IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/e/pbl191.html
   My authors  Follow this author

Sebastian Blesse

Personal Details

First Name:Sebastian
Middle Name:
Last Name:Blesse
Suffix:
RePEc Short-ID:pbl191
[This author has chosen not to make the email address public]

Affiliation

Wirtschaftswissenschafltiche Fakultät
Universität Leipzig

Leipzig, Germany
http://www.wifa.uni-leipzig.de/
RePEc:edi:vileide (more details at EDIRC)

Research output

as
Jump to: Working papers Articles Books

Working papers

  1. Sebastian Blesse & Klaus Gründler & Philipp Heil & Henning Hermes, 2025. "The Demand for Economic Narratives," CESifo Working Paper Series 12204, CESifo.
  2. Wobbe, Clara & Blesse, Sebastian & Diegmann, André & Hessami, Zohal, 2025. "The (ir)relevance of insitutional proliferation: Evidence from foreigners' advisory council," VfS Annual Conference 2025 (Cologne): Revival of Industrial Policy 325385, Verein für Socialpolitik / German Economic Association.
  3. Sebastian Blesse & Florian Buhlmann & Philipp Heil & Davud Rostam-Afschar, 2025. "Local Policy Misperceptions and Investment: Experimental Evidence from Firm Decision Makers," CESifo Working Paper Series 11855, CESifo.
  4. Janne Tukiainen & Sebastian Blesse & Albrecht Bohne & Leonardo M. Giuffrida & Jan Jääskeläinen & Ari Luukinen & Antti Sieppi, 2023. "What Are the Priorities of Bureaucrats? Evidence from Conjoint Experiments with Procurement Officials," CESifo Working Paper Series 10199, CESifo.
  5. Sandro Ambuehl & Sebastian Blesse & Philipp Doerrenberg & Christoph Feldhaus & Axel Ockenfels, 2023. "Politicians' Social Welfare Criteria: An Experiment with German Legislators," CESifo Working Paper Series 10329, CESifo.
  6. Sebastian Blesse & Philipp Lergetporer & Justus Nover & Katharina Werner, 2023. "Transparency and Policy Competition: Experimental Evidence from German Citizens and Politicians," Munich Papers in Political Economy 27, Munich School of Politics and Public Policy and the School of Management at the Technical University of Munich.
  7. Sebastian Blesse & Florian Dorn & Max Lay, 2023. "A Targeted Golden Rule for Public Investments?," EconPol Policy Reports 42, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich.
  8. Sebastian Blesse & Florian Dorn & Max Lay, 2023. "Do Fiscal Rules Undermine Public Investments? A Review of Empirical Evidence," ifo Working Paper Series 393, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich.
  9. Arntz, Melanie & Blesse, Sebastian & Doerrenberg, Philipp, 2022. "The end of work is near, isn't it? Survey evidence on automation angst," ZEW Discussion Papers 22-036, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research.
  10. Blesse, Sebastian & Nover, Justus, 2022. "Morgen, morgen, nur nicht heute!: Wie die Deutschen ihren Blick auf öffentliche Haushaltsdisziplin ändern," ZEW Expert Briefs 22-01, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research.
  11. Blesse, Sebastian, 2021. "Are your tax problems an opportunity not to pay taxes? Evidence from a randomized survey experiment," ZEW Discussion Papers 21-040, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research.
  12. Blesse, Sebastian & Heinemann, Friedrich & Janeba, Eckhard & Nover, Justus, 2021. "Landtagspolitiker stehen zur Schuldenbremse bei wachsender Unterstützung für Investitionsklausel: Ergebnisse einer Umfrage zur grundgesetzlichen Schuldenbremse und möglichen Reformansätzen," ZEW Expert Briefs 21-01, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research.
  13. Blesse, Sebastian & Bordignon, Massimo & Boyer, Pierre C. & Carapella, Piergiorgio & Heinemann, Friedrich & Janeba, Eckhard & Raj, Anasuya, 2021. "The future of the European fiscal union: Survey results from members of national parliaments in France, Italy and Germany," ZEW Discussion Papers 21-055, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research.
  14. Blesse, Sebastian & Nover, Justus, 2020. "Landespolitiker befürworten mehr Vergleichbarkeit im föderalen Bildungssystem," ZEW policy briefs 6/2020, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research.
  15. Matteo Alpino & Zareh Asatryan & Sebastian Blesse & Nils Wehrhöfer, 2020. "Austerity and Distributional Policy," CESifo Working Paper Series 8644, CESifo.
  16. Boyer, Pierre & Blesse, Sebastian & Bordignon, Massimo & Carapella, Piergiorgio & Heinemann, Friedrich & Janeba, Eckhard & Raj, Anasuya, 2020. "The future of the European project: survey results from members of national parliaments in France, Italy and Germany," CEPR Discussion Papers 15021, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
