IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/sae/fortra/v59y2024i1p62-97.html

Globalisation and Inclusive Growth in Africa: The Role of Institutional Quality

Author

Listed:
  • Terver Theophilus Kumeka
  • Isiaka Akande Raifu
  • Oluwatosin Adeniyi

Abstract

This study examines the relationship between globalisation and inclusive growth by considering the modulating role of institutional quality. To achieve our broad objective, we use data from 45 African economies over 1996–2018 to determine the panel cointegration and cointegrating regression association between inclusive growth, globalisation and institutional quality. To determine a suitable estimation technique for the empirical analysis, several pre-estimation tests were conducted. After confirming the existence of cointegration and slope heterogeneity, we adapted the long-run panel cointegrating methods—the fully modified ordinary least squares and dynamic ordinary least squares estimations. The results from both show that aggregate globalisation and its various dimensions have positive and significant effects on inclusive growth. Besides the direct positive impact on inclusive growth, globalisation has indirect positive and significant impact on inclusive growth through institutional quality. Finally, some policy implications are highlighted. JEL Codes: E02, F62, F63, O15, O43

Suggested Citation

  • Terver Theophilus Kumeka & Isiaka Akande Raifu & Oluwatosin Adeniyi, 2024. "Globalisation and Inclusive Growth in Africa: The Role of Institutional Quality," Foreign Trade Review, , vol. 59(1), pages 62-97, February.
  • Handle: RePEc:sae:fortra:v:59:y:2024:i:1:p:62-97
    DOI: 10.1177/00157325221142652
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00157325221142652
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1177/00157325221142652?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Davide Furceri & Prakash Loungani & Jonathan D. Ostry, 2019. "The Aggregate and Distributional Effects of Financial Globalization: Evidence from Macro and Sectoral Data," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 51(S1), pages 163-198, December.
    2. Mutiu Abimbola Oyinlola & Abdulfatai Adedeji, 2019. "Human capital, financial sector development and inclusive growth in sub-Saharan Africa," Economic Change and Restructuring, Springer, vol. 52(1), pages 43-66, February.
    3. Moshirian, Fariborz, 2008. "Globalisation, growth and institutions," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 32(4), pages 472-479, April.
    4. Amaryllis Mavragani & Ioannis E. Nikolaou & Konstantinos P. Tsagarakis, 2016. "Open Economy, Institutional Quality, and Environmental Performance: A Macroeconomic Approach," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 8(7), pages 1-13, June.
    5. Kashif Iqbal & Hui Peng & Muhammad Hafeez & Khurshaid, 2020. "Analyzing the Effect of ICT on Migration and Economic Growth in Belt and Road (BRI) Countries," Journal of International Migration and Integration, Springer, vol. 21(1), pages 307-318, March.
    6. Oster, Emily & Steinberg, Bryce Millett, 2013. "Do IT service centers promote school enrollment? Evidence from India," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 104(C), pages 123-135.
    7. Ramesh Chandra Das & Kamal Ray, 2020. "Does Globalisation Influence Employment? Empirical Investigation on Individual as well as Panel of South Asian Countries," Review of Market Integration, India Development Foundation, vol. 12(1-2), pages 7-34, August.
    8. Robert Engle & Clive Granger, 2015. "Co-integration and error correction: Representation, estimation, and testing," Applied Econometrics, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA), vol. 39(3), pages 106-135.
    9. Asongu, Simplice & Odhiambo, Nicholas, 2020. "The role of Globalization in Modulating the Effect of Environmental Degradation on Inclusive Human Development," MPRA Paper 103143, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    10. Parisa Samimi & Hashem Salarzadeh Jenatabadi, 2014. "Globalization and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence on the Role of Complementarities," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 9(4), pages 1-7, April.
    11. Peter C. B. Phillips & Bruce E. Hansen, 1990. "Statistical Inference in Instrumental Variables Regression with I(1) Processes," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 57(1), pages 99-125.
