IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/taf/repmxx/v30y2024i2p121-136.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Real Estate Portfolio Diversification by Sectors Using a RAL Approach

Author

Listed:
  • Ying Zhang
  • Wikrom Prombutr
  • J. Andrew Hansz

Abstract

We propose a cointegration-based method for evaluating the long-term independence of sectoral Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) within a portfolio. We employ this innovative approach to construct diversified portfolios. Our argument is that sectors contributing less to cointegration provide greater risk reduction benefits to the portfolio. To gauge the level of independence, we use the reciprocal of the aggregate likelihood ratio (RAL) statistics. Based on these statistics, we introduce a novel allocation strategy that assigns a higher weight to a sector with a larger RAL. Using CRSP/Ziman REIT sector data, we demonstrate that this new strategy outperforms traditional methods and the real estate market benchmark. Our paper introduces a fresh framework for REIT portfolio management and provides guidance on sector allocation.

Suggested Citation

  • Ying Zhang & Wikrom Prombutr & J. Andrew Hansz, 2024. "Real Estate Portfolio Diversification by Sectors Using a RAL Approach," Journal of Real Estate Portfolio Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 30(2), pages 121-136, July.
  • Handle: RePEc:taf:repmxx:v:30:y:2024:i:2:p:121-136
    DOI: 10.1080/10835547.2024.2313401
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10835547.2024.2313401
    Download Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers.

