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Comparing policies to combat emissions leakage: Border carbon adjustments versus rebates

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Cited by:

  1. Oliver Schenker & Simon Koesler & Andreas Löschel, 2018. "On the effects of unilateral environmental policy on offshoring in multi-stage production processes," Canadian Journal of Economics, Canadian Economics Association, vol. 51(4), pages 1221-1256, November.
  2. Shaikh M. S. U. Eskander & Sam Fankhauser, 2023. "The Impact of Climate Legislation on Trade-Related Carbon Emissions 1996–2018," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 85(1), pages 167-194, May.
  3. Fischer, Carolyn & Greaker, Mads & Rosendahl, Knut Einar, 2017. "Robust technology policy against emission leakage: The case of upstream subsidies," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 84(C), pages 44-61.
  4. Christoph Böhringer & Knut Einar Rosendahl & Halvor Storrøsten, 2021. "Smart hedging against carbon leakage [An overview of the GTAP 9 data base]," Economic Policy, CEPR, CESifo, Sciences Po;CES;MSH, vol. 36(107), pages 439-484.
  5. Frédéric Branger & Misato Sato, 2017. "Solving the clinker dilemma with hybrid output-based allocation," Climatic Change, Springer, vol. 140(3), pages 483-501, February.
  6. Richard G. Newell & William A. Pizer & Daniel Raimi, 2014. "Carbon Markets: Past, Present, and Future," Annual Review of Resource Economics, Annual Reviews, vol. 6(1), pages 191-215, October.
  7. Jacobson, Sarah, 2014. "Temporal spillovers in land conservation," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 107(PA), pages 366-379.
  8. Clora, Francesco & Yu, Wusheng, 2022. "GHG emissions, trade balance, and carbon leakage: Insights from modeling thirty-one European decarbonization pathways towards 2050," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 113(C).
  9. Böhringer, Christoph & Rosendahl, Knut Einar & Storrøsten, Halvor Briseid, 2017. "Robust policies to mitigate carbon leakage," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 149(C), pages 35-46.
  10. Michael A Mehling & Geoffroy Dolphin & Robert A Ritz, 2024. "The European Union's CBAM: averting emissions leakage or promoting the diffusion of carbon pricing?," Working Papers EPRG2416, Energy Policy Research Group, Cambridge Judge Business School, University of Cambridge.
  11. Habibi, Arash, 2025. "Analyzing the carbon pricing-leakage nexus through structural gravity estimation," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 198(C).
  12. Ximin (Natalie) Huang & Tarkan Tan & L. Beril Toktay, 2021. "Carbon Leakage: The Impact of Asymmetric Regulation on Carbon‐Emitting Production," Production and Operations Management, Production and Operations Management Society, vol. 30(6), pages 1886-1903, June.
  13. Hannah Minten & Julian Hausweiler & Benedict Probst & Christiane Reinert & Raoul Meys & André Bardow, 2025. "Embodied emissions of chemicals within the EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism," Nature Sustainability, Nature, vol. 8(11), pages 1381-1390, November.
  14. Jia, Zhijie & Liu, Yu & Wu, Rongxin & Wen, Shiyan & Zhang, Hongzhi & Lin, Boqiang, 2025. "Optimal policy packages under policy and preference heterogeneities to address climate change," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 145(C).
  15. Xu, Qingyu & Hobbs, Benjamin F., 2021. "Economic efficiency of alternative border carbon adjustment schemes: A case study of California Carbon Pricing and the Western North American power market," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 156(C).
  16. Nur Sunar & Erica Plambeck, 2016. "Allocating Emissions Among Co-Products: Implications for Procurement and Climate Policy," Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, INFORMS, vol. 18(3), pages 414-428, July.
  17. Thomas Kuhn & Radomir Pestow & Anja Zenker, 2018. "Endogenous Climate Coalitions and Free Trade - Building the Missing Link," Chemnitz Economic Papers 018, Department of Economics, Chemnitz University of Technology.
  18. Hoarau, Quentin & Meunier, Guy, 2023. "Coordination of sectoral climate policies and life cycle emissions," Resource and Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 72(C).