    12. Issidor Noumba & Armand Gilbert Noula & Stéphane Mbiankeu Nguea, 2022. "Do globalization and resource rents matter for human well-being? Evidence from African countries," International Economics, CEPII research center, issue 170, pages 49-65.
    13. Oyinlola, Mutiu A. & Adedeji, Abdulfatai A. & Bolarinwa, Modupe O. & Olabisi, Nafisat, 2020. "Governance, domestic resource mobilization, and inclusive growth in sub-Saharan Africa," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 68-88.
    14. Ali Hussein Samadi, 2019. "Institutional Quality and Globalization in Developing Countries," Contributions to Economics, in: Nezameddin Faghih (ed.), Globalization and Development, pages 135-161, Springer.
    15. Samuel Egbetokun & Evans S. Osabuohien & Temidayo Akinbobola, 2018. "Feasible Environmental Kuznets and Institutional Quality in North and Southern African Sub-regions," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 8(1), pages 104-115.
    16. L. Alan Winters, 2014. "Globalization, Infrastructure, and Inclusive Growth," Trade Working Papers 23974, East Asian Bureau of Economic Research.
    17. Jorg Breitung, 2005. "A Parametric approach to the Estimation of Cointegration Vectors in Panel Data," Econometric Reviews, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 24(2), pages 151-173.
    18. Noumba, Issidor & Noula, Armand Gilbert & Nguea, Stéphane Mbiankeu, 2022. "Do globalization and resource rents matter for human well-being? Evidence from African countries," International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 170(C), pages 49-65.
    19. Pedroni, Peter, 2004. "Panel Cointegration: Asymptotic And Finite Sample Properties Of Pooled Time Series Tests With An Application To The Ppp Hypothesis," Econometric Theory, Cambridge University Press, vol. 20(3), pages 597-625, June.
    20. Hashem Pesaran, M. & Yamagata, Takashi, 2008. "Testing slope homogeneity in large panels," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 142(1), pages 50-93, January.
    21. Dennis Quinn & Martin Schindler & A Maria Toyoda, 2011. "Assessing Measures of Financial Openness and Integration," IMF Economic Review, Palgrave Macmillan;International Monetary Fund, vol. 59(3), pages 488-522, August.
    22. Swamy, P A V B, 1970. "Efficient Inference in a Random Coefficient Regression Model," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 38(2), pages 311-323, March.
    23. Wolfgang F. Stolper & Paul A. Samuelson, 1941. "Protection and Real Wages," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 9(1), pages 58-73.
    24. Simplice A. Asongu & Jacinta C. Nwachukwu, 2017. "The Comparative Inclusive Human Development of Globalisation in Africa," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 134(3), pages 1027-1050, December.
    25. Hodabalo BATAKA, 2019. "De jure, De facto Globalization and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa," Journal of Economic Integration, Center for Economic Integration, Sejong University, vol. 34(1), pages 133-158.
    26. Alexander Chudik & M. Hashem Pesaran, 2013. "Large Panel Data Models with Cross-Sectional Dependence: A Survey," CESifo Working Paper Series 4371, CESifo.
    27. Peter C. B. Phillips & Donggyu Sul, 2003. "Dynamic panel estimation and homogeneity testing under cross section dependence *," Econometrics Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 6(1), pages 217-259, June.
    28. Philipp Heimberger, 2020. "Does economic globalisation affect income inequality? A meta‐analysis," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 43(11), pages 2960-2982, November.
    29. T. S. Breusch & A. R. Pagan, 1980. "The Lagrange Multiplier Test and its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 47(1), pages 239-253.
    30. Gurgul, Henryk & Lach, Łukasz, 2014. "Globalization and economic growth: Evidence from two decades of transition in CEE," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 36(C), pages 99-107.
    31. M. Hashem Pesaran, 2021. "General diagnostic tests for cross-sectional dependence in panels," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 60(1), pages 13-50, January.
    32. Gözgör, Giray & Bilgin, Mehmet Huseyin & Zimmermann, Klaus F., 2019. "Public employment decline in developing countries in the 21st century: The role of globalization," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 184(C).
    33. Kaufmann, Daniel & Kraay, Aart & Mastruzzi, Massimo, 2010. "The worldwide governance indicators : methodology and analytical issues," Policy Research Working Paper Series 5430, The World Bank.