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1080/10835547.2024.2313401?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Michael S. Young, 2000. "REIT Property-Type Sector Integration," Journal of Real Estate Research, American Real Estate Society, vol. 19(1), pages 3-21.
    2. Joseph Gyourko & Edward Nelling, 1996. "Systematic Risk and Diversification in the Equity REIT Market," Real Estate Economics, American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association, vol. 24(4), pages 493-515, December.
    3. Ling, David C & Naranjo, Andy, 1997. "Economic Risk Factors and Commercial Real Estate Returns," The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Springer, vol. 14(3), pages 283-307, May.
    4. Nafeesa Yunus, 2019. "Dynamic Linkages Among U.S. Real Estate Sectors Before and After the Housing Crisis," The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Springer, vol. 58(2), pages 264-289, February.
    5. Victor DeMiguel & Lorenzo Garlappi & Raman Uppal, 2009. "Optimal Versus Naive Diversification: How Inefficient is the 1-N Portfolio Strategy?," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 22(5), pages 1915-1953, May.
    6. Gerlach, Richard & Wilson, Patrick & Zurbruegg, Ralf, 2006. "Structural breaks and diversification: The impact of the 1997 Asian financial crisis on the integration of Asia-Pacific real estate markets," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 25(6), pages 974-991, October.
    7. John Gallo & Larry Lockwood & Ying Zhang, 2013. "Structuring global Property Portfolios: A Cointegration Approach," Journal of Real Estate Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 35(1), pages 53-82, January.
    8. John Gallo & Ying Zhang, 2010. "Global Property Market Diversification," The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Springer, vol. 41(4), pages 458-485, November.
    9. Johansen, Soren & Juselius, Katarina, 1990. "Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Inference on Cointegration--With Applications to the Demand for Money," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, vol. 52(2), pages 169-210, May.
    10. Ying Zhang & J. Andrew Hansz & Wikrom Prombutr, 2022. "Economic Policy Uncertainty and Real Estate Market: Evidence from U.S. REITs," International Real Estate Review, Global Social Science Institute, vol. 25(1), pages 55-87.
    11. Henrik Hansen & Søren Johansen, 1999. "Some tests for parameter constancy in cointegrated VAR-models," Econometrics Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 2(2), pages 306-333.
    12. Ying Zhang & J. Andrew Hansz, 2022. "Industry Concentration and U.S. REIT Returns," Real Estate Economics, American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association, vol. 50(1), pages 247-267, March.
    13. Zivot, Eric & Andrews, Donald W K, 2002. "Further Evidence on the Great Crash, the Oil-Price Shock, and the Unit-Root Hypothesis," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, American Statistical Association, vol. 20(1), pages 25-44, January.
    14. Edwin J. Elton & Martin J. Gruber, 1997. "Modern Portfolio Theory, 1950 to Date," New York University, Leonard N. Stern School Finance Department Working Paper Seires 97-3, New York University, Leonard N. Stern School of Business-.
    15. Ming-Long Lee & Kevin C.H. Chiang, 2004. "Substitutability between Equity REITs and Mortgage REITs," Journal of Real Estate Research, American Real Estate Society, vol. 26(1), pages 95-114.
    16. Jay C. Hartzell & Tobias Mühlhofer & Sheridan D. Titman, 2010. "Alternative Benchmarks for Evaluating Mutual Fund Performance," Real Estate Economics, American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association, vol. 38(1), pages 121-154, March.
    17. Gregory, Allan W, 1994. "Testing for Cointegration in Linear Quadratic Models," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, American Statistical Association, vol. 12(3), pages 347-360, July.
    18. Johansen, Søren, 2000. "A Bartlett Correction Factor For Tests On The Cointegrating Relations," Econometric Theory, Cambridge University Press, vol. 16(5), pages 740-778, October.
    19. Carhart, Mark M, 1997. "On Persistence in Mutual Fund Performance," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 52(1), pages 57-82, March.
    20. Michael Young, 2000. "REIT Property-Type Sector Integration," Journal of Real Estate Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 19(1), pages 3-22, January.
    21. Graeme Newell & James Webb, 1996. "Assessing Risk for International Real Estate Investments," Journal of Real Estate Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 11(2), pages 103-115, January.
    22. J. Andrew Hansz & Ying Zhang & Tingyu Zhou, 2017. "An Investigation into the Substitutability of Equity and Mortgage REITs in Real Estate Portfolios," The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Springer, vol. 54(3), pages 338-364, April.
    23. Elton, Edwin J. & Gruber, Martin J., 1997. "Modern portfolio theory, 1950 to date," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 21(11-12), pages 1743-1759, December.
    24. Kevin Chiang, 2010. "On the Comovement of REIT Prices," Journal of Real Estate Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 32(2), pages 187-200, January.