  19. Lade, Gabriel E. & Lin Lawell, C.-Y. Cynthia, 2015. "The design and economics of low carbon fuel standards," Research in Transportation Economics, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 91-99.
  20. Kaushal, Kevin Raj, 2018. "Emission price, output-based allocation and consumption tax: Optimal climate policy in the presence of another country’s climate policy," Working Paper Series 8-2018, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, School of Economics and Business.
  21. King, Maia & Tarbush, Bassel & Teytelboym, Alexander, 2019. "Targeted carbon tax reforms," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 119(C), pages 526-547.
  22. Paolo Agnolucci & Carolyn Fischer & Dirk Heine & Mariza Montes de Oca Leon & Joseph Pryor & Kathleen Patroni & Stéphane Hallegatte, 2024. "Measuring Total Carbon Pricing," The World Bank Research Observer, World Bank, vol. 39(2), pages 227-258.
  23. Ambec, Stefan & Esposito, Federico & Pacelli, Antonia, 2024. "The economics of carbon leakage mitigation policies," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 125(C).
  24. Eskander, Shaikh & Fankhauser, Samuel, 2021. "The impact of climate legislation on trade-related carbon emissions, 1997–2017," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 111509, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
  25. Li, Haoyang & Wu, Nan, 2022. "Emission pricing, emission rebound, and the coverage scope of incomplete regulations," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 113(C).
  26. Al Khourdajie, Alaa & Finus, Michael, 2020. "Measures to enhance the effectiveness of international climate agreements: The case of border carbon adjustments," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 124(C).
  27. Kevin R. Kaushal & Knut Einar Rosendahl, 2020. "Taxing Consumption to Mitigate Carbon Leakage," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 75(1), pages 151-181, January.
  28. Antimiani, Alessandro & Costantini, Valeria & Kuik, Onno & Paglialunga, Elena, 2016. "Mitigation of adverse effects on competitiveness and leakage of unilateral EU climate policy: An assessment of policy instruments," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 128(C), pages 246-259.
  29. Branko Bošković & Andrew Leach, 2020. "Leave it in the ground? Oil sands development under carbon pricing," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 53(2), pages 526-562, May.
  30. Misch, Florian & Wingender, Philippe, 2024. "Revisiting carbon leakage," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 140(C).
  31. Böhringer, Christoph & Fischer, Carolyn & Rosendahl, Knut Einar, 2014. "Cost-effective unilateral climate policy design: Size matters," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 67(3), pages 318-339.
  32. Alexander Krenek & Mark Sommer & Margit Schratzenstaller-Altzinger, 2020. "A WTO-compatible Border Tax Adjustment for the ETS to Finance the EU Budget," WIFO Working Papers 596, WIFO.
  33. Ambec, Stefan & Yang, Yuting, 2024. "Climate policy with electricity trade," Resource and Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 76(C).
  34. Mariana Conte Grand & Paulina Schulz-Antipa & Julie Rozenberg, 2024. "Potential exposure and vulnerability to broader climate-related trade regulations: an illustration for LAC countries," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 26(3), pages 6195-6220, March.
  35. Peter Kjær Kruse-Andersen & Peter Birch Sørensen, 2019. "Optimal Energy Taxes and Subsidies under a Cost-Effective Unilateral Climate Policy: Addressing Carbon Leakage," CESifo Working Paper Series 7920, CESifo.
  36. Weiming Lin & Jianling Chen & Jianbang Gan & Yongwu Dai, 2022. "Do Firms That Are Disadvantaged by Unilateral Climate Policy Receive Compensation? Evidence from China’s Energy-Saving Quota Policy," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-20, November.
  37. Nikos Tsakiris & Panos Hatzipanayotou & Michael S. Michael, 2019. "Border tax adjustments and tariff‐tax reforms with consumption pollution," Journal of Public Economic Theory, Association for Public Economic Theory, vol. 21(6), pages 1107-1125, December.
