Research classified by Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) codes

2008

• William James & Juan Paolo Hernando, 2008, "Price Dynamics in the US Market for Apparel Imports: Impact of Quota Elimination under the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing and Safeguard Restrictions on the People's Republic of China," ADB Economics Working Paper Series, Asian Development Bank, number 114, May.
• Jayant Menon, 2008, "Dealing with the Proliferation of Bilateral Trade Agreements: Consolidation, Multilateralization, Harmonization, or Dilution?," ADB Economics Working Paper Series, Asian Development Bank, number 123, Sep.
• William James & Juan Paolo Hernando, 2008, "Extra-EU Imports of Clothing and EU Preferential Trade Policies in the Post-Quota Era: The Position of Asian Suppliers in the Largest World Market for Clothing Imports," ADB Economics Working Paper Series, Asian Development Bank, number 125, Oct.
• Joseph Alba & Jung Hur & Donghyun Park, 2008, "Effects of Hub-and-Spoke Free Trade Agreements on Trade: Panel Data Analysis," ADB Economics Working Paper Series, Asian Development Bank, number 127, Oct.
• William E. James, 2008, "Have Antidumping Measures of EU and NAFTA Members against East Asian Countries Provoked Retaliatory Responses?," ADB Economics Working Paper Series, Asian Development Bank, number 144, Dec.
• Masahiro Kawai & Ganeshan Wignaraja, 2008, "Regionalism as an Engine of Multilateralism: A Case for a Single East Asian FTA," Working Papers on Regional Economic Integration, Asian Development Bank, number 14, Feb.
• Kazutomo Abe & John S. Wilson, 2008, "Trade, Transparency, and Welfare in the Asia Pacific," East Asian Economic Review, Korea Institute for International Economic Policy, volume 12, issue 2, pages 35-78, DOI: 10.11644/KIEP.JEAI.2008.12.2.188.
• Sherzod Shadikhodjaev, 2008, "National Treatment under GATT Article III: 2 and its Applicability in the Context of Korea’s FTAs," East Asian Economic Review, Korea Institute for International Economic Policy, volume 12, issue 1, pages 65-109, DOI: 10.11644/KIEP.JEAI.2008.12.1.180.
• Chang-Soo Lee & Backhoon Song, 2008, "Economic Effects of Russia's Trade Liberalization: Russia's WTO Accession and FTAs with EU and Korea," East Asian Economic Review, Korea Institute for International Economic Policy, volume 12, issue 1, pages 251-284, DOI: 10.11644/KIEP.JEAI.2008.12.1.186.
• Jian Zhang & Hung-Gay Fung & Bansi Sawhney, 2008, "India’s Optimal Trade Strategy: A General Equilibrium Analysis," Economia Internazionale / International Economics, Camera di Commercio Industria Artigianato Agricoltura di Genova, volume 61, issue 4, pages 755-776.
• Andrea Marino, 2008, "Le entrate doganali come misura del livello di protezione tariffaria: qualche avvertenza per l’uso / Import duties as a measure of tariff protection: a cautionary note," Economia Internazionale / International Economics, Camera di Commercio Industria Artigianato Agricoltura di Genova, volume 61, issue 2-3, pages 445-458.
• Herwartz, Helmut & Weber, Henning, 2008, "When, how fast and by how much do trade costs change in the euro area?," Economics Working Papers, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Department of Economics, number 2008-17.
• Weerth, Carsten, 2008, "HS 2007: Notes of the Tariff Nomenclature and the Additional Notes of the EC," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, volume 2, issue 1, pages 111-115.
• Weber, Henning & Herwartz, Helmut, 2008, "When, how fast and by how much do trade costs change in the euro area?," Discussion Papers, Free University Berlin, School of Business & Economics, number 2008/18.
• Kohnert, Dirk, 2008, "EU-African Economic Relations: Continuing Dominance, Traded for Aid?," GIGA Working Papers, GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies, number 82.
• Lejour, Arjan Marcel & Mervar, Andrea & Verweij, Gerard, 2008, "The Economic Effects of Croatia's Accession to the EU," Economics Discussion Papers, Kiel Institute for the World Economy, number 2008-6.
• Saint-Paul, Gilles, 2008, "Welfare Effects of Intellectual Property in a North-South Model of Endogenous Growth with Comparative Advantage," Economics - The Open-Access, Open-Assessment E-Journal (2007-2020), Kiel Institute for the World Economy, volume 2, pages 1-24, DOI: 10.5018/economics-ejournal.ja.2008-.
• Langhammer, Rolf J., 2008, "Why a market place must not discriminate: The case against a US-EU free trade agreement," Kiel Working Papers, Kiel Institute for the World Economy, number 1407.
• Morkre, Morris & Spinanger, Dean & Tran, Lien, 2008, "Are unfair import laws unfair to developing countries: evidence from US antidumping actions 1990 - 2004," Kiel Working Papers, Kiel Institute for the World Economy, number 1438.
• Hufbauer, Gary Clyde, 2008, "Global governance: old and new issues," Kiel Working Papers, Kiel Institute for the World Economy, number 1460.
• Herwartz, Helmut & Weber, Henning, 2008, "When, how fast and by how much do trade costs change in the Euro area?," SFB 649 Discussion Papers, Humboldt University Berlin, Collaborative Research Center 649: Economic Risk, number 2008-065.
• Felbermayr, Gabriel J. & Jung, Benjamin, 2008, "Sorting it out: Technical barriers to trade and industry productivity," Tübinger Diskussionsbeiträge, University of Tübingen, School of Business and Economics, number 315.
