlands," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 19(2), pages 195-201.
    71. Tsai, Jyh-Fa & Chu, Chih-Peng, 2006. "Economic analysis of collecting parking fees by a private firm," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 40(8), pages 690-697, October.
    72. Arnott, Richard & Rowse, John, 2009. "Downtown parking in auto city," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 39(1), pages 1-14, January.
    73. Sabir, Muhammad & van Ommeren, Jos & Rietveld, Piet, 2013. "Weather to travel to the beach," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 79-86.
    74. Richard Arnott, 2011. "Parking Economics," Chapters, in: André de Palma & Robin Lindsey & Emile Quinet & Roger Vickerman (ed.), A Handbook of Transport Economics, chapter 31, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    75. Froeb, Luke & Tschantz, Steven & Crooke, Philip, 2003. "Bertrand competition with capacity constraints: mergers among parking lots," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 113(1), pages 49-67, March.
    76. Merriman, David, 1998. "How many parking spaces does it take to create one additional transit passenger?," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 28(5), pages 565-584, September.
    77. Gregory Pierce & Donald Shoup, 2013. "Getting the Prices Right," Journal of the American Planning Association, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 79(1), pages 67-81, January.
    78. Qian, Zhen (Sean) & Xiao, Feng (Evan) & Zhang, H.M., 2011. "The economics of parking provision for the morning commute," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 45(9), pages 861-879, November.
    79. repec:ucp:bkecon:9781884829987 is not listed on IDEAS
    80. Aldridge, K. & Carreno, M. & Ison, S. & Rye, T. & Straker, I., 2006. "Car parking management at airports: A special case?," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 13(6), pages 511-521, November.
    81. Edward Calthrop & Stef Proost & Kurt van Dender, 2000. "Parking Policies and Road Pricing," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 37(1), pages 63-76, January.
    82. Zhang, Xiaoning & Huang, Hai-Jun & Zhang, H.M., 2008. "Integrated daily commuting patterns and optimal road tolls and parking fees in a linear city," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 42(1), pages 38-56, January.
    83. Marsden, Greg, 2006. "The evidence base for parking policies--a review," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 13(6), pages 447-457, November.
    84. Fosgerau, Mogens & de Palma, André, 2013. "The dynamics of urban traffic congestion and the price of parking�," MPRA Paper 48433, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    85. Willson, Richard, 2013. "Parking Reform Made Easy," University of California Transportation Center, Working Papers qt8rq839r1, University of California Transportation Center.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Inci, Eren & Lindsey, Robin, 2015. "Garage and curbside parking competition with search congestion," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 49-59.
    2. Arnott, Richard & Inci, Eren & Rowse, John, 2015. "Downtown curbside parking capacity," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 86(C), pages 83-97.
    3. Tscharaktschiew, Stefan & Reimann, Felix, 2021. "On employer-paid parking and parking (cash-out) policy: A formal synthesis of different perspectives," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 110(C), pages 499-516.
    4. Evangelinos, Christos & Tscharaktschiew, Stefan & Marcucci, Edoardo & Gatta, Valerio, 2018. "Pricing workplace parking via cash-out: Effects on modal choice and implications for transport policy," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 369-380.
    5. Kevin Hasker & Eren Inci, 2014. "Free Parking For All In Shopping Malls," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 55(4), pages 1281-1304, November.
    6. Gallo, Mariano & D'Acierno, Luca & Montella, Bruno, 2011. "A multilayer model to simulate cruising for parking in urban areas," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 18(5), pages 735-744, September.
    7. Krishnamurthy, Chandra Kiran B. & Ngo, Nicole S., 2020. "The effects of smart-parking on transit and traffic: Evidence from SFpark," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 99(C).
    8. Geroliminis, Nikolas, 2015. "Cruising-for-parking in congested cities with an MFD representation," Economics of Transportation, Elsevier, vol. 4(3), pages 156-165.
    9. De Borger, Bruno & Russo, Antonio, 2017. "The political economy of pricing car access to downtown commercial districts," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 98(C), pages 76-93.
    10. Liu, Wei & Geroliminis, Nikolas, 2016. "Modeling the morning commute for urban networks with cruising-for-parking: An MFD approach," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 93(PA), pages 470-494.
    11. van Ommeren, Jos & de Groote, Jesper & Mingardo, Giuliano, 2014. "Residential parking permits and parking supply," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 33-44.
    12. Takayama, Yuki & Kuwahara, Masao, 2016. "Scheduling preferences, parking competition, and bottleneck congestion: A model of trip timing and parking location choices by heterogeneous commuters," MPRA Paper 68938, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    13. Lehner, Stephan & Peer, Stefanie, 2019. "The price elasticity of parking: A meta-analysis," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 121(C), pages 177-191.
    14. Lu, Xiao-Shan & Huang, Hai-Jun & Guo, Ren-Yong & Xiong, Fen, 2021. "Linear location-dependent parking fees and integrated daily commuting patterns with late arrival and early departure in a linear city," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 150(C), pages 293-322.
    15. Fabusuyi, Tayo & Hampshire, Robert C., 2018. "Rethinking performance based parking pricing: A case study of SFpark," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 115(C), pages 90-101.
    16. Amer, Ahmed & Chow, Joseph Y.J., 2017. "A downtown on-street parking model with urban truck delivery behavior," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 102(C), pages 51-67.
    17. Khordagui, Nagwa, 2019. "Parking prices and the decision to drive to work: Evidence from California," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 130(C), pages 479-495.
    18. Francis Ostermeijer & Hans RA Koster & Leonardo Nunes & Jos van Ommeren, 2021. "Citywide parking policy and traffic: Evidence from Amsterdam," Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers 21-015/VIII, Tinbergen Institute.
    19. Ostermeijer, Francis & Koster, Hans & Nunes, Leonardo & van Ommeren, Jos, 2022. "Citywide parking policy and traffic: Evidence from Amsterdam," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 128(C).
    20. Wang, Pengfei & Guan, Hongzhi & Liu, Peng, 2020. "Modeling and solving the optimal allocation-pricing of public parking resources problem in urban-scale network," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 137(C), pages 74-98.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:ecotra:v:4:y:2015:i:1:p:50-63. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/ecotra .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.