IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/jocoma/v30y2023ics240585132300017x.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Dynamic spillovers across precious metals and oil realized volatilities: Evidence from quantile extended joint connectedness measures

Author

Listed:
  • Cunado, Juncal
  • Chatziantoniou, Ioannis
  • Gabauer, David
  • de Gracia, Fernando Perez
  • Hardik, Marfatia

Abstract

This paper proposes a novel quantile vector autoregressive extended joint connectedness framework to examine realized volatilities spillovers between oil and precious metals commodities using daily data from May 1st, 2006 until June 18th, 2021. Our findings suggest that crude oil is the main net transmitter of shocks in the network across all quartiles. The dynamic total connectedness is heterogeneous over time and driven by economic events. Interestingly, we see that the higher the quartile the more pronounced the net transmission mechanisms of realized volatilities. Notably, the net total directional and pairwise connectedness measures illustrate in most cases similar dynamics.

Suggested Citation

  • Cunado, Juncal & Chatziantoniou, Ioannis & Gabauer, David & de Gracia, Fernando Perez & Hardik, Marfatia, 2023. "Dynamic spillovers across precious metals and oil realized volatilities: Evidence from quantile extended joint connectedness measures," Journal of Commodity Markets, Elsevier, vol. 30(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:jocoma:v:30:y:2023:i:c:s240585132300017x
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomm.2023.100327
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S240585132300017X
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.jcomm.2023.100327?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Chatziantoniou, Ioannis & Gabauer, David, 2021. "EMU risk-synchronisation and financial fragility through the prism of dynamic connectedness," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 1-14.
    2. Diebold, Francis X. & Yılmaz, Kamil, 2014. "On the network topology of variance decompositions: Measuring the connectedness of financial firms," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 182(1), pages 119-134.
    3. Sami, Janesh, 2021. "Has the long-run relationship between gold and silver prices really disappeared? Evidence from an emerging market," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
    4. Chatziantoniou, Ioannis & Gabauer, David & Stenfors, Alexis, 2021. "Interest rate swaps and the transmission mechanism of monetary policy: A quantile connectedness approach," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 204(C).
    5. Bekiros, Stelios & Boubaker, Sabri & Nguyen, Duc Khuong & Uddin, Gazi Salah, 2017. "Black swan events and safe havens: The role of gold in globally integrated emerging markets," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 73(PB), pages 317-334.
    6. Yıldırım, Durmuş Çağrı & Cevik, Emrah Ismail & Esen, Ömer, 2020. "Time-varying volatility spillovers between oil prices and precious metal prices," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 68(C).
    7. Matthew Hood & Farooq Malik, 2013. "Is gold the best hedge and a safe haven under changing stock market volatility?," Review of Financial Economics, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 22(2), pages 47-52, April.
    8. Franklin Allen & Douglas Gale, 2000. "Financial Contagion," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 108(1), pages 1-33, February.
    9. Mensi, Walid & Beljid, Makram & Boubaker, Adel & Managi, Shunsuke, 2013. "Correlations and volatility spillovers across commodity and stock markets: Linking energies, food, and gold," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 32(C), pages 15-22.
    10. Raza, Naveed & Jawad Hussain Shahzad, Syed & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar & Shahbaz, Muhammad, 2016. "Asymmetric impact of gold, oil prices and their volatilities on stock prices of emerging markets," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 290-301.
    11. Dirk G. Baur & Brian M. Lucey, 2010. "Is Gold a Hedge or a Safe Haven? An Analysis of Stocks, Bonds and Gold," The Financial Review, Eastern Finance Association, vol. 45(2), pages 217-229, May.
    12. Guillermo A. Calvo, 2004. "Contagion in Emerging Markets: When Wall Street is a Carrier," International Economic Association Series, in: Enrique Bour & Daniel Heymann & Fernando Navajas (ed.), Latin American Economic Crises, chapter 5, pages 81-91, Palgrave Macmillan.
    13. Gabauer, David, 2021. "Dynamic measures of asymmetric & pairwise connectedness within an optimal currency area: Evidence from the ERM I system," Journal of Multinational Financial Management, Elsevier, vol. 60(C).