• Adlung, Rudolf & Molinuevo, Martin, 2008, "Bilateralism in services trade: is there fire behind the (BIT-)smoke?," WTO Staff Working Papers, World Trade Organization (WTO), Economic Research and Statistics Division, number ERSD-2008-01, DOI: 10.30875/135bcd65-en.
• Yu, Dayong, 2008, "The harmonized system: amendments and their impact on WTO members' schedules," WTO Staff Working Papers, World Trade Organization (WTO), Economic Research and Statistics Division, number ERSD-2008-02, DOI: 10.30875/86f3becb-en.
• Honeck, Dale, 2008, "LDC Poverty Alleviation and the Doha Development Agenda: is tourism being neglected?," WTO Staff Working Papers, World Trade Organization (WTO), Economic Research and Statistics Division, number ERSD-2008-03, DOI: 10.30875/988edb68-en.
• Bown, Chad P. & Ruta, Michele, 2008, "The economics of permissible WTO retaliation," WTO Staff Working Papers, World Trade Organization (WTO), Economic Research and Statistics Division, number ERSD-2008-04, DOI: 10.30875/0e4df9a2-en.
• Magdeleine, Joscelyn & Maurer, Andreas, 2008, "Measuring GATS mode 4 trade flows," WTO Staff Working Papers, World Trade Organization (WTO), Economic Research and Statistics Division, number ERSD-2008-05, DOI: 10.30875/64c4d93d-en.
• Teteryatnikova, Mariya, 2008, "R&D in the network of international trade: Multilateral versus regional trade agreements," WTO Staff Working Papers, World Trade Organization (WTO), Economic Research and Statistics Division, number ERSD-2009-03, DOI: 10.30875/188c7b5a-en.
• Martin Richardson & Ryan Fang, 2008, "Private and public incentives for mergers in the face of foreign entry," ANU Working Papers in Economics and Econometrics, Australian National University, College of Business and Economics, School of Economics, number 2008-494, Jul.
• Richard Pomfret & Patricia Sourdin, 2008, "Why Do Trade Costs Vary?," School of Economics and Public Policy Working Papers, University of Adelaide, School of Economics and Public Policy, number 2008-08.
• Costas Arkolakis & Svetlana Demidova & Peter J. Klenow & Andres Rodriguez-Clare, 2008, "Endogenous Variety and the Gains from Trade," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, volume 98, issue 2, pages 444-450, May, DOI: 10.1257/aer.98.2.444.
• Hiau Looi Kee & Kala Krishna, 2008, "Firm-Level Heterogeneous Productivity and Demand Shocks: Evidence from Bangladesh," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, volume 98, issue 2, pages 457-462, May, DOI: 10.1257/aer.98.2.457.
• Caroline Freund & Caglar Ozden, 2008, "Trade Policy and Loss Aversion," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, volume 98, issue 4, pages 1675-1691, September, DOI: 10.1257/aer.98.4.1675.
• Thomas Chaney, 2008, "Distorted Gravity: The Intensive and Extensive Margins of International Trade," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, volume 98, issue 4, pages 1707-1721, September, DOI: 10.1257/aer.98.4.1707.
• Christian Broda & Nuno Limao & David E. Weinstein, 2008, "Optimal Tariffs and Market Power: The Evidence," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, volume 98, issue 5, pages 2032-2065, December, DOI: 10.1257/aer.98.5.2032.
• Claude Schwob, 2008, "La politique commerciale des États-Unis et la question du leadership entre 1900 et 1944," Working Papers, Association Française de Cliométrie (AFC), number 08-03.
• Awokuse, Titus O. & Yin, Hong, 2008, "Do Stronger Intellectual Property Rights Protection Induce More Bilateral Trade? Evidence from China's Imports," 2008 Annual Meeting, July 27-29, 2008, Orlando, Florida, American Agricultural Economics Association (New Name 2008: Agricultural and Applied Economics Association), number 6143, DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.6143.
• Lee, Huey-Lin & Chang, Ching-Cheng & Weng, Yung-Ho & Hsu, Sheng-Ming & Hsu, Shih-Hsun, 2008, "An Economy-wide Analysis of Impacts on Taiwan of Reducing Tariff Escalation on Agriculture-Related Products in WTO Doha Round Negotiations," 2008 Annual Meeting, July 27-29, 2008, Orlando, Florida, American Agricultural Economics Association (New Name 2008: Agricultural and Applied Economics Association), number 6170, DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.6170.
• Jayasinghe, Sampath & Beghin, John C. & Moschini, GianCarlo, 2008, "Determinants of World Demand for U.S. Corn Seeds: The Role of Trade Costs," 2008 Annual Meeting, July 27-29, 2008, Orlando, Florida, American Agricultural Economics Association (New Name 2008: Agricultural and Applied Economics Association), number 6402, DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.6402.
• Wailes, Eric J. & Rosson, C. Parr, III, 2008, "The WTO and U.S. Domestic Support in the Food Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008," Choices: The Magazine of Food, Farm, and Resource Issues, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, volume 23, issue 3, pages 1-3, DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.94675.
• Wainio, John & Vanzetti, David, 2008, "Tariff Escalation in the Doha Talks--Bringing the Issue to Resolution," 2008 Conference (52nd), February 5-8, 2008, Canberra, Australia, Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society, number 6034, DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.6034.
• Vanzetti, David & Peters, Ralf, 2008, "Do Sensitive Products Undermine Ambition?," 2008 Conference (52nd), February 5-8, 2008, Canberra, Australia, Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society, number 6044, DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.6044.
• Martin, William J. & Anderson, Kym, 2008, "Agricultural trade reform under the Doha Agenda: some key issues," Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society, volume 52, issue 01, pages 1-16, DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.117739.
