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A review of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells: Technology, applications, and needs on fundamental research

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  1. Jaggi, Vikas & Jayanti, S., 2013. "A conceptual model of a high-efficiency, stand-alone power unit based on a fuel cell stack with an integrated auto-thermal ethanol reformer," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 110(C), pages 295-303.
  2. Yu, Wei & Tao, Jiabo & Yu, Xinhai & Zhao, Shuangliang & Tu, Shan-Tung & Liu, Honglai, 2017. "A microreactor with superhydrophobic Pt–Al2O3 catalyst coating concerning oxidation of hydrogen off-gas from fuel cell," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 185(P2), pages 1233-1244.
  3. Stoševski, Ivan & Krstić, Jelena & Milikić, Jadranka & Šljukić, Biljana & Kačarević-Popović, Zorica & Mentus, Slavko & Miljanić, Šćepan, 2016. "Radiolitically synthesized nano Ag/C catalysts for oxygen reduction and borohydride oxidation reactions in alkaline media, for potential applications in fuel cells," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 79-90.
  4. Zuliani, Nicola & Taccani, Rodolfo, 2012. "Microcogeneration system based on HTPEM fuel cell fueled with natural gas: Performance analysis," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 97(C), pages 802-808.
  5. Sutharssan, Thamo & Montalvao, Diogo & Chen, Yong Kang & Wang, Wen-Chung & Pisac, Claudia & Elemara, Hakim, 2017. "A review on prognostics and health monitoring of proton exchange membrane fuel cell," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 440-450.
  6. Wu, Horng-Wen & Ku, Hui-Wen, 2011. "The optimal parameters estimation for rectangular cylinders installed transversely in the flow channel of PEMFC from a three-dimensional PEMFC model and the Taguchi method," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 88(12), pages 4879-4890.
  7. Yang, Yange & Zhou, Xiangyang & Li, Bing & Zhang, Cunman, 2021. "Failure of cathode gas diffusion layer in 1 kW fuel cell stack under new European driving cycle," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 303(C).
  8. Yang, Puqing & Zhang, Houcheng, 2015. "Parametric analysis of an irreversible proton exchange membrane fuel cell/absorption refrigerator hybrid system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 85(C), pages 458-467.
  9. Dagang Lu & Fengyan Yi & Jianwei Li, 2022. "Optimization of the Adaptability of the Fuel Cell Vehicle Waste Heat Utilization Subsystem to Extreme Cold Environments," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-19, September.
  10. Jouin, Marine & Bressel, Mathieu & Morando, Simon & Gouriveau, Rafael & Hissel, Daniel & Péra, Marie-Cécile & Zerhouni, Noureddine & Jemei, Samir & Hilairet, Mickael & Ould Bouamama, Belkacem, 2016. "Estimating the end-of-life of PEM fuel cells: Guidelines and metrics," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 177(C), pages 87-97.
  11. Chen, Wen-Lih & Huang, Chao-Wei & Li, Yueh-Heng & Kao, Chien-Chun & Cong, Huynh Thanh, 2020. "Biosyngas-fueled platinum reactor applied in micro combined heat and power system with a thermophotovoltaic array and stirling engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 194(C).
  12. Wang, Yang & Luo, Hui & Li, Guang & Jiang, Jianming, 2016. "Highly active platinum electrocatalyst towards oxygen reduction reaction in renewable energy generations of proton exchange membrane fuel cells," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 173(C), pages 59-66.
  13. Ismail, M.S. & Ingham, D.B. & Hughes, K.J. & Ma, L. & Pourkashanian, M., 2013. "Thermal modelling of the cathode in air-breathing PEM fuel cells," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 529-537.
  14. Zhou, Zihan & Qiu, Diankai & Zhai, Shuang & Peng, Linfa & Lai, Xinmin, 2020. "Investigation of the assembly for high-power proton exchange membrane fuel cell stacks through an efficient equivalent model," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 277(C).
  15. Mo, Jingke & Kang, Zhenye & Yang, Gaoqiang & Retterer, Scott T. & Cullen, David A. & Toops, Todd J. & Green, Johney B. & Zhang, Feng-Yuan, 2016. "Thin liquid/gas diffusion layers for high-efficiency hydrogen production from water splitting," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 177(C), pages 817-822.
  16. Peng, Fei & Zhao, Yuanzhe & Chen, Ting & Zhang, Xuexia & Chen, Weirong & Zhou, Donghua & Li, Qi, 2018. "Development of robust suboptimal real-time power sharing strategy for modern fuel cell based hybrid tramways considering operational uncertainties and performance degradation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 226(C), pages 503-521.
