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Convergence of per capita energy consumption around the world: New evidence from nonlinear panel unit root tests

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  • Romero-Ávila, Diego
  • Omay, Tolga

Abstract

This paper investigates the existence of stochastic and deterministic convergence in per capita energy consumption among the countries forming four income-level groups and a full sample of 110 countries over the 1971–2019 period. For that purpose, we employ six state-of-the-art nonlinear panel unit root tests with nonlinear dynamics that range from state-dependent nonlinearities such as ESTAR, AESTAR and TAR dynamics to time-dependent nonlinearities of structural break form. We find consistent evidence supporting stochastic convergence among high-income and upper-middle-income countries according to two of the six panel tests. Concerning the stronger notion of deterministic convergence, three tests point to deterministic convergence among high-income countries, and only one supports this hypothesis among upper-middle-income countries. Lack of convergence across all country groups carries important policy implications concerning the achievement of SDG7 of the global 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development that affects every single country in the planet.

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  • Romero-Ávila, Diego & Omay, Tolga, 2022. "Convergence of per capita energy consumption around the world: New evidence from nonlinear panel unit root tests," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 111(C).
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:eneeco:v:111:y:2022:i:c:s0140988322002286
    DOI: 10.1016/j.eneco.2022.106062
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    Keywords

    Panel unit root tests; Energy consumption convergence; Nonlinearities; Time-dependence; State-dependence; LSTR process; ESTAR process; AESTAR process; Sign nonlinearity; Size nonlinearity; Structural breaks; 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • C24 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Single Equation Models; Single Variables - - - Truncated and Censored Models; Switching Regression Models; Threshold Regression Models
    • C33 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables - - - Models with Panel Data; Spatio-temporal Models
    • Q43 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Energy - - - Energy and the Macroeconomy
    • Q50 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - General
    • Q54 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - Climate; Natural Disasters and their Management; Global Warming
    • Q58 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - Environmental Economics: Government Policy

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