• Blandford, David & Brunstad, Rolf Jens & Gaasland, Ivar & Vardal, Erling, , "Optimal agricultural policy and PSE measurement: an assessment and application to Norway," 82nd Annual Conference, March 31 - April 2, 2008, Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester, UK, Agricultural Economics Society, number 36769, DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.36769.
• Disdier, Anne-Celia & Fontagne, Lionel & Mimouni, Mondher, 2008, "AJAE Appendix: The Impact of Regulations on Agricultural Trade: Evidence from the SPS and TBT Agreements," American Journal of Agricultural Economics APPENDICES, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, volume 90, issue 2, pages 1-7, DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.7043.
• Daugbjerg, Carsten & Swinbank, Alan, , "Explaining The Health Check:The Budget, Wto, And Multifunctional Policy Paradigm Revisited," 109th Seminar, November 20-21, 2008, Viterbo, Italy, European Association of Agricultural Economists, number 44818, DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.44818.
• Scoppola, Margherita, , "The Liberalization Of Tariff Rate Quotas Under Oligopolistic Competition," 109th Seminar, November 20-21, 2008, Viterbo, Italy, European Association of Agricultural Economists, number 44822, DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.44822.
• Olper, Alessandro & Raimondi, Valentina, 2008, "Consitutional Rules and Agricultural Policy Outcomes," 2008 International Congress, August 26-29, 2008, Ghent, Belgium, European Association of Agricultural Economists, number 43870, DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.43870.
• Goetz, Christian & Heckelei, Thomas & Rudloff, Bettina, 2008, "What makes countries initiate WTO disputes on food-related issues?," 2008 International Congress, August 26-29, 2008, Ghent, Belgium, European Association of Agricultural Economists, number 44335, DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.44335.
• Disdier, Anne-Celia & Fontagne, Lionel, 2008, "Trade Impact of European Measures on GMOs Condemned by the WTO Panel," 2008 International Congress, August 26-29, 2008, Ghent, Belgium, European Association of Agricultural Economists, number 44392, DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.44392.
• Cardwell, Ryan T., 2008, "Food Aid and the WTO: Can New Rules Be Effective?," Estey Centre Journal of International Law and Trade Policy, Estey Centre for Law and Economics in International Trade, volume 9, issue 01, pages 1-20, DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.6313.
• Spagnolo, Massimo, 2008, "Analisi dei flussi commerciali dei prodotti ittici tra l'UE e i suoi partner mediterranei," 2008 XVI Convegno Annuale SIEA - Le Dinamiche del Commercio Agro-alimentare Tra Commodities e Prodotti Differenziati, 5-6 Giugno 2008, Trieste, Italian Society of Agri-food Economics/Società Italiana di Economia Agro-Alimentare (SIEA), number 48197, Jun, DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.48197.
• Devadoss, Stephen, 2008, "An Evaluation of Canadian and U.S. Policies of Log and Lumber Markets," Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Southern Agricultural Economics Association, volume 40, issue 01, pages 1-14, April, DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.45517.
• Jensen, Jesper & Rutherford, Thomas F. & Tarr, David G., 2008, "Modeling Services Liberalization: The Case of Tanzania," Conference papers, Purdue University, Center for Global Trade Analysis, Global Trade Analysis Project, number 331688.
• Valin, Hugo & Boumellassa, Houssein, 2008, "Vietnam’s Accession to the WTO: Ex-post Evaluation in a dynamic perspective," Conference papers, Purdue University, Center for Global Trade Analysis, Global Trade Analysis Project, number 331717.
• Polaski, Sandra & Panda, Manoj & Ganesh-Kumar, A. & McDonald, Scott & Robinson, Sherman, 2008, "Policy Dilemmas in India: The Impact of Changes in Agricultural Prices on Rural and Urban Poverty," Conference papers, Purdue University, Center for Global Trade Analysis, Global Trade Analysis Project, number 331730.
• Fontagné, Lionel & Laborde, David & Mitaritonna, Maria Cristina, 2008, "An Impact Study of the EU-ACP Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) in the Six ACP Regions," Conference papers, Purdue University, Center for Global Trade Analysis, Global Trade Analysis Project, number 331780.
• Rivera, Luis & Rojas-Romagosa, Hugo, 2008, "Economic Implications of an Association Agreement between the European Union and Central America," Conference papers, Purdue University, Center for Global Trade Analysis, Global Trade Analysis Project, number 331783.
• Kinnman, S. & Lodefalk, M., 2008, "A Global Baltic - Potential Gains from Trade Liberalisation in the Baltic Sea States," Conference papers, Purdue University, Center for Global Trade Analysis, Global Trade Analysis Project, number 331797.
• Rubin, Luciane da Silva & Ilha, Adayr da Silva & Waquil, Paulo Dabdab, None, "O comércio potencial brasileiro de carne bovina no contexto de integração regional," Brazilian Journal of Rural Economy and Sociology (Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural-RESR), Sociedade Brasileira de Economia e Sociologia Rural, volume 46, issue 4, pages 1-27, DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.61197.
• Bender Filho, Reisoli & Alvim, Augusto Mussi, None, "O mercado de carne bovina no Brasil: os efeitos da eliminação das barreiras tarifárias e não-tarifárias," Brazilian Journal of Rural Economy and Sociology (Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural-RESR), Sociedade Brasileira de Economia e Sociologia Rural, volume 46, issue 4, pages 1-33, DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.61198.
• Mata, Daniel da & Freitas, Rogerio Edivaldo, None, "Produtos agropecuários: para quem exportar?," Brazilian Journal of Rural Economy and Sociology (Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural-RESR), Sociedade Brasileira de Economia e Sociologia Rural, volume 46, issue 2, pages 1-34, DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.61240.
