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The Hidden Cost of Global Trade: Evidence from Plastic Waste Trade and Its Ecological Ramifications Across Major Waste-Trading Nations

Author

Listed:
  • Ayberk Şeker

    (Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Department of International Trade and Logistics, Bursa Technical University, 16310 Bursa, Türkiye)

  • Nizamettin Öztürkçü

    (Social Sciences Vocational School, Department of Management and Organization, Bursa Uludağ University, 16059 Bursa, Türkiye)

  • Muhammed Fatih Aydemir

    (Social Sciences Vocational School, Department of Foreign Trade, Bursa Uludağ University, 16059 Bursa, Türkiye)

Abstract

The rapid expansion of plastic waste trade has intensified environmental pressures, accelerating ecosystem degradation and climate change. We examine the long-term impacts of plastic waste imports and domestic waste production on ecological footprints and greenhouse gas emissions across 20 countries representing 70% of global plastic waste trade and 45% of world GDP. Under the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) framework, we explore nonlinear interactions among economic growth, urbanization, and sustainability goals. Using a panel simultaneous equations approach, we apply Pedroni, Kao, and Westerlund cointegration tests and Fully Modified and Dynamic OLS estimators to address endogeneity and heterogeneity. Robustness checks include alternative environmental indicators and the Dumitrescu–Hurlin panel causality test. Results demonstrate a stable long-run equilibrium: plastic waste imports substantially increase ecological footprints and emissions, while progress on sustainable development goals mitigates some damage. The negative GDP squared coefficient supports the EKC hypothesis, indicating that environmental impacts rise initially with growth but decline once income exceeds a threshold. These findings highlight the need for stronger international regulations, enhanced waste management infrastructures, and circular economy strategies. Focused investment in sustainable technologies and global cooperation is essential to lower environmental costs of plastic waste trade.

Suggested Citation

  • Ayberk Şeker & Nizamettin Öztürkçü & Muhammed Fatih Aydemir, 2025. "The Hidden Cost of Global Trade: Evidence from Plastic Waste Trade and Its Ecological Ramifications Across Major Waste-Trading Nations," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(13), pages 1-18, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:17:y:2025:i:13:p:6176-:d:1695537
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