    34. Nicholas Crafts, 2004. "Globalisation and Economic Growth: A Historical Perspective," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 27(1), pages 45-58, January.
    35. Bergh, Andreas & Nilsson, Therese, 2010. "Do liberalization and globalization increase income inequality?," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 26(4), pages 488-505, December.
    36. Joakim Westerlund, 2007. "Testing for Error Correction in Panel Data," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, vol. 69(6), pages 709-748, December.
    37. Michaël Bonnal & Mehmet E. Yaya, 2015. "Political Institutions, Trade Openness, and Economic Growth: New Evidence," Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 51(6), pages 1276-1291, November.
    38. Habib Ur Rahman & Umer Zaman & Jarosław Górecki, 2021. "The Role of Energy Consumption, Economic Growth and Globalization in Environmental Degradation: Empirical Evidence from the BRICS Region," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-16, February.
    39. Oluwatosin Adeniyi & Terver Theophilus Kumeka & Oladimeji Alagbada, 2022. "Natural Resource Dependence and Tax Effort in Sub-Saharan Africa," Journal of Economic Development, The Economic Research Institute, Chung-Ang University, vol. 47(1), pages 29-64.
    40. Peter Pedroni, 1999. "Critical Values for Cointegration Tests in Heterogeneous Panels with Multiple Regressors," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, vol. 61(S1), pages 653-670, November.
    41. Ibrahim D. Raheem & Kazeem O. Isah & Abdulfatai A. Adedeji, 2018. "Inclusive growth, human capital development and natural resource rent in SSA," Economic Change and Restructuring, Springer, vol. 51(1), pages 29-48, February.
    42. Pinelopi Koujianou Goldberg & Nina Pavcnik, 2007. "Distributional Effects of Globalization in Developing Countries," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 45(1), pages 39-82, March.
    43. Rusdy Hartungi, 2006. "Could developing countries take the benefit of globalisation?," International Journal of Social Economics, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 33(11), pages 728-743, November.
    44. Saikkonen, Pentti, 1991. "Asymptotically Efficient Estimation of Cointegration Regressions," Econometric Theory, Cambridge University Press, vol. 7(1), pages 1-21, March.
    45. Philipp Heimberger, 2021. "Does economic globalization affect government spending? A meta-analysis," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 187(3), pages 349-374, June.
    46. Kao, Chihwa, 1999. "Spurious regression and residual-based tests for cointegration in panel data," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 90(1), pages 1-44, May.
    47. Axel Dreher, 2006. "Does globalization affect growth? Evidence from a new index of globalization," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 38(10), pages 1091-1110.
    48. Babajide Fowowe & Mohammed Shuaibu, 2014. "Is foreign direct investment good for the poor? New evidence from African countries," Economic Change and Restructuring, Springer, vol. 47(4), pages 321-339, November.
    49. M. Hashem Pesaran, 2007. "A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 22(2), pages 265-312.
    50. Ali Hussein Samadi & Sakine Owjimehr, 2021. "Does Economic Globalization Have a Similar Effect on Governance for All Countries in the World?," Contributions to Economics, in: Nezameddin Faghih & Ali Hussein Samadi (ed.), Dynamics of Institutional Change in Emerging Market Economies, pages 213-238, Springer.
    51. Zaidi, Syed Anees Haider & Wei, Zixiang & Gedikli, Ayfer & Zafar, Muhammad Wasif & Hou, Fujun & Iftikhar, Yaser, 2019. "The impact of globalization, natural resources abundance, and human capital on financial development: Evidence from thirty-one OECD countries," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 64(C).
    52. Haelg Florian, 2020. "The KOF Globalisation Index – A Multidimensional Approach to Globalisation," Journal of Economics and Statistics (Jahrbuecher fuer Nationaloekonomie und Statistik), De Gruyter, vol. 240(5), pages 691-696, October.
    53. Eregha, P.B. & Mesagan, Ekundayo Peter, 2016. "Oil resource abundance, institutions and growth: Evidence from oil producing African countries," Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, vol. 38(3), pages 603-619.
    54. Stock, James H & Watson, Mark W, 1993. "A Simple Estimator of Cointegrating Vectors in Higher Order Integrated Systems," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 61(4), pages 783-820, July.