    14. Elliott, Graham & Rothenberg, Thomas J & Stock, James H, 1996. "Efficient Tests for an Autoregressive Unit Root," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 64(4), pages 813-836, July.
    15. David C. Broadstock & Ioannis Chatziantoniou & David Gabauer, 2022. "Minimum Connectedness Portfolios and the Market for Green Bonds: Advocating Socially Responsible Investment (SRI) Activity," Springer Books, in: Christos Floros & Ioannis Chatziantoniou (ed.), Applications in Energy Finance, chapter 0, pages 217-253, Springer.
    16. Lastrapes, William D. & Wiesen, Thomas F.P., 2021. "The joint spillover index," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 681-691.
    17. Cai, Yifei & Zhang, Dongna & Chang, Tsangyao & Lee, Chien-Chiang, 2022. "Macroeconomic outcomes of OPEC and non-OPEC oil supply shocks in the euro area," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 109(C).
    18. Gong, Xu & Liu, Yun & Wang, Xiong, 2021. "Dynamic volatility spillovers across oil and natural gas futures markets based on a time-varying spillover method," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 76(C).
    19. Bonato, Matteo & Gupta, Rangan & Lau, Chi Keung Marco & Wang, Shixuan, 2020. "Moments-based spillovers across gold and oil markets," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 89(C).
    20. Koop, Gary & Pesaran, M. Hashem & Potter, Simon M., 1996. "Impulse response analysis in nonlinear multivariate models," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 74(1), pages 119-147, September.
    21. Francis X. Diebold & Kamil Yilmaz, 2009. "Measuring Financial Asset Return and Volatility Spillovers, with Application to Global Equity Markets," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 119(534), pages 158-171, January.
    22. Dirk Baur & Duy Tran, 2014. "The long-run relationship of gold and silver and the influence of bubbles and financial crises," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 47(4), pages 1525-1541, December.
    23. Jena, Sangram Keshari & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar & Aikins Abakah, Emmanuel Joel & Hammoudeh, Shawkat, 2022. "The connectedness in the world petroleum futures markets using a Quantile VAR approach," Journal of Commodity Markets, Elsevier, vol. 27(C).
    24. Umar, Zaghum & Jareño, Francisco & Escribano, Ana, 2021. "Oil price shocks and the return and volatility spillover between industrial and precious metals," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 99(C).
    25. Pesaran, H. Hashem & Shin, Yongcheol, 1998. "Generalized impulse response analysis in linear multivariate models," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 58(1), pages 17-29, January.
    26. Maitra, Debasish & Rehman, Mobeen Ur & Dash, Saumya Ranjan & Kang, Sang Hoon, 2021. "Oil price volatility and the logistics industry: Dynamic connectedness with portfolio implications," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 102(C).
    27. Kinateder, Harald & Campbell, Ross & Choudhury, Tonmoy, 2021. "Safe haven in GFC versus COVID-19: 100 turbulent days in the financial markets," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 43(C).
    28. Bouri, Elie & Lucey, Brian & Saeed, Tareq & Vo, Xuan Vinh, 2021. "The realized volatility of commodity futures: Interconnectedness and determinants#," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 139-151.
    29. Alqaralleh, Huthaifa & Canepa, Alessandra, 2022. "The role of precious metals in portfolio diversification during the Covid19 pandemic: A wavelet-based quantile approach," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 75(C).
    30. Beckmann, Joscha & Berger, Theo & Czudaj, Robert, 2015. "Does gold act as a hedge or a safe haven for stocks? A smooth transition approach," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 16-24.
    31. Chen, Rongda & Xu, Jianjun, 2019. "Forecasting volatility and correlation between oil and gold prices using a novel multivariate GAS model," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 379-391.
    32. Jarque, Carlos M. & Bera, Anil K., 1980. "Efficient tests for normality, homoscedasticity and serial independence of regression residuals," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 6(3), pages 255-259.
