IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v15y2022i19p7207-d930455.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Electric Vehicle as a Service (EVaaS): Applications, Challenges and Enablers

Author

Listed:
  • Ifiok Anthony Umoren

    (School of Computing, Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK)

  • Muhammad Zeeshan Shakir

    (School of Computing, Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK)

Abstract

Under the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) concept, electric vehicles (EVs) can be deployed as loads to absorb excess production or as distributed energy resources to supply part of their stored energy back to the grid. This paper overviews the technologies, technical components and system requirements needed for EV deployment. Electric vehicle as a service (EVaaS) exploits V2G technology to develop a system where suitable EVs within the distribution network are chosen individually or in aggregate to exchange energy with the grid, individual customers or both. The EVaaS framework is introduced, and interactions among EVaaS subsystems such as EV batteries, charging stations, loads and advanced metering infrastructure are studied. The communication infrastructure and processing facilities that enable data and information exchange between EVs and the grid are reviewed. Different strategies for EV charging/discharging and their impact on the distribution grid are reviewed. Several market designs that incentivize energy trading in V2G environments are discussed. The benefits of V2G are studied from the perspectives of ancillary services, supporting of renewables and the environment. The challenges to V2G are studied with respect to battery degradation, energy conversion losses and effects on distribution system.

Suggested Citation

  • Ifiok Anthony Umoren & Muhammad Zeeshan Shakir, 2022. "Electric Vehicle as a Service (EVaaS): Applications, Challenges and Enablers," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-23, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:19:p:7207-:d:930455
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/19/7207/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/19/7207/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Apostolaki-Iosifidou, Elpiniki & Codani, Paul & Kempton, Willett, 2017. "Measurement of power loss during electric vehicle charging and discharging," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 127(C), pages 730-742.
    2. Paul Klemperer, 1999. "Auction Theory: A Guide to the Literature," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 13(3), pages 227-286, July.
    3. Galus, Matthias D. & Zima, Marek & Andersson, Göran, 2010. "On integration of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles into existing power system structures," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 38(11), pages 6736-6745, November.
    4. Bishop, Justin D.K. & Axon, Colin J. & Bonilla, David & Tran, Martino & Banister, David & McCulloch, Malcolm D., 2013. "Evaluating the impact of V2G services on the degradation of batteries in PHEV and EV," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 206-218.
    5. Sai Sudharshan Ravi & Muhammad Aziz, 2022. "Utilization of Electric Vehicles for Vehicle-to-Grid Services: Progress and Perspectives," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-27, January.
    6. Edward Clarke, 1971. "Multipart pricing of public goods," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 11(1), pages 17-33, September.
    7. Taylor, James W. & de Menezes, Lilian M. & McSharry, Patrick E., 2006. "A comparison of univariate methods for forecasting electricity demand up to a day ahead," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 22(1), pages 1-16.
    8. Guille, Christophe & Gross, George, 2009. "A conceptual framework for the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) implementation," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 37(11), pages 4379-4390, November.
    9. Jiangbo Wang & Kai Liu & Toshiyuki Yamamoto, 2017. "Improving Electricity Consumption Estimation for Electric Vehicles Based on Sparse GPS Observations," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(1), pages 1-12, January.
    10. William Vickrey, 1961. "Counterspeculation, Auctions, And Competitive Sealed Tenders," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 16(1), pages 8-37, March.
    11. Lee, Henry & Clark, Alex, 2018. "Charging the Future: Challenges and Opportunities for Electric Vehicle Adoption," Working Paper Series rwp18-026, Harvard University, John F. Kennedy School of Government.
    12. Naireeta Deb & Rajendra Singh & Richard R. Brooks & Kevin Bai, 2021. "A Review of Extremely Fast Charging Stations for Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-27, November.
    13. Hoehne, Christopher G. & Chester, Mikhail V., 2016. "Optimizing plug-in electric vehicle and vehicle-to-grid charge scheduling to minimize carbon emissions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 115(P1), pages 646-657.