• Yeboah, Osei-Agyeman & Shaik, Saleem & Wozniak, Shawn J. & Allen, Albert J., 2008, "Increased Cocoa Bean Exports under Trade Liberalization: A Gravity Model Approach," 2008 Annual Meeting, February 2-6, 2008, Dallas, Texas, Southern Agricultural Economics Association, number 6819, DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.6819.
• Muhammad, Andrew, 2008, "The Role of the Imports for Re-Exports Program in Determining Canadian Demand for Imported Cheese: Implications for U.S. Exports," 2008 Annual Meeting, February 2-6, 2008, Dallas, Texas, Southern Agricultural Economics Association, number 8214, DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.8214.
• Pereira, Matheus Wemerson Gomes & Teixeira, Erly Cardoso, 2008, "Efeitos De Uma Desoneração Tributária Na Economia Brasileira Em Cenários De Criação Da Área De Livre Comércio Das Américas (Alca)," 46th Congress, July 20-23, 2008, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil, Sociedade Brasileira de Economia, Administracao e Sociologia Rural (SOBER), number 109126, Jul, DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.109126.
• Pereira, Matheus Wemerson Gomes & Teixeira, Erly Cardoso & Razap-Skorbiansky, Sharon, 2008, "Impacts Of Doha Round On The Agribusiness Of Brazil, China And India," 46th Congress, July 20-23, 2008, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil, Sociedade Brasileira de Economia, Administracao e Sociologia Rural (SOBER), number 112759, Jul, DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.112759.
• Goetz, Christian & Heckelei, Thomas & Rudloff, Bettina, 2008, "What makes countries initiate WTO disputes on food-related issues?," Discussion Papers, University of Bonn, Institute for Food and Resource Economics, number 56974, DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.56974.
• Basu, Arnab K. & Hicks, Robert L., , "Label Performance and the Willingness to Pay for Fair Trade Coffee: A Cross-National Perspective," Discussion Papers, University of Bonn, Center for Development Research (ZEF), number 44336, DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.44336.
• Pereira, Matheus Wemerson Gomes & Teixeira, Erly Cardoso, 2008, "Economic Impacts of Brazilian Indirect Tax Reduction: An analysis of the competitiveness within MERCOEURO," Working Papers in Applied Economics, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Departamento de Economia Rural, number 53440, DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.53440.
• Anders, Sven M. & Caswell, Julie A., 2008, "The Benefits and Costs of Proliferation of Geographical Labelling for Developing Countries," Working Paper Series, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Department of Resource Economics, number 42130, Jul, DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.42130.
• Anderson, Kym & Kurzweil, Marianne & Martin, William J. & Sandri, Damiano & Valenzuela, Ernesto, 2008, "Methodology for Measuring Distortions to Agricultural Incentives," Agricultural Distortions Working Paper Series, World Bank, number 48326, Jan, DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.48326.
• Anderson, Kym & Lattimore, Ralph G. & Lloyd, Peter J. & MacLaren, Donald, 2008, "Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Australia and New Zealand," Agricultural Distortions Working Paper Series, World Bank, number 48387, Sep, DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.48387.
• Honma, Masayoshi & Hayami, Yujiro, 2008, "Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Japan, Korea and Taiwan," Agricultural Distortions Working Paper Series, World Bank, number 48510, Sep, DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.48510.
• Josling, Timothy E., 2008, "Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Western Europe," Agricultural Distortions Working Paper Series, World Bank, number 48571, Sep, DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.48571.
• Anderson, Kym & Masters, William A., 2008, "Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Sub-Saharan and North Africa," Agricultural Distortions Working Paper Series, World Bank, number 48572, Sep, DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.48572.
• Gardner, Bruce L., 2008, "Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in the United States and Canada," Agricultural Distortions Working Paper Series, World Bank, number 48573, Sep, DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.48573.
• Anderson, Kym & Martin, William J., 2008, "Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in China and Southeast Asia," Agricultural Distortions Working Paper Series, World Bank, number 48574, Sep, DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.48574.
• Anderson, Kym & Valdes, Alberto, 2008, "Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Latin America and the Caribbean," Agricultural Distortions Working Paper Series, World Bank, number 48575, Sep, DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.48575.
• Valenzuela, Ernesto & van der Mensbrugghe, Dominique & Anderson, Kym, 2008, "General equilibrium effects of price distortions on global markets, farm incomes and welfare," Agricultural Distortions Working Paper Series, World Bank, number 48630, Sep, DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.48630.
• Valenzuela, Ernesto & Croser, Johanna L. & Jara, Esteban & Nelgen, Signe & Anderson, Kym, 2008, "Annual Estimates Of Distortions To Agricultural Incentives In High-Income Countries," Agricultural Distortions Working Paper Series, World Bank, number 48632, Sep, DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.48632.
• Gulati, Ashok & Pursell, Garry, 2008, "Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in India and Other South Asia," Agricultural Distortions Working Paper Series, World Bank, number 48634, Sep, DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.48634.
• Bullock, David S., 2008, "Simulating the Effects of Supply and Demand Elasticities on Political-Economic Equilibrium," Agricultural Distortions Working Paper Series, World Bank, number 48636, Jun, DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.48636.
• Zilberman, David & Hochman, Gal & Sexton, Steven E., 2008, "Food Safety, the Environment, and Trade," Agricultural Distortions Working Paper Series, World Bank, number 48637, Jul, DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.48637.
• de Gorter, Harry, 2008, "Explaining Inefficient Policy Instruments," Agricultural Distortions Working Paper Series, World Bank, number 48638, Aug, DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.48638.
• Henning, Christian H.C.A. & Struve, Carsten & Brockmeier, Martina, 2008, "The logic of the CAP: Politics or Economics?," Agricultural Distortions Working Paper Series, World Bank, number 48639, Nov, DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.48639.