    33. White, Halbert & Kim, Tae-Hwan & Manganelli, Simone, 2015. "VAR for VaR: Measuring tail dependence using multivariate regression quantiles," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 187(1), pages 169-188.
    34. Bampinas, Georgios & Panagiotidis, Theodore, 2015. "Are gold and silver a hedge against inflation? A two century perspective," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 41(C), pages 267-276.
    35. Min Liu & Chien‐Chiang Lee & Wei‐Chong Choo, 2021. "An empirical study on the role of trading volume and data frequency in volatility forecasting," Journal of Forecasting, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 40(5), pages 792-816, August.
    36. Wang, Gang-Jin & Xie, Chi & Jiang, Zhi-Qiang & Stanley, H. Eugene, 2016. "Extreme risk spillover effects in world gold markets and the global financial crisis," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 46(C), pages 55-77.
    37. Salisu, Afees A. & Raheem, Ibrahim D. & Vo, Xuan Vinh, 2021. "Assessing the safe haven property of the gold market during COVID-19 pandemic," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
    38. Tomohiro Ando & Matthew Greenwood-Nimmo & Yongcheol Shin, 2022. "Quantile Connectedness: Modeling Tail Behavior in the Topology of Financial Networks," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 68(4), pages 2401-2431, April.
    39. Ederington, Louis H. & Fernando, Chitru S. & Lee, Thomas K. & Linn, Scott C. & Zhang, Huiming, 2021. "The relation between petroleum product prices and crude oil prices," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 94(C).
    40. Li, Sile & Lucey, Brian M., 2017. "Reassessing the role of precious metals as safe havens–What colour is your haven and why?," Journal of Commodity Markets, Elsevier, vol. 7(C), pages 1-14.
    41. Spyros Spyrou, 2013. "Herding in financial markets: a review of the literature," Review of Behavioral Finance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 5(2), pages 175-194, November.
    42. Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Bouri, Elie & Costa, Mabel D. & Naifar, Nader & Shahzad, Syed Jawad Hussain, 2021. "Energy markets and green bonds: A tail dependence analysis with time-varying optimal copulas and portfolio implications," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
    43. Chang, Hsiao-Fen & Huang, Liang-Chou & Chin, Ming-Chin, 2013. "Interactive relationships between crude oil prices, gold prices, and the NT–US dollar exchange rate—A Taiwan study," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 441-448.
    44. Spyros Spyrou, 2013. "Herding in financial markets: a review of the literature," Review of Behavioral Finance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 5(2), pages 175-194, November.
    45. Uddin, Gazi Salah & Hernandez, Jose Arreola & Shahzad, Syed Jawad Hussain & Kang, Sang Hoon, 2020. "Characteristics of spillovers between the US stock market and precious metals and oil," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 66(C).
    46. Mr. Paul R Masson, 1998. "Contagion: Monsoonal Effects, Spillovers, and Jumps Between Multiple Equilibria," IMF Working Papers 1998/142, International Monetary Fund.
    47. Diebold, Francis X. & Yilmaz, Kamil, 2012. "Better to give than to receive: Predictive directional measurement of volatility spillovers," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 28(1), pages 57-66.
    48. Rui Da & Dacheng Xiu, 2021. "When Moving‐Average Models Meet High‐Frequency Data: Uniform Inference on Volatility," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 89(6), pages 2787-2825, November.
    49. Bampinas Georgios & Panagiotidis Theodore, 2015. "On the relationship between oil and gold before and after financial crisis: linear, nonlinear and time-varying causality testing," Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics & Econometrics, De Gruyter, vol. 19(5), pages 657-668, December.
    50. Chien-Chiang Lee & Godwin O Olasehinde-Williams & Ifedolapo Olabisi Olanipekun, 2022. "GDP volatility implication of tourism volatility in South Africa: A time-varying approach," Tourism Economics, , vol. 28(2), pages 435-450, March.
    51. Ewing, Bradley T. & Malik, Farooq, 2013. "Volatility transmission between gold and oil futures under structural breaks," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 25(C), pages 113-121.