    14. Klemperer, Paul, 1999. " Auction Theory: A Guide to the Literature," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 13(3), pages 227-86, July.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Rajeshkumar Ramraj & Ehsan Pashajavid & Sanath Alahakoon & Shantha Jayasinghe, 2023. "Quality of Service and Associated Communication Infrastructure for Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(20), pages 1-28, October.
    2. Kamran Taghizad-Tavana & As’ad Alizadeh & Mohsen Ghanbari-Ghalehjoughi & Sayyad Nojavan, 2023. "A Comprehensive Review of Electric Vehicles in Energy Systems: Integration with Renewable Energy Sources, Charging Levels, Different Types, and Standards," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(2), pages 1-23, January.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Yoon, Kiho, 2008. "The participatory Vickrey-Clarke-Groves mechanism," Journal of Mathematical Economics, Elsevier, vol. 44(3-4), pages 324-336, February.
    2. Ronald M. Harstad & Aleksandar Saša Pekeč, 2008. "Relevance to Practice and Auction Theory: A Memorial Essay for Michael Rothkopf," Interfaces, INFORMS, vol. 38(5), pages 367-380, October.
    3. Jawad Abrache & Teodor Crainic & Michel Gendreau & Monia Rekik, 2007. "Combinatorial auctions," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 153(1), pages 131-164, September.
    4. Gustavo Vulcano & Garrett van Ryzin & Costis Maglaras, 2002. "Optimal Dynamic Auctions for Revenue Management," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 48(11), pages 1388-1407, November.
    5. Corchón, Luis C., 2008. "The theory of implementation : what did we learn?," UC3M Working papers. Economics we081207, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. Departamento de Economía.
    6. Yokoo, Makoto & Sakurai, Yuko & Matsubara, Shigeo, 2004. "The effect of false-name bids in combinatorial auctions: new fraud in internet auctions," Games and Economic Behavior, Elsevier, vol. 46(1), pages 174-188, January.
    7. Elendner, Thomas & Femerling, R., 2003. "Allocation of in-house services: Experimental comparison of allocation mechanisms," Manuskripte aus den Instituten für Betriebswirtschaftslehre der Universität Kiel 577, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Institut für Betriebswirtschaftslehre.
    8. Rachel R. Chen & Robin O. Roundy & Rachel Q. Zhang & Ganesh Janakiraman, 2005. "Efficient Auction Mechanisms for Supply Chain Procurement," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 51(3), pages 467-482, March.
    9. Moldovanu, Benny & Ewerhart II, Christian, 2001. "The German UMTS Design: Insights From Multi-Object Auction Theory," Sonderforschungsbereich 504 Publications 02-05, Sonderforschungsbereich 504, Universität Mannheim;Sonderforschungsbereich 504, University of Mannheim.
    10. Jehiel, Philippe & Moldovanu, Benny, 2005. "Allocative and Informational Externalities in Auctions and Related Mechanisms," Discussion Paper Series of SFB/TR 15 Governance and the Efficiency of Economic Systems 142, Free University of Berlin, Humboldt University of Berlin, University of Bonn, University of Mannheim, University of Munich.
    11. Chaithanya Bandi & Dimitris Bertsimas, 2014. "Optimal Design for Multi-Item Auctions: A Robust Optimization Approach," Mathematics of Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 39(4), pages 1012-1038, November.
    12. Martin Bichler & Alexander Pikovsky & Thomas Setzer, 2009. "An Analysis of Design Problems in Combinatorial Procurement Auctions," Business & Information Systems Engineering: The International Journal of WIRTSCHAFTSINFORMATIK, Springer;Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V. (GI), vol. 1(1), pages 111-117, February.
    13. Tafreshian, Amirmahdi & Masoud, Neda, 2022. "A truthful subsidy scheme for a peer-to-peer ridesharing market with incomplete information," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 130-161.
    14. Shrestha, Ratna K., 2017. "Menus of price-quantity contracts for inducing the truth in environmental regulation," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 1-7.
    15. Mishra, Debasis & Parkes, David C., 2007. "Ascending price Vickrey auctions for general valuations," Journal of Economic Theory, Elsevier, vol. 132(1), pages 335-366, January.
    16. Mizukami, Hideki & Saijo, Tatsuyoshi & Wakayama, Takuma, 2003. "Strategy-Proof Sharing," Working Papers 1170, California Institute of Technology, Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences.
    17. William H. Sandholm, 2005. "Negative Externalities and Evolutionary Implementation," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 72(3), pages 885-915.
    18. Soumyakanti Chakraborty & Anup K. Sen & Amitava Bagchi, 2015. "Addressing the valuation problem in multi-round combinatorial auctions," Information Systems Frontiers, Springer, vol. 17(5), pages 1145-1160, October.
    19. Toyotaka Sakai, 2017. "Considering Collective Choice: The Route 328 Problem in Kodaira City," The Japanese Economic Review, Japanese Economic Association, vol. 68(3), pages 323-332, September.
    20. , & ,, 2015. "Strategy-proofness and efficiency with non-quasi-linear preferences: a characterization of minimum price Walrasian rule," Theoretical Economics, Econometric Society, vol. 10(2), May.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:19:p:7207-:d:930455. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.