• Ashraf, Nava & Gine, Xavier & Karlan, Dean S., 2008, "Finding Missing Markets (and a disturbing epilogue): Evidence from an Export Crop Adoption and Marketing Intervention in Kenya," Center Discussion Papers, Yale University, Economic Growth Center, number 46516, Dec, DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.46516.
• Endoh, Masahiro & Hamada, Koichi & Shimomura, Koji, 2008, "Can a Preferential Trade Agreement Benefit Neighbor Countries without Compensating Them?," Center Discussion Papers, Yale University, Economic Growth Center, number 6334, DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.6334.
• Di Tella, Guido, 2008, "A re-evaluation of the theory of the international division of labor," Revista de Economía Política de Buenos Aires, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas, Instituto Interdisciplinario de Economía Política IIEP (UBA-CONICET), issue 3-4, pages 95-100, December.
• Diana Seixas Bello Moreira, 2008, "O Desempenho do Brasil no Mecanismo de Resolução de Disputas da OMC," Economia, ANPEC - Associação Nacional dos Centros de Pós-Graduação em Economia [Brazilian Association of Graduate Programs in Economics], volume 9, issue 2, pages 265-284.
• Vito Amendolagine & Rosa Capolupo & Giovanni Ferri, 2008, "Offshoring, Extent of the Shadow Economy and Firm Performance. Evidence from Italy," SERIES, Dipartimento di Economia e Finanza - Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", number 0021, Mar, revised Mar 2008.
• Andreas Graichen, 2008, "Fairtrade Labelling in a Bertrand Competition Model with Monopsony Power," Working Papers, Bavarian Graduate Program in Economics (BGPE), number 050, Apr.
• Christian Bauer, 2008, "Trade, Productivity and semi-endogenous Growth," Working Papers, Bavarian Graduate Program in Economics (BGPE), number 056, Jun.
• Rubén Segura-Cayuela & Josep M. Vilarrubia, 2008, "The effect of foreign service on trade volumes and trade partners," Working Papers, Banco de España, number 0808, Apr.
• Vesna Popović & Branko Katić & Ružica Cvetković, 2008, "Doha Round Of Wto Negotiations And Trade Liberalisation In Serbian Agriculture," Economic Annals, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Belgrade, volume 53, issue 176, pages 61-87, January -.
• Magnan-Marionnet, F. & Contamine, P. & Bonzom, P., 2008, "The Euro-Mediterranean economic and fi nancial partnership," Quarterly selection of articles - Bulletin de la Banque de France, Banque de France, issue 12, pages 31-60, Summer.
• Will Martin & Kym Anderson, 2008, "Agricultural trade reform under the Doha Agenda: some key issues ," Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society, volume 52, issue 1, pages 1-16, March.
• Roger Clarke & David R. Collie, 2008, "Welfare In The Nash Equilibrium In Export Taxes Under Bertrand Duopoly," Bulletin of Economic Research, Wiley Blackwell, volume 60, issue 2, pages 183-189, April, DOI: 10.1111/j.0307-3378.2008.00273.x.
• Paul H. Jensen & Elizabeth Webster & Hielke Buddelmeyer, 2008, "Innovation, Technological Conditions and New Firm Survival," The Economic Record, The Economic Society of Australia, volume 84, issue 267, pages 434-448, December, DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-4932.2008.00509.x.
• Lawrence Edwards & Robert Lawrence, 2008, "South African trade policy matters Trade performance and trade policy," The Economics of Transition, The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, volume 16, issue 4, pages 585-608, October, DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-0351.2008.00338.x.
• Alessandro Olper & Valentina Raimondi, 2008, "Explaining National Border Effects in the QUAD Food Trade," Journal of Agricultural Economics, Wiley Blackwell, volume 59, issue 3, pages 436-462, September, DOI: 10.1111/j.1477-9552.2008.00155.x.
• Maria Cipollina & Luca Salvatici, 2008, "Measuring Protection: Mission Impossible?," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, volume 22, issue 3, pages 577-616, July, DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6419.2007.00543.x.
• Gene M. Grossman & Edwin L.‐C. Lai, 2008, "Parallel imports and price controls," RAND Journal of Economics, RAND Corporation, volume 39, issue 2, pages 378-402, June, DOI: 10.1111/j.0741-6261.2008.00019.x.
• Joshua Aizenman & Eileen Brooks, 2008, "Globalization and Taste Convergence: the Cases of Wine and Beer," Review of International Economics, Wiley Blackwell, volume 16, issue 2, pages 217-233, May, DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9396.2007.00659.x.
• Ronald B. Davies, 2008, "Hunting High and Low for Vertical FDI," Review of International Economics, Wiley Blackwell, volume 16, issue 2, pages 250-267, May, DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9396.2008.00735.x.
• Simon J. Evenett & Michael Meier, 2008, "An Interim Assessment of the US Trade Policy of ‘Competitive Liberalization’," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, volume 31, issue 1, pages 31-66, January, DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9701.2007.01081.x.
• Simon J. Evenett, 2008, "The Trade Policy Jungle: A Survival Guide for Academic Economists," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, volume 31, issue 4, pages 498-516, April, DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9701.2008.01093.x.
• Christoph Moser & Thorsten Nestmann & Michael Wedow, 2008, "Political Risk and Export Promotion: Evidence from Germany," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, volume 31, issue 6, pages 781-803, June, DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9701.2008.01102.x.
• Taiji Furusawa & Hideo Konishi, 2008, "Contributing or Free-Riding? Voluntary Participation in a Public Good Economy," Boston College Working Papers in Economics, Boston College Department of Economics, number 681, Feb, revised 04 Aug 2010.