  17. Blesse, Sebastian & Diegmann, André, 2019. "Police reorganization and crime: Evidence from police station closures," Working Papers 07/2019, German Council of Economic Experts / Sachverständigenrat zur Begutachtung der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung.
  18. Blesse, Sebastian & Heinemann, Friedrich, 2019. "Citizens' trade-offs in state merger decisions: Evidence from a randomized survey experiment," ZEW Discussion Papers 19-054, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research.
  19. Blesse, Sebastian & Buhlmann, Florian & Doerrenberg, Philipp, 2019. "Do people really want a simple tax system? Evidence on preferences towards income tax simplification," ZEW Discussion Papers 19-058, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research.
  20. Blesse, Sebastian & Bordignon, Massimo & Boyer, Pierre C. & Carapella, Piergiorgio & Heinemann, Friedrich & Janeba, Eckhard & Raj, Anasuya, 2019. "United we stand? Survey results on the views of French, German and Italian parliamentarians on EU and EMU reforms," ZEW policy briefs 1/2019, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research.
  21. Blesse, Sebastian & Boyer, Pierre C. & Heinemann, Friedrich & Janeba, Eckhard & Raj, Anasuya, 2019. "European Monetary Union reform preferences of French and German parliamentarians," ZEW Discussion Papers 17-059, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research, revised 2019.
  22. Baskaran, Thushyanthan & Blesse, Sebastian, 2019. "Subnational border reforms and economic development in Africa," ZEW Discussion Papers 18-027, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research, revised 2019.
  23. Sebastian Blesse & Annika Havlik & Friedrich Heinemann, 2019. "Euro Area Reform Preferences of Central and Eastern European Economic Experts," EconPol Working Paper 37, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich.
  24. Blesse, Sebastian & Doerrenberg, Philipp & Rauch, Anna, 2018. "Higher taxes on less elastic goods? Evidence from German municipalities," ZEW Discussion Papers 18-039, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research.
  25. Blesse, Sebastian & Roesel, Felix, 2018. "Merging county administrations: Cross-national evidence of fiscal and political effects," ZEW Discussion Papers 18-031, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research.
  26. Blesse, Sebastian & Rösel, Felix, 2017. "Was bringen kommunale Gebietsreformen? Kausale Evidenz zu Hoffnungen, Risiken und alternativen Instrumenten," ZEW Discussion Papers 17-049, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research.
  27. Sebastian Blesse & Felix Rösel, 2017. "Gebietsreformen: Hoffnungen, Risiken und Alternativen," ifo Working Paper Series 234, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich.
  28. Blesse, Sebastian & Martin, Thorsten, 2016. "Let's stay in touch - Evidence on the role of social learning in local tax interactions," VfS Annual Conference 2016 (Augsburg): Demographic Change 145614, Verein für Socialpolitik / German Economic Association.
  29. Blesse, Sebastian & Heinemann, Friedrich & Janeba, Eckhard, 2016. "Einhaltung der Schuldenbremse und Bewertung von Länderfusionen: Ergebnisse einer Umfrage in allen 16 Landesparlamenten," ZEW policy briefs 6/2016, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research.
  30. Blesse, Sebastian & Boyer, Pierre C. & Heinemann, Friedrich & Janeba, Eckhard, 2016. "Searching for a Franco-German consensus on the future of Europe: Survey results for Bundestag, Assemblée Nationale and Sénat," ZEW policy briefs 5/2016, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research.
  31. Baskaran, Thushyanthan & Blesse, Sebastian & Brender, Adi & Reingewertz, Yaniv, 2015. "Revenue decentralization, central oversight and the political budget cycle: Evidence from Israel," University of Göttingen Working Papers in Economics 249, University of Goettingen, Department of Economics.
  32. Blesse, Sebastian & Baskaran, Thushyanthan, 2014. "Do municipal mergers reduce costs? Evidence from a German federal state," University of Göttingen Working Papers in Economics 176 [rev.], University of Goettingen, Department of Economics.
  33. Blesse, Sebastian & Baskaran, Thushyanthan, 2013. "Do municipal mergers result in scale economies? Evidence from a German federal state," University of Göttingen Working Papers in Economics 176, University of Goettingen, Department of Economics.

