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Estimating the Travel and Parking Demand Effects of Employer-Paid Parking

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  • Willson, Richard W.

Abstract

A multinomial logit model of downtown Los Angeles commuters is used to assess the effect of employer-paid parking on mode choice and parking demand. Employer-paid parking significantly increases the probability that an employee will drive to work alone. The best performing models predict that between 25 and 34 percent fewer automobiles are driven to work when workers have to pay to park, as compared to when they park free. This analysis provides support for the notion that public policies concerning traffic congestion, air pollution and energy use must address employer-paid parking.

Suggested Citation

  • Willson, Richard W., 1992. "Estimating the Travel and Parking Demand Effects of Employer-Paid Parking," University of California Transportation Center, Working Papers qt37p740qt, University of California Transportation Center.
    • Handle: RePEc:cdl:uctcwp:qt37p740qt
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    1. Gillen, David W., 1977. "Estimation and specification of the effects of parking costs on urban transport mode choice," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 4(2), pages 186-199, April.
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    4. Wilson, Richard W. & Shoup, Donald C., 1990. "Parking Subsidies and Travel Choices: Assessing the Evidence," University of California Transportation Center, Working Papers qt5w24532x, University of California Transportation Center.
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    Cited by:

    1. Fetene, Gebeyehu M. & Hirte, Georg & Kaplan, Sigal & Prato, Carlo G. & Tscharaktschiew, Stefan, 2016. "The economics of workplace charging," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 88(C), pages 93-118.
    2. Lambe, Thomas A., 1996. "Driver choice of parking in the city," Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, Elsevier, vol. 30(3), pages 207-219, September.
    3. van Ommeren, Jos & Russo, Giovanni, 2014. "Time-varying parking prices," Economics of Transportation, Elsevier, vol. 3(2), pages 166-174.
    4. Voith, Richard, 1998. "Parking, Transit, and Employment in a Central Business District," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 44(1), pages 43-58, July.
    5. Merriman, David, 1997. "Subsidized Parking and Neighborhood Nuisances," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 41(2), pages 198-201, March.
    6. Shaheen, Susan, 2005. "Smart Parking Management Field Test: A Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) District Parking Demonstration," Institute of Transportation Studies, Working Paper Series qt6d58554x, Institute of Transportation Studies, UC Davis.
    7. Watters, Paul & O'Mahony, Margaret & Caulfield, Brian, 2006. "Response to cash outs for work place parking and work place parking charges," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 13(6), pages 503-510, November.
    8. Jun Guan Neoh & Maxwell Chipulu & Alasdair Marshall, 2017. "What encourages people to carpool? An evaluation of factors with meta-analysis," Transportation, Springer, vol. 44(2), pages 423-447, March.
    9. Ahmadi Azari, Kian & Arintono, Sulistyo & Hamid, Hussain & Rahmat, Riza Atiq O.K., 2013. "Modelling demand under parking and cordon pricing policy," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 25(C), pages 1-9.
    10. Tsai, Jyh-Fa & Chu, Chih-Peng, 2006. "Economic analysis of collecting parking fees by a private firm," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 40(8), pages 690-697, October.
    11. Evangelinos, Christos & Tscharaktschiew, Stefan & Marcucci, Edoardo & Gatta, Valerio, 2018. "Pricing workplace parking via cash-out: Effects on modal choice and implications for transport policy," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 369-380.
    12. Khordagui, Nagwa, 2019. "Parking prices and the decision to drive to work: Evidence from California," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 130(C), pages 479-495.
    13. Shaheen, Susan & Rodier, Caroline J. & Eaken, Amanda M., 2005. "Smart Parking Management Pilot Project: A Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) District Parking Demonstration," Institute of Transportation Studies, Working Paper Series qt4vk680h8, Institute of Transportation Studies, UC Davis.
    14. Angela De Carlo & Angela Stefania Bergantino & Andrea Morone, 2013. "Experiments in transport related choices: the influence of risk and uncertainty in determining workers' behaviour with respect to parking alternatives," ERSA conference papers ersa13p407, European Regional Science Association.
    15. Edward Calthrop & Stef Proost & Kurt van Dender, 2000. "Parking Policies and Road Pricing," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 37(1), pages 63-76, January.
    16. Lehner, Stephan & Peer, Stefanie, 2019. "The price elasticity of parking: A meta-analysis," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 121(C), pages 177-191.
    17. Inci, Eren, 2015. "A review of the economics of parking," Economics of Transportation, Elsevier, vol. 4(1), pages 50-63.
    18. Shaheen, Susan & Rodier, Caroline & Eaken, Amanda M., 2005. "Smart Parking Management Pilot Project: A Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) District Parking Demonstration," Institute of Transportation Studies, Research Reports, Working Papers, Proceedings qt3p83z8g4, Institute of Transportation Studies, UC Berkeley.
    19. de Groote, Jesper & van Ommeren, Jos & Koster, Hans R.A., 2019. "The effect of paid parking and bicycle subsidies on employees’ parking demand," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 128(C), pages 46-58.
    20. Yan, Xiang & Levine, Jonathan & Marans, Robert, 2019. "The effectiveness of parking policies to reduce parking demand pressure and car use," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 41-50.
    21. Rotaris, Lucia & Danielis, Romeo, 2014. "The impact of transportation demand management policies on commuting to college facilities: A case study at the University of Trieste, Italy," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 127-140.
    22. David Merriman & Toru Ohkawara & Tsutomu Suzuki, 1995. "Excess Commuting in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area: Measurement and Policy Simulations," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 32(1), pages 69-85, February.
    23. Christopher F. Dumas & John C. Whitehead & James H. Herstine & Robert B. Buerger & Jeffery M. Hill, 2006. "Estimating Peak Demand for Beach Parking Spaces," Working Papers 06-05, Department of Economics, Appalachian State University.
    24. Evangelinos, Christos & Staub, Nelly & Marcucci, Edoardo & Gatta, Valerio, 2021. "The impact of airport parking fees on the tourist's airport/airline choice behavior," Journal of Air Transport Management, Elsevier, vol. 90(C).
    25. Barrios González, C & Martínez Navarro, Mª A. & Sánchez De Molina Martín, J & Toribio Muñoz, Mª R., 2003. "La tarificación viaria y sus efectos sobre el bienestar social," Estudios de Economia Aplicada, Estudios de Economia Aplicada, vol. 21, pages 283-296, Agosto.

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