  17. Wang, Yujie & Sun, Zhendong & Li, Xiyun & Yang, Xiaoyu & Chen, Zonghai, 2019. "A comparative study of power allocation strategies used in fuel cell and ultracapacitor hybrid systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C).
  18. Zuria, Alonso Moreno & Abrego-Martinez, Juan Carlos & Sun, Shuhui & Mohamedi, Mohamed, 2020. "Prospects of membraneless mixed-reactant microfluidic fuel cells: Evolution through numerical simulation," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 134(C).
  19. Xu, Jiamin & Zhang, Caizhi & Wan, Zhongmin & Chen, Xi & Chan, Siew Hwa & Tu, Zhengkai, 2022. "Progress and perspectives of integrated thermal management systems in PEM fuel cell vehicles: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 155(C).
  20. Samir De, Biswajit & Cunningham, Joshua & Khare, Neeraj & Luo, Jing-Li & Elias, Anastasia & Basu, Suddhasatwa, 2022. "Hydrogen generation and utilization in a two-phase flow membraneless microfluidic electrolyzer-fuel cell tandem operation for micropower application," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 305(C).
  21. Maximilian Schmitz & Matthias Bahr & Sönke Gößling & Stefan Pischinger, 2023. "Analysis of Ice Formation during Start-Up of PEM Fuel Cells at Subzero Temperatures Using Experimental and Simulative Methods," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(18), pages 1-26, September.
  22. Zhang, Hao & Xuan, Jin & Xu, Hong & Leung, Michael K.H. & Leung, Dennis Y.C. & Zhang, Li & Wang, Huizhi & Wang, Lei, 2013. "Enabling high-concentrated fuel operation of fuel cells with microfluidic principles: A feasibility study," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 1131-1137.
  23. Bruni, G. & Cordiner, S. & Mulone, V. & Sinisi, V. & Spagnolo, F., 2016. "Energy management in a domestic microgrid by means of model predictive controllers," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 108(C), pages 119-131.
  24. Xu, Jiawei & Wu, Yuhua & Xiao, Shengying & Wang, Yifei & Xu, Xinhai, 2023. "Synergic effect investigation of carbon monoxide and other compositions on the high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 211(C), pages 669-680.
  25. Sánchez-Monreal, Juan & García-Salaberri, Pablo A. & Vera, Marcos, 2019. "A mathematical model for direct ethanol fuel cells based on detailed ethanol electro-oxidation kinetics," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 251(C), pages 1-1.
  26. Julian Büsselmann & Maren Rastedt & Tomas Klicpera & Karsten Reinwald & Henrike Schmies & Alexander Dyck & Peter Wagner, 2020. "Analysis of HT-PEM MEAs’ Long-Term Stabilities," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-16, January.
  27. Jaehyeon Choi & Jaebong Sim & Hwanyeong Oh & Kyoungdoug Min, 2021. "Resistance Separation of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell by Polarization Curve and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-17, March.
  28. Asensio, F.J. & San Martín, J.I. & Zamora, I. & Oñederra, O., 2018. "Model for optimal management of the cooling system of a fuel cell-based combined heat and power system for developing optimization control strategies," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 211(C), pages 413-430.
  29. Yuan, Wei & Tang, Yong & Yang, Xiaojun & Wan, Zhenping, 2012. "Porous metal materials for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells – A review," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 309-329.
  30. Peng, Fei & Zhao, Yuanzhe & Li, Xiaopeng & Liu, Zhixiang & Chen, Weirong & Liu, Yang & Zhou, Donghua, 2017. "Development of master-slave energy management strategy based on fuzzy logic hysteresis state machine and differential power processing compensation for a PEMFC-LIB-SC hybrid tramway," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 206(C), pages 346-363.
  31. Chen Li & Ashanti M. Sallee & Xiaoyu Zhang & Sandeep Kumar, 2018. "Electrochemical Hydrogenation of Acetone to Produce Isopropanol Using a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Reactor," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-17, October.
  32. Maghanki, Maryam Mohammadi & Ghobadian, Barat & Najafi, Gholamhassan & Galogah, Reza Janzadeh, 2013. "Micro combined heat and power (MCHP) technologies and applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 28(C), pages 510-524.
  33. Mohammed, Hanin & Al-Othman, Amani & Nancarrow, Paul & Tawalbeh, Muhammad & El Haj Assad, Mamdouh, 2019. "Direct hydrocarbon fuel cells: A promising technology for improving energy efficiency," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 172(C), pages 207-219.