  38. Goulder, Lawrence H. & Long, Xianling & Lu, Jieyi & Morgenstern, Richard D., 2022. "China's unconventional nationwide CO2 emissions trading system: Cost-effectiveness and distributional impacts," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 111(C).
  39. Marianne Fay & Stephane Hallegatte & Adrien Vogt-Schilb & Julie Rozenberg & Ulf Narloch & Tom Kerr, 2015. "Decarbonizing Development," World Bank Publications - Books, The World Bank Group, number 21842, April.
  40. Haitao CHENG & Jota ISHIKAWA, 2021. "Carbon Tax and Border Tax Adjustments with Technology and Location Choices," Discussion papers 21030, Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI).
  41. Roel Brouwers & Frederiek Schoubben & Cynthia Van Hulle, 2018. "The influence of carbon cost pass through on the link between carbon emission and corporate financial performance in the context of the European Union Emission Trading Scheme," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 27(8), pages 1422-1436, December.
  42. Beck, Ulrik R. & Kruse-Andersen, Peter K. & Stewart, Louis B., 2023. "Carbon leakage in a small open economy: The importance of international climate policies," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 117(C).
  43. Schmidt, Robert C. & Heitzig, Jobst, 2014. "Carbon leakage: Grandfathering as an incentive device to avert firm relocation," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 67(2), pages 209-223.
  44. Böhringer, Christoph & Bye, Brita & Fæhn, Taran & Rosendahl, Knut Einar, 2017. "Targeted carbon tariffs: Export response, leakage and welfare," Resource and Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 51-73.
  45. Ferguson, Shon & Heijmans, Roweno J.R.K., 2023. "Climate Policy and Trade in Polluting Technologies," Working Paper Series 1470, Research Institute of Industrial Economics.
  46. Wang, Maria & Kuusi, Tero, 2024. "Trade flows, carbon leakage, and the EU Emissions Trading System," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 134(C).
  47. Felbermayr, Gabriel & Peterson, Sonja & Wanner, Joschka, 2022. "The impact of trade and trade policy on the environment and the climate: A review," Kiel Working Papers 2233, Kiel Institute for the World Economy.
  48. George David Banks & Timothy Fitzgerald, 2020. "A sectoral approach allows an artful merger of climate and trade policy," Climatic Change, Springer, vol. 162(2), pages 165-173, September.
  49. Florian Rey & Thierry Madiès, 2021. "Addressing the concerns about carbon leakage in the implementation of carbon pricing policies: a focus on the issue of competitiveness," Economia e Politica Industriale: Journal of Industrial and Business Economics, Springer;Associazione Amici di Economia e Politica Industriale, vol. 48(1), pages 53-75, March.
  50. Aleksandar Zaklan & Bente Bauer, 2015. "Europe's Mechanism for Countering the Risk of Carbon Leakage," DIW Roundup: Politik im Fokus 72, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research.
  51. Lewis C. King & Jeroen C. J. M. Bergh, 2021. "Potential carbon leakage under the Paris Agreement," Climatic Change, Springer, vol. 165(3), pages 1-19, April.
  52. Branger, Frédéric & Quirion, Philippe, 2014. "Would border carbon adjustments prevent carbon leakage and heavy industry competitiveness losses? Insights from a meta-analysis of recent economic studies," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 99(C), pages 29-39.
  53. Lian-Biao Cui & Ma-Lin Song, 2017. "Designing and Forecasting the Differentiated Carbon Tax Scheme Based on the Principle of Ability to Pay," Asia-Pacific Journal of Operational Research (APJOR), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 34(01), pages 1-25, February.
  54. Meunier, Guy & Ponssard, Jean-Pierre & Quirion, Philippe, 2014. "Carbon leakage and capacity-based allocations: Is the EU right?," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 68(2), pages 262-279.
  55. Christian Beermann, 2015. "Climate Policy and the Intertemporal Supply of Fossil Resources," ifo Beiträge zur Wirtschaftsforschung, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, number 62, April.
  56. Elias Hasler, 2025. "Assessing the Global Impact of EU Carbon Pricing: Economic and Climate Spillovers," Working Papers 2025-01, Faculty of Economics and Statistics, Universität Innsbruck.