Articles

  1. Blesse Sebastian & Nover Justus, 2025. "Zustimmung oder Skepsis? Einstellungen der Bevölkerung zur Schuldenbremse in Deutschland über die Zeit," Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik, De Gruyter, vol. 26(2), pages 174-192.
  2. Sebastian Blesse & Philipp Heil & Davud Rostam-Afschar, 2025. "Kommunaler Standortwettbewerb und Investitionen von Unternehmen," ifo Schnelldienst, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, vol. 78(05), pages 53-57, May.
  3. Tukiainen, Janne & Blesse, Sebastian & Bohne, Albrecht & Giuffrida, Leonardo M. & Jääskeläinen, Jan & Luukinen, Ari & Sieppi, Antti, 2024. "What are the priorities of bureaucrats? Evidence from conjoint experiments with procurement officials," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 227(C).
  4. Sebastian Blesse & Holger Dietrich & Sarah Necker & Michael K. Zürn, 2024. "Wollen die Deutschen beim Klimaschutz Vorreiter sein und wenn ja, wie? Maßnahmen aus Bevölkerungsperspektive," ifo Schnelldienst, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, vol. 77(01), pages 39-43, January.
  5. Oliver Falck & Yuchen Mo Guo & Christian Pfaffl & Klaus M. Schmidt & Christoph Knill & Markus Hinterleitner & Yves Steinebach & Sabine Kuhlmann & Florian Gerls & Tanja Gönner & Thomas Licht & Annette , 2024. "Kosten der Bürokratie – Reformen dringend geboten," ifo Schnelldienst, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, vol. 77(11), pages 03-46, November.
  6. Sebastian Blesse & Florian Dorn & Max Lay, 2023. "Reforming EU Fiscal Governance: A Golden Rule for Public Investments?," EconPol Forum, CESifo, vol. 24(04), pages 49-56, July.
  7. Sebastian Blesse & André Diegmann, 2023. "The Closure of Police Stations Leads to an Increase in Theft Crime," EconPol Forum, CESifo, vol. 24(02), pages 46-49, March.
  8. Blesse, Sebastian, 2023. "Do your tax problems make tax evasion seem more justifiable? Evidence from a survey experiment," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 78(C).
  9. Sebastian Blesse & Vera Freundl & Philipp Lergetporer & Justus Nover & Katharina Werner, 2023. "Was verhindert einen leistungssteigernden Wettbewerb im Bildungsföderalismus?," ifo Schnelldienst, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, vol. 76(04), pages 48-52, April.
  10. Sebastian Blesse & Florian Dorn & Max Lay, 2023. "Schwächen Fiskalregeln öffentliche Investitionen?," ifo Schnelldienst, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, vol. 76(06), pages 22-28, June.
  11. Sebastian Blesse & André Diegmann, 2023. "Die Schließung von Polizeiposten führt zu einem Anstieg der Diebstahlkriminalität," ifo Schnelldienst, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, vol. 76(03), pages 37-40, March.
  12. Sebastian Blesse & Klaus Gründler & Philipp Heil & Sarah Necker & Niklas Potrafke & Marcel Schlepper & Timo Wochner, 2023. "Die Soziale Marktwirtschaft aus Bevölkerungsperspektive III/III: Beeinflussen Informationen über die Soziale Marktwirtschaft die Zustimmung der Bevölkerung zur Wirtschaftsordnung?," ifo Schnelldienst, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, vol. 76(01), pages 49-53, January.
  13. Blesse, Sebastian & Diegmann, André, 2022. "The place-based effects of police stations on crime: Evidence from station closures," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 207(C).
  14. Sebastian Blesse & Klaus Gründler & Philipp Heil & Sarah Necker & Niklas Potrafke & Marcel Schlepper & Timo Wochner, 2022. "Die Soziale Marktwirtschaft aus Bevölkerungsperspektive II/III: Was verbindet die Bevölkerung mit der Sozialen Marktwirtschaft?," ifo Schnelldienst, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, vol. 75(12), pages 35-39, December.
  15. Sebastian Blesse & Klaus Gründler & Philipp Heil & Sarah Necker & Niklas Potrafke & Marcel Schlepper & Timo Wochner, 2022. "Die Soziale Marktwirtschaft aus Bevölkerungsperspektive I/III: Wie beliebt ist die Soziale Marktwirtschaft in der Bevölkerung?," ifo Schnelldienst, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, vol. 75(09), pages 50-55, September.
  16. Alpino, Matteo & Asatryan, Zareh & Blesse, Sebastian & Wehrhöfer, Nils, 2022. "Austerity and distributional policy," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 131(C), pages 112-127.