    25. Søren Johansen & Rocco Mosconi & Bent Nielsen, 2000. "Cointegration analysis in the presence of structural breaks in the deterministic trend," Econometrics Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 3(2), pages 216-249.
    26. Ling He, 1998. "Cointegration and Price Discovery between Equity and Mortgage REITs," Journal of Real Estate Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 16(3), pages 327-338, January.
    27. Stephen Lee, 2001. "The Relative Importance of Property Type and Regional Factors in Real Estate Returns," Journal of Real Estate Portfolio Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 7(2), pages 159-167, January.
    28. Taylor, Mark P & Tonks, Ian, 1989. "The Internationalisation of Stock Markets and the Abolition of U.K. Exchange Control," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 71(2), pages 332-336, May.
    29. Nafeesa Yunus & Peggy E. Swanson, 2013. "A Closer Look at the U.S. Housing Market: Modeling Relationships among Regions," Real Estate Economics, American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association, vol. 41(3), pages 542-568, September.
    30. Nafeesa Yunus & Peggy Swanson, 2007. "Modelling Linkages between US and Asia‐Pacific Securitized Property Markets," Journal of Property Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 24(2), pages 95-122.
    31. Mukesh Chaudhry & Rohan Christie-David & William Sackley, 1999. "Long-Term Structural Price Relationships in Real Estate Markets," Journal of Real Estate Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 18(2), pages 335-354, January.
    32. repec:eme:jpvi00:14635789810205119 is not listed on IDEAS
    33. K. C. Chan & Patric H. Hendershott & Anthony B. Sanders, 1990. "Risk and Return on Real Estate: Evidence from Equity REITs," Real Estate Economics, American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association, vol. 18(4), pages 431-452, December.
    34. David Ling & Andy Naranjo & Michael Ryngaert, 2012. "Real Estate Ownership, Leasing Intensity, and Value: Do Stock Returns Reflect a Firm’s Real Estate Holdings?," The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Springer, vol. 44(1), pages 184-202, January.
    35. Fama, Eugene F & French, Kenneth R, 1995. "Size and Book-to-Market Factors in Earnings and Returns," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 50(1), pages 131-155, March.
    36. Simon Stevenson, 2000. "International Real Estate Diversification: Empirical Tests using Hedged Indices," Journal of Real Estate Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 19(1), pages 105-132, January.
    37. Edward Nelling & Joseph Gyourko, 1998. "The Predictability of Equity REIT Returns," Journal of Real Estate Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 16(3), pages 251-268, January.
    38. repec:eme:jpf000:09588689610152408 is not listed on IDEAS
    39. Kasa, Kenneth, 1992. "Common stochastic trends in international stock markets," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 29(1), pages 95-124, February.
    40. David Hartzell & John Hekman & Mike Miles, 1986. "Diversification Categories in Investment Real Estate," Real Estate Economics, American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association, vol. 14(2), pages 230-254, June.
    41. Graeme Newell & James R. Webb, 1996. "Assessing Risk for International Real Estate Investments," Journal of Real Estate Research, American Real Estate Society, vol. 11(2), pages 103-116.
    42. Johansen, Soren, 2002. "A small sample correction for tests of hypotheses on the cointegrating vectors," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 111(2), pages 195-221, December.
    43. Mukesh K. Chaudhry & Rohan A. Christie-David & William H. Sackley, 1999. "Long-Term Structural Price Relationships in Real Estate Markets," Journal of Real Estate Research, American Real Estate Society, vol. 18(2), pages 335-354.
    44. Jian Yang & James Kolari & Guozhong Zhu, 2005. "European public real estate market integration," Applied Financial Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 15(13), pages 895-905.
    45. Bierens, Herman J., 1997. "Testing the unit root with drift hypothesis against nonlinear trend stationarity, with an application to the US price level and interest rate," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 81(1), pages 29-64, November.
    46. Glascock, John L & Lu, Chiuling & So, Raymond W, 2000. "Further Evidence on the Integration of REIT, Bond, and Stock Returns," The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Springer, vol. 20(2), pages 177-194, March.
    47. Ming-Long Lee & Kevin Chiang, 2004. "Substitutability between Equity REITs and Mortgage REITs," Journal of Real Estate Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 26(1), pages 95-114, January.
    48. Nafeesa Yunus, 2009. "Increasing Convergence Between U.S. and International Securitized Property Markets: Evidence Based on Cointegration Tests," Real Estate Economics, American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association, vol. 37(3), pages 383-411, September.
    49. John G. Gallo & Larry J. Lockwood & Ying Zhang, 2013. "Structuring Global Property Portfolios: A Cointegration Approach," Journal of Real Estate Research, American Real Estate Society, vol. 35(1), pages 53-82.
    50. Ling T. He, 1998. "Cointegration and Price Discovery between Equity and Mortgage REITs," Journal of Real Estate Research, American Real Estate Society, vol. 16(3), pages 327-338.