• Hideo Konishi & Carsten Kowalczyk & Tomas Sjöström, 2008, "Global Free Trade is in the Core of a Customs Union Game," Boston College Working Papers in Economics, Boston College Department of Economics, number 685, Jun.
• James E. Anderson, 2008, "Terrorism, Trade and Public Policy," Boston College Working Papers in Economics, Boston College Department of Economics, number 701, Dec.
• James E. Anderson, 2008, "Consistent Trade Policy Aggregation," Boston College Working Papers in Economics, Boston College Department of Economics, number 702, May.
• James E. Anderson, 2008, "Commercial Policy in a Predatory World," Boston College Working Papers in Economics, Boston College Department of Economics, number 703, May.
• Agur Itai, 2008, "The US Trade Deficit, the Decline of the WTO and the Rise of Regionalism," Global Economy Journal, De Gruyter, volume 8, issue 3, pages 1-34, September, DOI: 10.2202/1524-5861.1381.
• Denys Dorokhov, 2008, "Obchodné vzťahy Ruskej federácie a Európskej Únie," Almanach (Actual Issues in World Economics and Politics), Ekonomická univerzita, Fakulta medzinárodných vzťahov, volume 3, issue 1, pages 81-90.
• Halina Martyniv, 2008, "Ukrajina - 152. člen Svetovej obchodnej organizácie," Medzinarodne vztahy (Journal of International Relations), Ekonomická univerzita, Fakulta medzinárodných vzťahov, volume 6, issue 1, pages 142-149.
• Tomáš Dudáš, 2008, "Liberalizačné tendencie v oblasti služieb v súčasnosti," Medzinarodne vztahy (Journal of International Relations), Ekonomická univerzita, Fakulta medzinárodných vzťahov, volume 6, issue 1, pages 40-51.
• Lenka Fojtíková, 2008, "Transformační výkon české ekonomiky," Medzinarodne vztahy (Journal of International Relations), Ekonomická univerzita, Fakulta medzinárodných vzťahov, volume 6, issue 2, pages 7-12.
• Valdete Berisha-Krasniqi & Antoine Bouët & Simon Mevel, 2008, "Les accords de partenariat économique. Quels enjeux pour le Sénégal ?," Revue de l'OFCE, Presses de Sciences-Po, volume 0, issue 4, pages 65-116.
• Yiagadeesen Samy & Vivek H. Dehejia, 2008, "Trade and Labor Standards in the European Union: A Gravity Model Approach," Carleton Economic Papers, Carleton University, Department of Economics, number 08-08, Oct.
• Collie, David R. & Le, Vo Phuong Mai, 2008, "Anti-Dumping Regulations: Anti-Competitive and Anti-Export," Cardiff Economics Working Papers, Cardiff University, Cardiff Business School, Economics Section, number E2008/27, Nov.
• Bill Dymond & Michael Hart, 2008, "Navigating New Trade Routes: The rise of Value chains, and the Challenges for Canadian Trade Policy," C.D. Howe Institute Commentary, C.D. Howe Institute, issue 259, March.
• Matthew B. Adler, 2008, "Stumbling Forward on Trade: The Doha Round, Free Trade Agreements, and Canada," e-briefs, C.D. Howe Institute, number 65, Oct.
• Botez, Octavian, 2008, "Contribution du parteneriat strategique economique entre la Roumanie et la France au developpement mutuel durable," Revista de Economie Industriala (Journal of Industrial Eonomics), Centre for Industrial Economics and Services, volume 6, issue 2, pages 72-75, June.
• Richard E. Baldwin & Frédéric Robert-Nicoud, 2008, "A Simple Model of the Juggernaut Effect of Trade Liberalisation," CEP Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE, number dp0845, Jan.
• Mirabelle Muûls & Dimitra Petropoulou, 2008, "A Swing-State Theory of Trade Protection in the Electoral College," CEP Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE, number dp0849, Feb.
• Dimitra Petropoulou, 2008, "International Trade, Minimum Quality Standards and the Prisoners' Dilemma," CEP Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE, number dp0858, Feb.
• Antoni Estevadeordal & Caroline Freund & Emanuel Ornelas, 2008, "Does Regionalism Affect Trade Liberalization Towards Non-Members?," CEP Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE, number dp0868, May.
• Ralph Ossa, 2008, "A 'New Trade' Theory of GATT/WTO Negotiations," CEP Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE, number dp0877, Jun.
• Emanuel Ornelas & John L. Turner, 2008, "Protection and International Sourcing," CEP Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE, number dp0900, Dec.
• Roberto Bonfatti, 2008, "Decolonization: the Role of Changing World Factor Endowments," STICERD - Economic Organisation and Public Policy Discussion Papers Series, Suntory and Toyota International Centres for Economics and Related Disciplines, LSE, number 001, Sep.
• Branislav Saxa, 2008, "Learning-by-Exporting or Managerial Quality? Evidence from the Czech Republic," CERGE-EI Working Papers, The Center for Economic Research and Graduate Education - Economics Institute, Prague, number wp358, Aug.
• Ilir Maçi & Kresimir Zigic, 2008, "Competition Policy and Market Leaders," CERGE-EI Working Papers, The Center for Economic Research and Graduate Education - Economics Institute, Prague, number wp375, Nov.
• Horst Raff & Nicolas Schmitt, 2004, "Exclusive Dealing and Common Agency in International Markets," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 1168.
• Alan V. Deardorff, 2004, "Who Makes the Rules of Globalization?," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 1301.
• José Luis Moraga-González & Jean-Marie Viaene, 2004, "Anti-Dumping, Intra-Industry Trade and Quality Reversals," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 1365.