  17. Sebastian Blesse & Massimo Bordignon & Pierre C Boyer & Piergiorgio Carapella & Friedrich Heinemann & Eckhard Janeba & Anasuya Raj, 2022. "European fiscal reform preferences of parliamentarians in France, Germany and Italy," European Union Politics, , vol. 23(3), pages 529-540, September.
  18. Blesse Sebastian & Heinemann Friedrich & Janeba Eckhard & Nover Justus, 2021. "Die Zukunft der Schuldenbremse nach der Pandemie: Einsichten aus einer Befragung aller 16 Landesparlamente," Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftspolitik, De Gruyter, vol. 70(1), pages 81-97, May.
  19. Sebastian Blesse & Annika Havlik & Friedrich Heinemann, 2021. "Euro area reform preferences of Central and Eastern European economic experts," Empirica, Springer;Austrian Institute for Economic Research;Austrian Economic Association, vol. 48(1), pages 155-179, February.
  20. Sebastian Blesse & Friedrich Heinemann & Tommy Krieger, 2021. "Ökonomische Desinformation — Ursachen und Handlungsempfehlungen [Economic Disinformation — Causes and Recommendations for Action]," Wirtschaftsdienst, Springer;ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 101(12), pages 943-948, December.
  21. Sebastian Blesse & Philipp Kerler & Felix Rösel, 2020. "Stabile Demokratie in Krisenzeiten: Lokale Coronafälle haben bei der bayerischen Kommunalwahl die Wähler nicht abgeschreckt," ifo Dresden berichtet, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, vol. 27(03), pages 07-10, June.
  22. Blesse, Sebastian & Heinemann, Friedrich, 2020. "Citizens’ trade-offs in state merger decisions: Evidence from a randomized survey experiment," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 180(C), pages 438-471.
  23. Sebastian Blesse & Felix Roesel, 2019. "Merging county administrations – cross-national evidence of fiscal and political effects," Local Government Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 45(5), pages 611-631, September.
  24. Sebastian Blesse & Pierre C Boyer & Friedrich Heinemann & Eckhard Janeba & Anasuya Raj, 2019. "European Monetary Union reform preferences of French and German parliamentarians," European Union Politics, , vol. 20(3), pages 406-424, September.
  25. Blesse, Sebastian & Doerrenberg, Philipp & Rauch, Anna, 2019. "Higher taxes on less elastic goods? Evidence from German municipalities," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 165-186.
  26. Sebastian Blesse & Felix Rösel, 2018. "Kreise gewachsen – Bilanz durchwachsen: Zehn Jahre Kreisgebietsreform in Sachsen undSachsen-Anhalt," ifo Dresden berichtet, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, vol. 25(04), pages 34-36, August.
  27. Blesse Sebastian & Rösel Felix, 2017. "Was bringen kommunale Gebietsreformen?: Kausale Evidenz zu Hoffnungen, Risiken und alternativen Instrumenten," Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik, De Gruyter, vol. 18(4), pages 307-324, November.
  28. Blesse Sebastian & Berger Melissa & Heinemann Friedrich & Janeba Eckhard, 2017. "Föderalismuspräferenzen in der deutschen Bevölkerung," Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik, De Gruyter, vol. 18(2), pages 145-158, June.
  29. Sebastian Blesse & Pierre C. Boyer & Friedrich Heinemann & Eckhard Janeba & Anasuya Raj, 2017. "Intégration européenne et politiques du marché du travail : quel consensus entre parlementaires français et allemands ?," Revue d'économie politique, Dalloz, vol. 127(5), pages 737-759.
  30. Blesse, Sebastian & Baskaran, Thushyanthan, 2016. "Do municipal mergers reduce costs? Evidence from a German federal state," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 54-74.
  31. Baskaran, Thushyanthan & Brender, Adi & Blesse, Sebastian & Reingewertz, Yaniv, 2016. "Revenue decentralization, central oversight and the political budget cycle: Evidence from Israel," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 1-16.
  32. Schwartz, Michael & Blesse, S., 2012. "Im Fokus: Technologie- und Gründerzentren in Mittel- und Osteuropa," Wirtschaft im Wandel, Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH), vol. 18(4), pages 128-131.