  34. K. V. S. Bharath & Frede Blaabjerg & Ahteshamul Haque & Mohammed Ali Khan, 2020. "Model-Based Data Driven Approach for Fault Identification in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-18, June.
  35. Samanta, Rajib & Mishra, Ranjit & Manna, Biplab Kumar & Barman, Sudip, 2022. "IrO2 modified Crystalline-PdO nanowires based bi-functional electro-catalyst for HOR/HER in acid and base," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 191(C), pages 151-160.
  36. Feng, ShengSen & Huang, WenTao & Huang, Zhe & Jian, Qifei, 2022. "Optimization of maximum power density output for proton exchange membrane fuel cell based on a data-driven surrogate model," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 317(C).
  37. Rabbani, Abid & Rokni, Masoud, 2013. "Effect of nitrogen crossover on purging strategy in PEM fuel cell systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 1061-1070.
  38. Alegre, Cinthia & Lozano, Antonio & Manso, Ángel Pérez & Álvarez-Manuel, Laura & Marzo, Florencio Fernández & Barreras, Félix, 2019. "Single cell induced starvation in a high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 250(C), pages 1176-1189.
  39. Wang, Junye, 2017. "System integration, durability and reliability of fuel cells: Challenges and solutions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C), pages 460-479.
  40. Zhang, Xiaoqing & Yang, Jiapei & Ma, Xiao & Zhuge, Weilin & Shuai, Shijin, 2022. "Modelling and analysis on effects of penetration of microporous layer into gas diffusion layer in PEM fuel cells: Focusing on mass transport," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 254(PA).
  41. Laetitia Dubau & Luis Castanheira & Frédéric Maillard & Marian Chatenet & Olivier Lottin & Gaël Maranzana & Jérôme Dillet & Adrien Lamibrac & Jean‐Christophe Perrin & Eddy Moukheiber & Assma ElKaddour, 2014. "A review of PEM fuel cell durability: materials degradation, local heterogeneities of aging and possible mitigation strategies," Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 3(6), pages 540-560, November.
  42. Bizon, N., 2011. "Nonlinear control of fuel cell hybrid power sources: Part II - Current control," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 88(7), pages 2574-2591, July.
  43. Liao, Shuxin & Qiu, Diankai & Yi, Peiyun & Peng, Linfa & Lai, Xinmin, 2022. "Modeling of a novel cathode flow field design with optimized sub-channels to improve drainage for proton exchange membrane fuel cells," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 261(PB).
  44. Dutta, Kingshuk & Das, Suparna & Kumar, Piyush & Kundu, Patit Paban, 2014. "Polymer electrolyte membrane with high selectivity ratio for direct methanol fuel cells: A preliminary study based on blends of partially sulfonated polymers polyaniline and PVdF-co-HFP," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 183-191.
  45. Das, Suparna & Kumar, Piyush & Dutta, Kingshuk & Kundu, Patit Paban, 2014. "Partial sulfonation of PVdF-co-HFP: A preliminary study and characterization for application in direct methanol fuel cell," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 169-177.
  46. Amamou, A. & Kandidayeni, M. & Boulon, L. & Kelouwani, S., 2018. "Real time adaptive efficient cold start strategy for proton exchange membrane fuel cells," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 216(C), pages 21-30.
  47. Boyacı San, Fatma Gül & İyigün Karadağ, Çiğdem & Okur, Osman & Okumuş, Emin, 2016. "Optimization of the catalyst loading for the direct borohydride fuel cell," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 214-224.
  48. Jang, Jer-Huan & Yan, Wei-Mon & Chiu, Han-Chieh & Lui, Jun-Yi, 2015. "Dynamic cell performance of kW-grade proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack with dead-ended anode," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 142(C), pages 108-114.
  49. Dinesh Kumar Madheswaran & Mohanraj Thangamuthu & Sakthivel Gnanasekaran & Suresh Gopi & Tamilvanan Ayyasamy & Sujit S. Pardeshi, 2023. "Powering the Future: Progress and Hurdles in Developing Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Components to Achieve Department of Energy Goals—A Systematic Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(22), pages 1-24, November.
  50. Cheng, Shan-Jen & Miao, Jr-Ming & Wu, Sheng-Ju, 2013. "Use of metamodeling optimal approach promotes the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC)," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 105(C), pages 161-169.
  51. Yang, Daijun & Lan, Yilin & Chu, Tiankuo & Li, Bing & Ming, Pingwen & Zhang, Cunman & Zhou, Xiangyang, 2022. "Rapid activation of a full-length proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack with a novel intermittent oxygen starvation method," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 260(C).