    55. Li, Zhigang & Xu, Nan & Yuan, Jia, 2015. "New evidence on trade-environment linkage via air visibility," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 128(C), pages 72-74.
    56. repec:bla:obuest:v:61:y:1999:i:0:p:653-70 is not listed on IDEAS
    57. Chudik, Alexander & Pesaran, M. Hashem, 2015. "Common correlated effects estimation of heterogeneous dynamic panel data models with weakly exogenous regressors," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 188(2), pages 393-420.
    58. Simplice A. Asongu & Joseph Nnanna, 2021. "Financial Crisis, Globalisation and Development in Africa," Foreign Trade Review, , vol. 56(1), pages 89-104, February.
    59. Andreas Bergh & Irina Mirkina & Therese Nilsson, 2014. "Globalization and Institutional Quality-A Panel Data Analysis," Oxford Development Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 42(3), pages 365-394, September.
    60. Brian McCaig & Nina Pavcnik, 2018. "Export Markets and Labor Allocation in a Low-Income Country," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 108(7), pages 1899-1941, July.
    61. Hamit-Haggar, Mahamat, 2012. "Greenhouse gas emissions, energy consumption and economic growth: A panel cointegration analysis from Canadian industrial sector perspective," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 34(1), pages 358-364.
    62. Acemoglu, Daron & Johnson, Simon & Robinson, James A., 2005. "Institutions as a Fundamental Cause of Long-Run Growth," Handbook of Economic Growth, in: Philippe Aghion & Steven Durlauf (ed.), Handbook of Economic Growth, edition 1, volume 1, chapter 6, pages 385-472, Elsevier.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Jacques Jongh & Jabulile Makhalima & Precious Mncayi-Makhanya & Boingotlo Wesi & Phindile Mdluli-Maziya & Khwazi Magubane, 2025. "The impact of globalisation on industrial development in South Africa: the mediating role of institutional quality," Future Business Journal, Springer, vol. 11(1), pages 1-19, December.
    2. Ouni, Manel & Mraihi, Rafaa, 2025. "Air transportation and inclusive growth in Tunisia: Evidence from Autoregressive Distributed Lag and wavelet coherence approach," Journal of Air Transport Management, Elsevier, vol. 128(C).
    3. Raifu, Isiaka Akande & Afolabi, Joshua Adeyemi & Kumeka, Terver Theophilus, 2026. "Testing Causal Relationship between Institutional Quality and Inclusive Growth: Evidence from Panel Causality Tests," MPRA Paper 128141, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    4. Ţigănaşu, Ramona & Bănică, Alexandru & Wong, Pui-Hang, 2025. "Catalyzing digital and environmental transformations by institutions in a diverse socio-economic world," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 193(C).
    5. Sayeed Aboobakr Milanzi & Binganidzo Muchara, 2024. "Exploration of the relationship between economic development and inclusive growth in South Africa," Journal of Economic and Social Development, Clinical Journals Press, vol. 11(02), pages 01-10.
    6. Baruwa, Oluwatosin Yewande, 2025. "Impact of Institutional Quality on Inclusive Growth in Nigeria," African Journal of Economic Review, African Journal of Economic Review, vol. 13(2).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Ayberk Şeker & Nizamettin Öztürkçü & Muhammed Fatih Aydemir, 2025. "The Hidden Cost of Global Trade: Evidence from Plastic Waste Trade and Its Ecological Ramifications Across Major Waste-Trading Nations," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(13), pages 1-18, July.
    2. Angeliki N. Menegaki, 2019. "The ARDL Method in the Energy-Growth Nexus Field; Best Implementation Strategies," Economies, MDPI, vol. 7(4), pages 1-16, October.
    3. Hasanov, Fakhri J. & Bulut, Cihan & Suleymanov, Elchin, 2016. "Do population age groups matter in the energy use of the oil-exporting countries?," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 82-99.
    4. DRAMA Bédi Guy Hervé, 2022. "Full Modified Ordinary Least Square Analysis of the Relationship between New Technologies of Information, Financial Development and Growth in WAEMU Zone," International Journal of Economics and Financial Research, Academic Research Publishing Group, vol. 8(2), pages 39-49, 06-2022.
    5. Nahiduzzaman, Md. & Sarker, Sanjoy Kumar & Kuri, Bapon Chandra & Dhar, Bablu Kumar & Roy, Partha Pratim & Karim, Rejaul, 2025. "Navigating environmental vulnerability and resource dependence: Toward equitable and sustainable growth pathways in resource-rich economies," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 111(C).