Books

  1. Blesse, Sebastian & Heinemann, Friedrich & Nover, Justus, 2022. "Bundesländerindex Familienunternehmen: Standortfaktoren innerhalb Deutschlands im Vergleich," Studien, Stiftung Familienunternehmen / Foundation for Family Businesses, number 264906.
  2. Blesse, Sebastian & Heinemann, Friedrich & Krieger, Tommy, 2021. "Informationsdefizite als Hindernis rationaler Wirtschaftspolitik: Ausmass, Ursachen und Gegenstrategien. Eine Studie mit Unterstützung der Brigitte Strube Stiftung," ZEW Expertises, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research, number 241989.
  3. Blesse, Sebastian & Havlik, Annika & Heinemann, Friedrich, 2019. "Searching for a Euro reform consensus: The perspective from Central and Eastern Europe," ZEW Expertises, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research, number 201191.

More information

Research fields, statistics, top rankings, if available.

Statistics

Access and download statistics for all items

Co-authorship network on CollEc

NEP Fields

NEP is an announcement service for new working papers, with a weekly report in each of many fields. This author has had 46 papers announced in NEP. These are the fields, ordered by number of announcements, along with their dates. If the author is listed in the directory of specialists for this field, a link is also provided.
  1. NEP-EXP: Experimental Economics (19) 2020-01-06 2021-04-19 2021-04-26 2021-05-17 2022-11-28 2023-02-13 2023-03-20 2023-03-27 2023-04-10 2023-04-17 2023-04-17 2023-05-08 2023-08-21 2025-05-26 2025-05-26 2025-07-28 2025-10-27 2025-11-03 2025-11-03. Author is listed
  2. NEP-PBE: Public Economics (10) 2015-12-20 2017-03-12 2017-12-11 2018-10-01 2020-01-13 2020-11-09 2021-05-17 2023-05-29 2025-05-26 2025-07-28. Author is listed
  3. NEP-URE: Urban and Real Estate Economics (8) 2015-12-20 2017-03-12 2018-07-23 2018-11-05 2019-09-30 2025-05-26 2025-05-26 2025-07-28. Author is listed
  4. NEP-EEC: European Economics (7) 2016-10-16 2017-12-11 2020-03-02 2021-08-16 2023-04-17 2023-05-08 2023-07-10. Author is listed
  5. NEP-EUR: Microeconomic European Issues (6) 2014-12-24 2016-06-14 2018-10-01 2020-07-13 2020-11-09 2021-05-17. Author is listed
  6. NEP-POL: Positive Political Economics (6) 2015-06-27 2020-01-06 2023-03-20 2023-04-17 2023-05-08 2023-08-21. Author is listed
  7. NEP-LAW: Law and Economics (5) 2018-11-05 2019-09-30 2021-04-19 2021-05-17 2023-02-13. Author is listed
  8. NEP-MAC: Macroeconomics (5) 2015-06-27 2015-08-13 2017-12-11 2019-03-18 2025-07-28. Author is listed
  9. NEP-PUB: Public Finance (5) 2014-12-24 2016-06-14 2018-10-01 2020-01-13 2021-05-17. Author is listed
  10. NEP-CDM: Collective Decision-Making (4) 2015-06-27 2015-08-13 2020-01-06 2021-05-31
  11. NEP-DCM: Discrete Choice Models (4) 2021-05-17 2025-10-27 2025-11-03 2025-11-03
  12. NEP-GER: German Papers (4) 2016-11-06 2017-11-19 2020-11-16 2023-07-10
  13. NEP-DES: Economic Design (3) 2023-04-17 2023-04-17 2023-05-29
  14. NEP-MFD: Microfinance (2) 2023-07-10 2023-07-10
  15. NEP-ORE: Operations Research (2) 2019-09-30 2021-04-19
  16. NEP-SOC: Social Norms and Social Capital (2) 2015-12-20 2017-03-12
  17. NEP-ACC: Accounting and Auditing (1) 2023-07-10
  18. NEP-BEC: Business Economics (1) 2025-07-28
  19. NEP-DEV: Development (1) 2018-06-18
  20. NEP-GEO: Economic Geography (1) 2018-06-18
  21. NEP-HRM: Human Capital and Human Resource Management (1) 2021-04-19
  22. NEP-ISF: Islamic Finance (1) 2021-08-16
  23. NEP-IUE: Informal and Underground Economics (1) 2021-05-17
  24. NEP-LAB: Labour Economics (1) 2025-10-06
  25. NEP-UPT: Utility Models and Prospect Theory (1) 2023-04-17

Corrections

All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. For general information on how to correct material on RePEc, see these instructions.

To update listings or check citations waiting for approval, Sebastian Blesse should log into the RePEc Author Service.

To make corrections to the bibliographic information of a particular item, find the technical contact on the abstract page of that item. There, details are also given on how to add or correct references and citations.

To link different versions of the same work, where versions have a different title, use this form. Note that if the versions have a very similar title and are in the author's profile, the links will usually be created automatically.

Please note that most corrections can take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.