  52. Kong, Im Mo & Jung, Aeri & Kim, Young Sang & Kim, Min Soo, 2017. "Numerical investigation on double gas diffusion backing layer functionalized on water removal in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 120(C), pages 478-487.
  53. Cordiner, S. & Mulone, V. & Giordani, A. & Savino, M. & Tomarchio, G. & Malkow, T. & Tsotridis, G. & Pilenga, A. & Karlsen, M.L. & Jensen, J., 2017. "Fuel cell based Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems for off-grid telecom stations: Data analysis from on field demonstration tests," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 192(C), pages 508-518.
  54. Sharjeel Ashraf Ansari & Mustafa Khalid & Khurram Kamal & Tahir Abdul Hussain Ratlamwala & Ghulam Hussain & Mohammed Alkahtani, 2021. "Modeling and Simulation of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Alongside a Waste Heat Recovery System Based on the Organic Rankine Cycle in MATLAB/SIMULINK Environment," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-21, January.
  55. Vasile, Nicolò S. & Doherty, Ronan & Monteverde Videla, Alessandro H.A. & Specchia, Stefania, 2016. "3D multi-physics modeling of a gas diffusion electrode for oxygen reduction reaction for electrochemical energy conversion in PEM fuel cells," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 175(C), pages 435-450.
  56. Hauptmeier, Karl & Penkuhn, Mathias & Tsatsaronis, George, 2016. "Economic assessment of a solid oxide fuel cell system for biogas utilization in sewage plants," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 117(P2), pages 361-368.
  57. Pandu Ranga Tirumalasetti & Fang-Bor Weng & Mangaliso Menzi Dlamini & Chia-Hung Chen, 2024. "Numerical Simulation of Double Layered Wire Mesh Integration on the Cathode for a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC)," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(2), pages 1-15, January.
  58. Saverio Latorrata & Paola Gallo Stampino & Cinzia Cristiani & Giovanni Dotelli, 2017. "Performance Evaluation and Durability Enhancement of FEP-Based Gas Diffusion Media for PEM Fuel Cells," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(12), pages 1-17, December.
  59. Yang, Weiguang & Guo, Hui & Niu, Fuquan & Wang, Bingjie & Huang, Bin & Niu, Sirui & Liu, Jianli & Yang, Shuting & Yang, Yange, 2023. "A novel strategy for accelerating degradation of proton exchange membranes in fuel cell," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 213(C), pages 38-46.
  60. Yin, Cong & Gao, Yan & Li, Ting & Xie, Guangyou & Li, Kai & Tang, Hao, 2020. "Study of internal multi-parameter distributions of proton exchange membrane fuel cell with segmented cell device and coupled three-dimensional model," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 147(P1), pages 650-662.
  61. Kong, Im Mo & Jung, Aeri & Kim, Beom Jun & Baik, Kyung Don & Kim, Min Soo, 2015. "Experimental study on the start-up with dry gases from normal cell temperatures in self-humidified proton exchange membrane fuel cells," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 93(P1), pages 57-66.
  62. Luka Mihanović & Željko Penga & Lei Xing & Viktor Hacker, 2021. "Combining Baffles and Secondary Porous Layers for Performance Enhancement of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-28, June.
  63. Bizon, Nicu, 2012. "Energy efficiency of multiport power converters used in plug-in/V2G fuel cell vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 96(C), pages 431-443.
  64. Xuan, Jin & Leung, Michael K.H. & Leung, Dennis Y.C. & Wang, Huizhi, 2012. "Towards orientation-independent performance of membraneless microfluidic fuel cell: Understanding the gravity effects," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 90(1), pages 80-86.
  65. Xing, Lei & Liu, Xiaoteng & Alaje, Taiwo & Kumar, Ravi & Mamlouk, Mohamed & Scott, Keith, 2014. "A two-phase flow and non-isothermal agglomerate model for a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 618-634.
  66. Zheng Huang & Laisuo Su & Yunjie Yang & Linsong Gao & Xinyu Liu & Heng Huang & Yubai Li & Yongchen Song, 2023. "Three-Dimensional Simulation on the Effects of Different Parameters and Pt Loading on the Long-Term Performance of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-22, February.
  67. Guida, D. & Minutillo, M., 2017. "Design methodology for a PEM fuel cell power system in a more electrical aircraft," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 192(C), pages 446-456.
  68. Li, Yubai & Zhou, Zhifu & Liu, Xianglei & Wu, Wei-Tao, 2019. "Modeling of PEM fuel cell with thin MEA under low humidity operating condition," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 242(C), pages 1513-1527.