• Gjermund Nese & Odd Rune Straume, 2005, "Industry Concentration and Strategic Trade Policy in Successive Oligopoly," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 1439.
• Xenia Matschke, 2005, "Costly Revenue-Raising and the Case for Favoring Import-Competing Industries," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 1502.
• Viet Do & Ngo Van Long, 2007, "International Outsourcing under Monopolistic Competition: Winners and Losers," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 2034.
• Emily Blanchard & Gerald Willmann, 2007, "Political Stasis or Protectionist Rut? Policy Mechanisms for Trade Reform in a Democracy," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 2070.
• Joseph Francois & Ian Wooton, 2008, "Market Structure and Market Access," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 2239.
• Christophe Rault & Robert Sova & Ana Maria Sova, 2008, "Modeling International Trade Flows between CEEC and OECD Countries," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 2282.
• Guglielmo Maria Caporale & Christophe Rault & Robert Sova & Ana Maria Sova, 2008, "On the Bilateral Trade Effects of Free Trade Agreements between the EU-15 and the CEEC-4 Countries," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 2419.
• Giovanni Facchini & Peri A. Silva & Gerald Willmann, 2008, "The Customs Union Issue: Why do we Observe so few of them?," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 2426.
• John Whalley & Sean Walsh, 2008, "Bringing the Copenhagen Global Climate Change Negotiations to Conclusion," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 2458.
• Christoph Zeiner, 2008, "Ausgewählte Länder und ihre weltwirtschaftliche Verflechtung: China," ifo Schnelldienst, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, volume 61, issue 18, pages 35-37, September.
• José Manuel Martins Caetano, 2008, "EU regulation concerning genetically modified products: an issue of food security or a measure of disguised protectionism?," CEFAGE-UE Working Papers, University of Evora, CEFAGE-UE (Portugal), number 2008_10.
• Arvind Subramanian & Aaditya Mattoo, 2008, "Multilateralism Beyond Doha," Working Papers, Center for Global Development, number 153, Oct.
• Lawrence Edwards & Robert Lawrence, 2008, "SACU Tariff Policies: Where Should They Go From Here?," CID Working Papers, Center for International Development at Harvard University, number 169, May.
• Alfred Tovias, 2008, "The Brave New World of Cross-Regionalism," Working Papers, CEPII research center, number 2008-03, Apr.
• Lionel Fontagné & David Laborde & Cristina Mitaritonna, 2008, "An Impact Study of the EU-ACP Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) in the Six ACP Regions," Working Papers, CEPII research center, number 2008-04, Apr.
• Sébastien Jean & David Laborde & Will Martin, 2008, "Choosing Sensitive Agricultural Products in Trade Negotiations," Working Papers, CEPII research center, number 2008-18, Sep.
• Houssein Guimbard & Hugo Valin, 2008, "Vietnam's Accession to the WTO: Ex-Post Evaluation in a Dynamic Perspective," Working Papers, CEPII research center, number 2008-31, Dec.
• Branislav Saxa, 2008, "Learning-by-Exporting or Managerial Quality? Evidence from the Czech Republic," Economie Internationale, CEPII research center, issue 115, pages 109-139.
• Lionel Fontagné & David Laborde & Cristina Mitaritonna, 2008, "Economic Partnership Agreements: The Impact of Trade Liberalisation," La Lettre du CEPII, CEPII research center, issue 276.
• Christophe Gouel & Maria Priscila Ramos, 2008, "American and European Agricultural Market Access: A Concern for The South?," La Lettre du CEPII, CEPII research center, issue 277.
• Gal Hochman, 2008, "Trade negotiations, domestic policies, and the Most Favored Nation clause," Canadian Journal of Economics, Canadian Economics Association, volume 41, issue 3, pages 781-795, August, DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-5982.2008.00485.x.
• Earl L. Grinols & Peri Silva, 2008, "Industrial targeting in free trade areas with policy independence," Canadian Journal of Economics, Canadian Economics Association, volume 41, issue 3, pages 796-816, August, DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-5982.2008.00486.x.
• Maggie Xiaoyang Chen & Aaditya Mattoo, 2008, "Regionalism in standards: good or bad for trade?," Canadian Journal of Economics, Canadian Economics Association, volume 41, issue 3, pages 838-863, August, DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-5982.2008.00488.x.
• Jeong-Eon Kim & Harvey E. Lapan, 2008, "Heterogeneity of southern countries and southern intellectual property rights policy," Canadian Journal of Economics, Canadian Economics Association, volume 41, issue 3, pages 894-925, August, DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-5982.2008.00490.x.
• Sumeet Gulati & Devesh Roy, 2008, "National Treatment and the optimal regulation of environmental externalities," Canadian Journal of Economics, Canadian Economics Association, volume 41, issue 4, pages 1445-1471, November, DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-5982.2008.00511.x.
• Masahiro Endoh & Koichi Hamada & Koji Shimomura, 2008, "Can a Preferential Trade Agreement Benefit Neighbor Countries without Compensating Them?," Levine's Working Paper Archive, David K. Levine, number 122247000000002091, Apr.
• Ricardo Arguello, 2008, "Comentarios sobre la propuesta de reforma a la estructura arancelaria colombiana," Documentos de Trabajo, Universidad del Rosario, number 4398, Jan.
• Nohora Y. Forero Ram√≠rez & Manuel Ram√≠rez G√≥mez, 2008, "Determinantes de los ingresos laborales de los graduados universitarios durante el per√≠odo 2001-2004," Documentos de Trabajo, Universidad del Rosario, number 4591, Jan.