    6. Mert Akyuz & Ghislain Nono Gueye & Cagin Karul, 2022. "Long-run dynamics between trade liberalization and income inequality in the European Union: a second generation approach," Empirica, Springer;Austrian Institute for Economic Research;Austrian Economic Association, vol. 49(3), pages 769-792, August.
    7. Tarik Dogru & Umit Bulut & Ercan Sirakaya-Turk, 2021. "Modeling tourism demand: Theoretical and empirical considerations for future research," Tourism Economics, , vol. 27(4), pages 874-889, June.
    8. Ozcan, Burcu, 2013. "The nexus between carbon emissions, energy consumption and economic growth in Middle East countries: A panel data analysis," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 1138-1147.
    9. Pedro M. G. Martins, 2010. "Aid Absorption and Spending in Africa: A Panel Cointegration Approach," Working Paper Series 1010, Department of Economics, University of Sussex Business School.
    10. Francisco García-Lillo & Eduardo Sánchez-García & Bartolomé Marco-Lajara & Pedro Seva-Larrosa, 2023. "Renewable Energies and Sustainable Development: A Bibliometric Overview," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-22, January.
    11. In Choi, 2012. "Panel Cointegration," Working Papers 1208, Nam Duck-Woo Economic Research Institute, Sogang University (Former Research Institute for Market Economy).
    12. Skare, Marinko & Ozturk, Ilhan & Porada-Rochoń, Małgorzata & Stjepanovic, Sasa, 2024. "Energy as the new frontier: Dynamic panel data analysis revealing energy's transformative role in economic growth and technological progress," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 200(C).
    13. Lu, Yin & Tian, Tian & Ge, Chen, 2023. "Asymmetric effects of renewable energy, fintech development, natural resources, and environmental regulations on the climate change in the post-covid era," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 85(PB).
    14. Sun, Huaping & Samuel, Clottey Attuquaye & Kofi Amissah, Joshua Clifford & Taghizadeh-Hesary, Farhad & Mensah, Isaac Adjei, 2020. "Non-linear nexus between CO2 emissions and economic growth: A comparison of OECD and B&R countries," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 212(C).
    15. Mariam Camarero & Sergi Moliner & Cecilio Tamarit, 2025. "Which are the long-run determinants of US outward FDI? Evidence using large long-memory panels," The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 34(2), pages 259-290, February.
    16. Dierk Herzer, 2016. "Unions and Income Inequality: A Heterogeneous Panel Co-integration and Causality Analysis," LABOUR, CEIS, vol. 30(3), pages 318-346, September.
    17. Olasehinde-Williams, Godwin & Balcilar, Mehmet, 2020. "Examining the Effect of Globalization on Insurance Activities in Large Emerging Market Economies," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 53(C).
    18. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Syed, Jawad & Kumar, Mantu & Hammoudeh, Shawkat, 2017. "Does globalization worsen environmental quality in developed economies?," MPRA Paper 80055, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 06 Jul 2017.
    19. Kahia, Montassar & Ben Aïssa, Mohamed Safouane & Charfeddine, Lanouar, 2016. "Impact of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on economic growth: New evidence from the MENA Net Oil Exporting Countries (NOECs)," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 116(P1), pages 102-115.
    20. Fang, Zheng & Chang, Youngho, 2016. "Energy, human capital and economic growth in Asia Pacific countries — Evidence from a panel cointegration and causality analysis," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 177-184.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    JEL classification:

    • E02 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - General - - - Institutions and the Macroeconomy
    • F62 - International Economics - - Economic Impacts of Globalization - - - Macroeconomic Impacts
    • F63 - International Economics - - Economic Impacts of Globalization - - - Economic Development
    • O15 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Economic Development: Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; Migration
    • O43 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity - - - Institutions and Growth

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:sae:fortra:v:59:y:2024:i:1:p:62-97. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: SAGE Publications (email available below). General contact details of provider: .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.