    52. Tiwari, Aviral Kumar & Abakah, Emmanuel Joel Aikins & Adewuyi, Adeolu O. & Lee, Chien-Chiang, 2022. "Quantile risk spillovers between energy and agricultural commodity markets: Evidence from pre and during COVID-19 outbreak," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 113(C).
    53. Hung, Ngo Thai & Vo, Xuan Vinh, 2021. "Directional spillover effects and time-frequency nexus between oil, gold and stock markets: Evidence from pre and during COVID-19 outbreak," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 76(C).
    54. Balli, Faruk & Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Shahzad, Syed Jawad Hussain & de Bruin, Anne, 2019. "Spillover network of commodity uncertainties," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 914-927.
    55. Balcilar, Mehmet & Gabauer, David & Umar, Zaghum, 2021. "Crude Oil futures contracts and commodity markets: New evidence from a TVP-VAR extended joint connectedness approach," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 73(C).
    56. Zhu, Huiming & Peng, Cheng & You, Wanhai, 2016. "Quantile behaviour of cointegration between silver and gold prices," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 19(C), pages 119-125.
    57. Farid, Saqib & Kayani, Ghulam Mujtaba & Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Shahzad, Syed Jawad Hussain, 2021. "Intraday volatility transmission among precious metals, energy and stocks during the COVID-19 pandemic," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 72(C).
    58. Guhathakurta, Kousik & Dash, Saumya Ranjan & Maitra, Debasish, 2020. "Period specific volatility spillover based connectedness between oil and other commodity prices and their portfolio implications," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 85(C).
    59. Mensi, Walid & Hernandez, Jose Arroeola & Yoon, Seong-Min & Vo, Xuan Vinh & Kang, Sang Hoon, 2021. "Spillovers and connectedness between major precious metals and major currency markets: The role of frequency factor," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
    60. Rehman, Mobeen Ur & Bouri, Elie & Eraslan, Veysel & Kumar, Satish, 2019. "Energy and non-energy commodities: An asymmetric approach towards portfolio diversification in the commodity market," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 1-1.
    61. Thomas J. Fisher & Colin M. Gallagher, 2012. "New Weighted Portmanteau Statistics for Time Series Goodness of Fit Testing," Journal of the American Statistical Association, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 107(498), pages 777-787, June.
    62. Pan, Wei-Fong, 2018. "Sentiment and asset price bubble in the precious metals markets," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 26(C), pages 106-111.
    63. Mensi, Walid & Nekhili, Ramzi & Vo, Xuan Vinh & Kang, Sang Hoon, 2021. "Oil and precious metals: Volatility transmission, hedging, and safe haven analysis from the Asian crisis to the COVID-19 crisis," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 73-96.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Kyriazis, Nikolaos A. & Papadamou, Stephanos & Tzeremes, Panayiotis, 2023. "Are benchmark stock indices, precious metals or cryptocurrencies efficient hedges against crises?," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 128(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Stenfors, Alexis & Chatziantoniou, Ioannis & Gabauer, David, 2022. "Independent policy, dependent outcomes: A game of cross-country dominoes across European yield curves," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 81(C).
    2. Juncal Cunado & David Gabauer & Rangan Gupta & Chien-Chiang Lee, 2022. "On the Propagation Mechanism of International Real Interest Rate Spillovers: Evidence from More than 200 Years of Data," Working Papers 202212, University of Pretoria, Department of Economics.
    3. Kamal, Javed Bin & Wohar, Mark & Kamal, Khaled Bin, 2022. "Do gold, oil, equities, and currencies hedge economic policy uncertainty and geopolitical risks during covid crisis?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 78(C).
    4. Tiwari, Aviral Kumar & Aikins Abakah, Emmanuel Joel & Gabauer, David & Dwumfour, Richard Adjei, 2022. "Dynamic spillover effects among green bond, renewable energy stocks and carbon markets during COVID-19 pandemic: Implications for hedging and investments strategies," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 51(C).