    51. Søren Johansen & Rocco Mosconi & Bent Nielsen, 2000. "Cointegration analysis in the presence of structural breaks in the deterministic trend," Econometrics Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 3(2), pages 216-249.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. John L. Glascock & Wikrom Prombutr & Ying Zhang & Tingyu Zhou, 2018. "Can Investors Hold More Real Estate? Evidence from Statistical Properties of Listed REIT versus Non-REIT Property Companies in the U.S," The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Springer, vol. 56(2), pages 274-302, February.
    2. Paul Gallimore & J. Andrew Hansz & Wikrom Prombutr & Ying Zhang, 2014. "Long-term Cointegrative and Short-term Causal Relations among U.S. Real Estate Sectors," International Real Estate Review, Global Social Science Institute, vol. 17(3), pages 359-394.
    3. J. Andrew Hansz & Wikrom Prombutr & Ying Zhang & Tingyu Zhou, 2017. "An Anatomy of the Interrelationship between Equity and Mortgage REITs," International Real Estate Review, Global Social Science Institute, vol. 20(3), pages 287-324.
    4. Paul Gallimore & J. Andrew Hansz & Wikrom Prombutr & Ying Zhang, 2014. "Long-term Cointegrative and Short-term Causal Relations among U.S. Real Estate Sectors," International Real Estate Review, Asian Real Estate Society, vol. 17(3), pages 359-394.
    5. John Gallo & Ying Zhang, 2010. "Global Property Market Diversification," The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Springer, vol. 41(4), pages 458-485, November.
    6. John Gallo & Larry Lockwood & Ying Zhang, 2013. "Structuring global Property Portfolios: A Cointegration Approach," Journal of Real Estate Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 35(1), pages 53-82, January.
    7. J. Andrew Hansz & Ying Zhang & Tingyu Zhou, 2017. "An Investigation into the Substitutability of Equity and Mortgage REITs in Real Estate Portfolios," The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Springer, vol. 54(3), pages 338-364, April.
    8. John G. Gallo & Larry J. Lockwood & Ying Zhang, 2013. "Structuring Global Property Portfolios: A Cointegration Approach," Journal of Real Estate Research, American Real Estate Society, vol. 35(1), pages 53-82.
    9. Nafeesa Yunus & Peggy Swanson, 2007. "Modelling Linkages between US and Asia‐Pacific Securitized Property Markets," Journal of Property Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 24(2), pages 95-122.
    10. Vijay Kumar Vishwakarma, 2021. "Long-run drivers and integration in interprovincial Canadian housing price relations," International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 16(1), pages 22-40, November.
    11. Schindler, Felix & Voronkova, Svitlana, 2010. "Linkages between international securitized real estate markets: Further evidence from time-varying and stochastic cointegration," ZEW Discussion Papers 10-051, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research.
    12. Nafeesa Yunus, 2009. "Increasing Convergence Between U.S. and International Securitized Property Markets: Evidence Based on Cointegration Tests," Real Estate Economics, American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association, vol. 37(3), pages 383-411, September.
    13. Kim Hiang Liow, 2008. "Financial Crisis and Asian Real Estate Securities Market Interdependence: Some Additional Evidence," Journal of Property Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 25(2), pages 127-155, November.
    14. EVRIM MANDACI, Pinar & CAGLI, Efe Caglar, 2016. "Who Drives Whom? Investigating The Relationship Between The Major Stock Markets," Studii Financiare (Financial Studies), Centre of Financial and Monetary Research "Victor Slavescu", vol. 20(2), pages 6-24.
    15. Yunus, Nafeesa & Swanson, Peggy E., 2012. "Changing integration of EMU public property markets," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 22(1), pages 194-208.
    16. Nafeesa Yunus, 2013. "Dynamic interactions among property types," Journal of Property Investment & Finance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 31(2), pages 135-159, March.
    17. Meng, Xianming & Hoang, Nam T. & Siriwardana, Mahinda, 2013. "The determinants of Australian household debt: A macro level study," Journal of Asian Economics, Elsevier, vol. 29(C), pages 80-90.
    18. Nafeesa Yunus & J. Hansz & Paul Kennedy, 2012. "Dynamic Interactions Between Private and Public Real Estate Markets: Some International Evidence," The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Springer, vol. 45(4), pages 1021-1040, November.
    19. Ying Zhang & J. Andrew Hansz, 2022. "Industry Concentration and U.S. REIT Returns," Real Estate Economics, American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association, vol. 50(1), pages 247-267, March.
    20. Giorgio Canarella & Stephen M. Miller & Stephen K. Pollard, 2008. "Dynamic Stock Market Interactions between the Canadian, Mexican, and the United States Markets: The NAFTA Experience," Working papers 2008-49, University of Connecticut, Department of Economics.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:taf:repmxx:v:30:y:2024:i:2:p:121-136. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Chris Longhurst (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.tandfonline.com/repm20 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.