• Edgardo Moncayo Jimenez, 2008, "Globalización Asimétrica Y Desarrollo Precario: Una Perspectiva Andina," Economía, Gestión y Desarrollo, Universidad Javeriana - Cali, number 5238, May.
• Danielken Molina, 2008, "Bilateral Transport Cost, Infrastructure, Common Bilateral Ties and Political Stability," Revista de Economía del Rosario, Universidad del Rosario.
• Ricardo Arguello C., 2008, "Una estimación del impacto del componente comercial del acuerdo de Asociación entre Colombia y la Unión Europea, sobre la Economía Colombiana," Perfil de Coyuntura Económica, Universidad de Antioquia, CIE.
• Mauricio López González & Amalia Rodríguez V., 2008, "Ciclos políticos y agregados macroeconómicos: Un análisis para el caso colombiano (1970-2005)," Perfil de Coyuntura Económica, Universidad de Antioquia, CIE.
• Serajul Hoque, 2008, "The Macroeconomic, Industrial and Distributional Effects of Removing Tariffs in Bangladesh," Centre of Policy Studies/IMPACT Centre Working Papers, Victoria University, Centre of Policy Studies/IMPACT Centre, number g-170, Jan.
• Kym Anderson & James Giesecke & Ernesto Valenzuela, 2008, "How would global trade liberalization affect rural and regional incomes in Australia?," Centre of Policy Studies/IMPACT Centre Working Papers, Victoria University, Centre of Policy Studies/IMPACT Centre, number g-176, Jul.
• Peter B. Dixon & Maureen T. Rimmer, 2008, "Welfare effects of unilateral changes in tariffs: the case of Motor vehicles and parts in Australia," Centre of Policy Studies/IMPACT Centre Working Papers, Victoria University, Centre of Policy Studies/IMPACT Centre, number g-177, Sep.
• Peter G. Mavromatis & George Verikios, 2008, "Does it Matter Whether Market Distortions are Evaluated Using Comparative-statics or Dynamics?," Centre of Policy Studies/IMPACT Centre Working Papers, Victoria University, Centre of Policy Studies/IMPACT Centre, number g-178, Nov.
• Hugo Rojas-Romagosa & J.F. Francois & L. Rivera, 2008, "Economic perspectives for Central America after CAFTA; a GTAP-based analysis," CPB Discussion Paper, CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis, number 99, Feb.
• Vandenbussche, Hylke & Konings, Jozef, 2008, "Heterogeneous Responses of Firms to Trade Protection," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 6724, Feb.
• Vandenbussche, Hylke & Song, Huasheng, 2008, "Trade Policy and Innovation," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 6747, Mar.
• Winters, L Alan & Anderson, Kym, 2008, "The Challenge of Reducing International Trade and Migration Barriers," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 6760, Mar.
• de Melo, Jaime & Carrère, Céline & Tumurchudur, Bolormaa, 2008, "Disentangling Market Access Effects for ASEAN Members Under an ASEAN-EU FTA," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 6762, Mar.
• Pavcnik, Nina & Edmonds, Eric & Topalova, Petia, 2008, "Trade Adjustment and Human Capital Investments: Evidence from Indian Tariff Reform," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 6772, Apr.
• Zanardi, Maurizio & Facchini, Giovanni & Conconi, Paola, 2008, "Fast Track Authority and International Trade Negotiations," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 6790, Apr.
• Davis, Donald R & Amiti, Mary, 2008, "Trade, Firms, and Wages: Theory and Evidence," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 6872, Jun.
• Baldwin, Richard, 2008, "Big-Think Regionalism: a Critical Survey," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 6874, Jun.
• Goldberg, Pinelopi & Pavcnik, Nina & Topalova, Petia & ,, 2008, "Multi-product Firms and Product Turnover in the Developing World: Evidence from India," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 6881, Jun.
• Antrà s, Pol & Padró i Miquel, Gerard, 2008, "Foreign Influence and Welfare," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 6884, Jun.
• Anderson, Kym, 2008, "Distorted Agricultural Incentives and Economic Development: Asia?s Experience," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 6914, Jul.
• Anderson, Kym & Martin, Will & Valenzuela, Ernesto & Kurzweil, Marianne & Sandri, Damiano, 2008, "Measuring Distortions to Agricultural Incentives, Revisited," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 6924, Jul.
• Taylor, Alan M. & Estevadeordal, Antoni, 2008, "Is the Washington Consensus Dead? Growth, Openness, and the Great Liberalization, 1970s-2000s," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 6942, Aug.
• Vives, Xavier, 2008, "Strategic Supply Function Competition with Private Information," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 6960, Sep.
• Staiger, Robert & Antrà s, Pol, 2008, "Offshoring and the Role of Trade Agreements," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 6966, Sep.
• Francois, Joseph & Wignaraja, Ganeshan, 2008, "Economic Implications of Deeper Asian Integration," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 6976, Sep.
• Francois, Joseph & Nelson, Douglas & Pelkmans-Balaoing, Annette, 2008, "Endogenous Protection in General Equilibrium: Estimating Political Weights in the EU," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 6979, Oct.
• Muellbauer, John & Aron, Janine, 2008, "Monetary Policy and Inflation Modeling in a More Open Economy in South Africa," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 6992, Oct.
• de Melo, Jaime & Ivlevs, Artjoms, 2008, "FDI, the Brain Drain and Trade: Channels and Evidence," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 7002, Oct.
• Newman, Andrew & Conconi, Paola, 2008, "Trade Liberalization and Organizational Change," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 7028, Oct.
• O'Rourke, Kevin & Lehmann, Sibylle H., 2008, "The Structure of Protection and Growth in the Late 19th Century," CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, number 7053, Nov.