    5. Evrim Mandacı, Pınar & Cagli, Efe Çaglar & Taşkın, Dilvin, 2020. "Dynamic connectedness and portfolio strategies: Energy and metal markets," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 68(C).
    6. Balli, Faruk & Balli, Hatice Ozer & Dang, Tam Hoang Nhat & Gabauer, David, 2023. "Contemporaneous and lagged R2 decomposed connectedness approach: New evidence from the energy futures market," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 57(C).
    7. Balcilar, Mehmet & Gabauer, David & Umar, Zaghum, 2021. "Crude Oil futures contracts and commodity markets: New evidence from a TVP-VAR extended joint connectedness approach," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 73(C).
    8. Chatziantoniou, Ioannis & Elsayed, Ahmed H. & Gabauer, David & Gozgor, Giray, 2023. "Oil price shocks and exchange rate dynamics: Evidence from decomposed and partial connectedness measures for oil importing and exporting economies," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 120(C).
    9. Chen, Ruoyu & Iqbal, Najaf & Irfan, Muhammad & Shahzad, Farrukh & Fareed, Zeeshan, 2022. "Does financial stress wreak havoc on banking, insurance, oil, and gold markets? New empirics from the extended joint connectedness of TVP-VAR model," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 77(C).
    10. Gabauer, David & Chatziantoniou, Ioannis & Stenfors, Alexis, 2023. "Model-free connectedness measures," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 54(C).
    11. Juncal Cunado & David Gabauer & Rangan Gupta, 2021. "Realized Volatility Spillovers between Energy and Metal Markets: A Time-Varying Connectedness Approach," Working Papers 202180, University of Pretoria, Department of Economics.
    12. Caporin, Massimiliano & Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Arif, Muhammad & Hasan, Mudassar & Vo, Xuan Vinh & Hussain Shahzad, Syed Jawad, 2021. "Asymmetric and time-frequency spillovers among commodities using high-frequency data," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 70(C).
    13. Dai, Zhifeng & Zhu, Haoyang, 2023. "Dynamic risk spillover among crude oil, economic policy uncertainty and Chinese financial sectors," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 421-450.
    14. Le, Thanh Ha, 2023. "Quantile time-frequency connectedness between cryptocurrency volatility and renewable energy volatility during the COVID-19 pandemic and Ukraine-Russia conflicts," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 202(C), pages 613-625.
    15. Antonakakis, Nikolaos & Cunado, Juncal & Filis, George & Gabauer, David & de Gracia, Fernando Perez, 2023. "Dynamic connectedness among the implied volatilities of oil prices and financial assets: New evidence of the COVID-19 pandemic," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 114-123.
    16. Abdullah, Mohammad & Abakah, Emmanuel Joel Aikins & Wali Ullah, G M & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar & Khan, Isma, 2023. "Tail risk contagion across electricity markets in crisis periods," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 127(PB).
    17. Enilov, Martin & Mensi, Walid & Stankov, Petar, 2023. "Does safe haven exist? Tail risks of commodity markets during COVID-19 pandemic," Journal of Commodity Markets, Elsevier, vol. 29(C).
    18. Chatziantoniou, Ioannis & Gabauer, David & Perez de Gracia, Fernando, 2022. "Tail risk connectedness in the refined petroleum market: A first look at the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 111(C).
    19. Elie Bouri & David Gabauer & Rangan Gupta & Harald Kinateder, 2023. "Geopolitical Risk and Inflation Spillovers across European and North American Economies," Working Papers 202304, University of Pretoria, Department of Economics.
    20. Shi, Huai-Long & Zhou, Wei-Xing, 2022. "Factor volatility spillover and its implications on factor premia," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Gold; Silver; Crude oil; Heating oil; Realized volatility; Dynamic quantile connectedness; Joint connectedness;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • C32 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables - - - Time-Series Models; Dynamic Quantile Regressions; Dynamic Treatment Effect Models; Diffusion Processes; State Space Models
    • G15 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - International Financial Markets
    • Q30 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation - - - General
    • Q40 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Energy - - - General

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:jocoma:v:30:y:2023:i:c:s240585132300017x. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jcomm .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.