  69. Wei, Max & Smith, Sarah J. & Sohn, Michael D., 2017. "Experience curve development and cost reduction disaggregation for fuel cell markets in Japan and the US," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 191(C), pages 346-357.
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  73. Viorel Ionescu & Adriana Elena Balan & Alexandra Maria Isabel Trefilov & Ioan Stamatin, 2021. "Exergetic Performance of a PEM Fuel Cell with Laser-Induced Graphene as the Microporous Layer," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-18, September.
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  77. Logan Battrell & Aubree Trunkle & Erica Eggleton & Lifeng Zhang & Ryan Anderson, 2017. "Quantifying Cathode Water Transport via Anode Relative Humidity Measurements in a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(8), pages 1-16, August.
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  82. Lo, An-Ya & Hung, Chin-Te & Yu, Ningya & Kuo, Cheng-Tzu & Liu, Shang-Bin, 2012. "Syntheses of carbon porous materials with varied pore sizes and their performances as catalyst supports during methanol oxidation reaction," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 100(C), pages 66-74.
  83. Wang, Junye, 2015. "Theory and practice of flow field designs for fuel cell scaling-up: A critical review," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 640-663.
  84. Haiyu Gao & Tong Zhang & Huicui Chen & Zhiguo Zhao & Ke Song, 2018. "Application of the X-in-the-Loop Testing Method in the FCV Hybrid Degree Test," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(2), pages 1-14, February.
  85. Pei, Pucheng & Wu, Ziyao & Li, Yuehua & Jia, Xiaoning & Chen, Dongfang & Huang, Shangwei, 2018. "Improved methods to measure hydrogen crossover current in proton exchange membrane fuel cell," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 215(C), pages 338-347.
  86. Zhu, Li & Chen, Junghui, 2018. "Prognostics of PEM fuel cells based on Gaussian process state space models," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 149(C), pages 63-73.
  87. Jun Shen & Zhichun Liu & Fan Liu & Wei Liu, 2018. "Numerical Simulation of Water Transport in a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Flow Channel," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(7), pages 1-23, July.
  88. Qiu, Diankai & Janßen, Holger & Peng, Linfa & Irmscher, Philipp & Lai, Xinmin & Lehnert, Werner, 2018. "Electrical resistance and microstructure of typical gas diffusion layers for proton exchange membrane fuel cell under compression," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 231(C), pages 127-137.
  89. Iranzo, Alfredo & Boillat, Pierre, 2018. "CFD simulation of the transient gas transport in a PEM fuel cell cathode during AC impedance testing considering liquid water effects," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 158(C), pages 449-457.
  90. Ye, Lingfeng & Qiu, Diankai & Peng, Linfa & Lai, Xinmin, 2022. "Microstructures and electrical conductivity properties of compressed gas diffusion layers using X-ray tomography," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 326(C).
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  93. Wood, Thomas K. & Gurgan, Ilke & Howley, Ethan T. & Riedel-Kruse, Ingmar H., 2023. "Converting methane into electricity and higher-value chemicals at scale via anaerobic microbial fuel cells," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 188(C).
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  96. Pei, Pucheng & Jia, Xiaoning & Xu, Huachi & Li, Pengcheng & Wu, Ziyao & Li, Yuehua & Ren, Peng & Chen, Dongfang & Huang, Shangwei, 2018. "The recovery mechanism of proton exchange membrane fuel cell in micro-current operation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 226(C), pages 1-9.
  97. Lajunen, Antti & Lipman, Timothy, 2016. "Lifecycle cost assessment and carbon dioxide emissions of diesel, natural gas, hybrid electric, fuel cell hybrid and electric transit buses," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 106(C), pages 329-342.
  98. Yang, Yange & Li, Xiang & Tang, Fumin & Ming, Pingwen & Li, Bing & Zhang, Cunman, 2022. "Power evolution of fuel cell stack driven by anode gas diffusion layer degradation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 313(C).
  99. Myung Jun Lee & Junyeop Kim & Jaeun Kang & Hyewon Shin & Junghwan Do & Seong Jung Kwon, 2021. "Electrocatalytic Activity of Reduced Graphene Oxide Supported Cobalt Cinnamate for Oxygen Evolution Reaction," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-11, August.
  100. Qin, Yanzhou & Li, Xianguo & Jiao, Kui & Du, Qing & Yin, Yan, 2014. "Effective removal and transport of water in a PEM fuel cell flow channel having a hydrophilic plate," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 116-126.
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