  57. Christoph Böhringer & Carolyn Fischer & Knut Einar Rosendahl, 2011. "Cost-Effective Climate Policy Design: Size Matters," Working Papers V-339-11, University of Oldenburg, Department of Economics, revised Jul 2011.
  58. Fabio Antoniou & Panos Hatzipanayotou & Nikos Tsakiris, 2024. "Regulatory Stringency and Emission Leakage Mitigation," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 87(6), pages 1407-1424, June.
  59. Daniel H. Karney & Don Fullerton & Kathy Baylis, 2025. "A Model of the Model: Unpacking CGE Results on Carbon Leakage," CESifo Working Paper Series 12332, CESifo.
  60. Frédéric Branger & Jean-Pierre Ponssard & Oliver Sartor & Misato Sato, 2015. "EU ETS, Free Allocations, and Activity Level Thresholds: The Devil Lies in the Details," Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, University of Chicago Press, vol. 2(3), pages 401-437.
  61. Böhringer, Christoph & Garcia-Muros, Xaquin & Gonzalez-Eguino, Mikel & Rey, Luis, 2017. "US climate policy: A critical assessment of intensity standards," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 68(S1), pages 125-135.
  62. Guy Meunier, 2015. "Prices vs. quantities in presence of a second, unpriced, externality," Working Papers hal-01242040, HAL.
  63. Xavier Timbeau, 2015. "A diverging Europe on the edge. The independent Annual Growth Survey 2015," Sciences Po Economics Publications (main) hal-03620048, HAL.
  64. Carattini, Stefano & Kim, Giseong & Melkadze, Givi & Pommeret, Aude, 2024. "Carbon taxes and tariffs, financial frictions, and international spillovers," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 170(C).
  65. Christoph Böhringer & Brita Bye & Taran Fæhn & Knut Einar Rosendahl, 2015. "Targeted carbon tariffs. Carbon leakage and welfare effects," Discussion Papers 805, Statistics Norway, Research Department.
  66. Ogutu B. Osoro & Edward J. Oughton & Andrew R. Wilson & Akhil Rao, 2023. "Emissions Assessment of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Broadband Megaconstellations; Starlink, OneWeb and Kuiper," Papers 2309.02338, arXiv.org, revised Apr 2026.
  67. Zhong, Zhangqi & Jiang, Lei & Zhou, Peng, 2018. "Transnational transfer of carbon emissions embodied in trade: Characteristics and determinants from a spatial perspective," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 147(C), pages 858-875.
  68. World Bank, 2023. "Reality Check," World Bank Publications - Books, The World Bank Group, number 40262, April.
  69. Bård Harstad, 2020. "Trade and Trees: How Trade Agreements Can Motivate Conservation Instead of Depletion," CESifo Working Paper Series 8569, CESifo.
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  71. Carol McAusland & Nouri Najjar, 2015. "Carbon Footprint Taxes," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 61(1), pages 37-70, May.
  72. Jeroen C.J.M. van den Bergh & Arild Angelsen & Andrea Baranzini & W.J. Wouter Botzen & Stefano Carattini & Stefan Drews & Tessa Dunlop & Eric Galbraith & Elisabeth Gsottbauer & Richard B. Howarth & Em, 2018. "Parallel tracks towards a global treaty on carbon pricing," Working Papers 2018/12, Institut d'Economia de Barcelona (IEB).
  73. Brendan Casey & Wayne B. Gray & Joshua Linn & Richard D. Morgenstern, 2022. "How Does State-Level Carbon Pricing in the United States Affect Industrial Competitiveness?," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 83(3), pages 831-860, November.
  74. Michael Keen & Ian Parry & James Roaf, 2022. "Border carbon adjustments: rationale, design and impact," Fiscal Studies, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 43(3), pages 209-234, September.
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  76. Christoph Böhringer & Knut Einar Rosendahl & Halvor Briseid Storrøsten, 2015. "Mitigating carbon leakage: Combining output-based rebating with a consumption tax," ZenTra Working Papers in Transnational Studies 54 / 2015, ZenTra - Center for Transnational Studies.
  77. Meunier, Guy & Montero, Juan-Pablo & Ponssard, Jean-Pierre, 2017. "Using output-based allocations to manage volatility and leakage in pollution markets," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 68(S1), pages 57-65.
  78. Morihiro Yomogida & Nori Tarui, 2013. "Emission Taxes and Border Tax Adjustments for Oligopolistic Industries," Pacific Economic Review, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 18(5), pages 644-673, December.
  79. Dan Li & Bin Shen, 2026. "An analysis in production strategies with emissions cap regulation in global trade: production transfer versus remanufacturing," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 359(2), pages 1425-1454, April.
  80. Marc Baudry & Alienor Cameron, 2022. "The case for a Carbon Border Adjustment: Where do economists stand?," Working Papers hal-04159819, HAL.
  81. Nikos Tsakiris & Nikolaos Vlassis, 2024. "Border Carbon Adjustments and Leakage in the Presence of Public Pollution Abatement Activities," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 87(9), pages 2231-2258, September.
  82. Sakamoto, Tomoyuki & Managi, Shunsuke, 2015. "Energy pricing impact on domestic economy under recent climate action," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 150-162.
  83. Noha Elboghdadly & Michael Finus, 2020. "Enforcing Climate Agreements: The Role of Escalating Border Carbon Adjustments," Graz Economics Papers 2020-11, University of Graz, Department of Economics.
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  86. Christoph Böhringer & Brita Bye & Taran Fæhn & Knut Einar Rosendahl, 2017. "Output-based rebating of carbon taxes in a neighbour's backyard: Competitiveness, leakage and welfare," Canadian Journal of Economics, Canadian Economics Association, vol. 50(2), pages 426-455, May.
  87. Tang, Weiqi & Qian, Haoqi & Wu, Libo, 2015. "China’s CO2 Emission Peaking and Leakage -- A Decomposition for Direct and Indirect Carbon Leakage," Conference papers 332668, Purdue University, Center for Global Trade Analysis, Global Trade Analysis Project.
  88. Sarah Dobson & G. Kent Fellows, 2017. "Big and Little Feet: A Comparison of Provincial Level Consumption- and Production-Based Emissions Footprints," SPP Research Papers, The School of Public Policy, University of Calgary, vol. 10(23), September.
  89. Paolo GARELLA & Maria Teresa TRENTINAGLIA DE DAVERIO, 2015. "Carbon Tax, Emission Permits, and Carbon Leak under Price Competition," Departmental Working Papers 2015-06, Department of Economics, Management and Quantitative Methods at Università degli Studi di Milano.
  90. Li, Haoyang & Wu, Nan & Zhao, Jinhua, 2025. "Markup dispersion, industry coverage and the cost of environmental regulation," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 130(C).
  91. Stuart Evans & Michael A. Mehling & Robert A. Ritz & Paul Sammon, 2021. "Border carbon adjustments and industrial competitiveness in a European Green Deal," Climate Policy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 21(3), pages 307-317, March.
  92. Owen Kay, 2025. "Pollution Taxes and Clean Subsidies in an Open Economy," Working Papers 2533, Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas.
  93. Ambec, Stefan, 2022. "The European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism: Challenges and Perspectives," TSE Working Papers 22-1365, Toulouse School of Economics (TSE).
  94. Peter Kjær Kruse-Andersen & Peter Birch Sørensen, 2021. "Opimal Unilateral Climate Policy with Carbon Leakage at the Extensive and the Intensive Margin," CESifo Working Paper Series 9185, CESifo.
  95. Flavio Tosi Feijó, 2018. "Brazilian Competitiveness Of Energy-Intensive And Trade-Exposed Industrial Sectors Vis-À-Vis The Adoption Of Border Carbon Adjustments By The Eu: An Approach Using The Gtap-Ep Model," Anais do XLIV Encontro Nacional de Economia [Proceedings of the 44th Brazilian Economics Meeting] 100, ANPEC - Associação Nacional dos Centros de Pós-Graduação em Economia [Brazilian Association of Graduate Programs in Economics].
  96. Kruse-Andersen, Peter Kjær & Sørensen, Peter Birch, 2022. "Optimal energy taxes and subsidies under a cost-effective unilateral climate policy: Addressing carbon leakage," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 109(C).
  97. Christoph Böhringer & Carolyn Fischer & Nicholas Rivers, 2026. "Rebating Revenues from Unilateral Emissions Pricing," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 89(4), pages 1-34, April.
  98. Fuest, Clemens & Meier, Volker, 2023. "Sustainable finance and climate change: Wasteful but a political commitment device?," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 118(C).
  99. Baccianti, Claudio & Schenker, Oliver, 2015. "Report on the dynamic efficiency of trade-related climate policy instruments," ZEW Expertises, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research, number 148927.
  100. Brouwers, Roel & Schoubben, Frederiek & Van Hulle, Cynthia & Van Uytbergen, Steve, 2016. "The initial impact of EU ETS verification events on stock prices," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 138-149.
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  103. Christoph Böhringer & Knut Einar Rosendahl & Halvor Briseid Storrøsten, 2025. "Measures Against Carbon Leakage: Combining Output-Based Allocation with Consumption Taxes," Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, University of Chicago Press, vol. 12(6), pages 1601-1634.
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  105. Ian Parry & Simon Black & Danielle Minnett & Karlygash Zhunussova, 2025. "Policies to Decarbonize Industry While Addressing Competitiveness and Carbon Leakage," CESifo Working Paper Series 12272, CESifo.
  106. Dechezleprêtre, Antoine & Gennaioli, Caterina & Martin, Ralf & Muûls, Mirabelle & Stoerk, Thomas, 2022. "Searching for carbon leaks in multinational companies," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 112(C).
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  109. Byeongho Lim & Kyoungseo Hong & Jooyoung Yoon & Jeong-In Chang & Inkyo Cheong, 2021. "Pitfalls of the EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-18, November.
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  116. Noha Elboghdadly & Michael Finus, 2020. "Non-Cooperative Climate Policies among Asymmetric Countries: Production- versus Consumption-based Carbon Taxes," Graz Economics Papers 2020-16, University of Graz, Department of Economics.
  117. Jia, Zhijie & Wu, Rongxin & Liu, Yu & Wen, Shiyan & Lin, Boqiang, 2024. "Can carbon tariffs based on domestic embedded carbon emissions reduce more carbon leakages?," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 220(C).
  118. Xianting Bao & Yuran Jin, 2025. "Insight into border carbon adjustment: a visual bibliometric analysis from 2009 to 2024," Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 12(1), pages 1-17, December.
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  120. Pan, Wenqi & Kim, Man-Keun & Ning, Zhuo & Yang, Hongqiang, 2020. "Carbon leakage in energy/forest sectors and climate policy implications using meta-analysis," Forest Policy and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 115(C).
  121. Noha Elboghdadly & Michael Finus, 2020. "Strategic Climate Policies with Endogenous Plant Location: The Role of Border Carbon Adjustments," Graz Economics Papers 2020-07, University of Graz, Department of Economics.
  122. Carolyn Fischer & Mads Greaker & Knut Einar Rosendahl, 2014. "Robust Policies against Emission Leakage: The Case for Upstream Subsidies," CESifo Working Paper Series 4742, CESifo.
  123. Fell, Harrison & Maniloff, Peter, 2018. "Leakage in regional environmental policy: The case of the regional greenhouse gas initiative," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 87(C), pages 1-23.
  124. Kaushal , Kevin R. & Rosendahl, Knut Einar, 2019. "Optimal REDD+ in the carbon market," Working Paper Series 3-2019, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, School of Economics and Business.
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  128. Lawrence H. Goulder & Xianling Long & Jieyi Lu & Richard D. Morgenstern, 2019. "China's Unconventional Nationwide CO₂ Emissions Trading System: The Wide-Ranging Impacts of an Implicit Output Subsidy," NBER Working Papers 26537, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
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