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Rising Government Debt: Causes and Solutions for a Decades-Old Trend

Citations

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Cited by:

  1. Massimo Bordignon & Nicolò Gatti & Gilberto Turati, 2025. "Are citizens willing to reduce public debt? Beliefs, information and policy preferences," DISCE - Working Papers del Dipartimento di Economia e Finanza def144, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Dipartimenti e Istituti di Scienze Economiche (DISCE).
  2. Marina Halac & Pierre Yared, 2022. "Fiscal Rules and Discretion Under Limited Enforcement," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 90(5), pages 2093-2127, September.
  3. Gersbach, Hans & Rochet, Jean-Charles & von Thadden, Ernst-Ludwig, 2023. "Public Debt and the Balance Sheet of the Private Sector," TSE Working Papers 23-1412, Toulouse School of Economics (TSE).
  4. Camarero, Mariam & Sapena, Juan & Tamarit, Cecilio, 2025. "Negative rates, demographics and fiscal policy: Heterogeneous tilting taxation in the Euro Area," MPRA Paper 125942, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  5. Barthélemy, Jean & Mengus, Eric & Plantin, Guillaume, 2024. "The central bank, the treasury, or the market: Which one determines the price level?," Journal of Economic Theory, Elsevier, vol. 220(C).
  6. Philipp Weber & Laura A. Zell & Lars P. Feld & Christoph A. Schaltegger, 2024. "Functionality of Fiscal Rules in a Low Interest Rate Environment – New Empirical Results for Swiss Cantons," CESifo Working Paper Series 11351, CESifo.
  7. Martin F. Hellwig, 2021. "Safe Assets, Risky Assets, and Dynamic Inefficiency in Overlapping-Generations Economies," Discussion Paper Series of the Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Economics 2021_10, Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Economics.
  8. Daisuke Miyashita, 2023. "Public debt and income inequality in an endogenous growth model with elastic labor supply," International Journal of Economic Policy Studies, Springer, vol. 17(2), pages 447-472, August.
  9. Chen, Rongjie & Liu, Songrui & Nie, Zhuo & Wang, Ruting, 2026. "Bank deregulation and the rise of local government debt: Evidence from joint-equity bank entry in China," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 154(C).
  10. Apergis, Nicholas & Pinar, Mehmet, 2021. "The role of party polarization in renewable energy consumption: Fresh evidence across the EU countries," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 157(C).
  11. Marin Muzhani, 2023. "Economics of Economy Pricing," Vernon Press Titles in Economics, Vernon Art and Science Inc, edition 1, number 1750.
  12. Ryota Nakatani, 2021. "Fiscal Rules for Natural Disaster- and Climate Change-Prone Small States," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(6), pages 1-26, March.
  13. Liu, Shulin & Wang, Xianbin & Huang, Liangxiong, 2025. "Economic growth target fluctuation and bond issuance by LGFVs," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 98(C).
  14. Marco Cozzi, 2019. "Has the Canadian Public Debt Been Too High? A Quantitative Assessment," Department Discussion Papers 1901, Department of Economics, University of Victoria.
  15. Gómez-Puig, Marta & Sosvilla-Rivero, Simón & Martínez-Zarzoso, Inmaculada, 2022. "On the heterogeneous link between public debt and economic growth," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 77(C).
  16. Ethan Ilzetzki & Heidi Christina Thysen, 2025. "Fiscal Rules and Market Discipline," IMF Economic Review, Palgrave Macmillan;International Monetary Fund, vol. 73(1), pages 45-85, March.
  17. Wyplosz, Charles, 2020. "What’s Wrong with Fiscal Space?," CEPR Discussion Papers 14431, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
  18. Jawaria Zahid & Atif Khan Jadoon & Bisma Hamza & Muhammad Ali, 2024. "Macroeconomics Determinants of Fiscal Sustainability in the Asian Countries," Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE), Research Foundation for Humanity (RFH), vol. 13(1), pages 193-201.
  19. Christofzik, Désirée I. & Märtz, Oliver, 2026. "Distance matters: Geographical proximity and fiscal rules enforcement," ZEW Discussion Papers 26-008, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research.
  20. Rogoff, Kenneth, 2020. "Falling real interest rates, rising debt: A free lunch?," Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, vol. 42(4), pages 778-790.
  21. Valerio Dotti & Eckhard Janeba, 2020. "Consistent Flexibility: Enforcement of Fiscal Rules through Political Incentives," CESifo Working Paper Series 8440, CESifo.
  22. Gómez Puig, Marta & Sosvilla-Rivero, Simón & Martínez-Zarzoso, Inmaculada, 2019. "Re-examining the debt-growth nexus: A grouped fixed-effect approach," University of Göttingen Working Papers in Economics 374, University of Goettingen, Department of Economics.
  23. Caselli, Francesca & Wingender, Philippe, 2021. "Heterogeneous effects of fiscal rules: The Maastricht fiscal criterion and the counterfactual distribution of government deficits✰," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 136(C).
  24. Cooray, Arusha & Özmen, Ibrahim, 2024. "The role of institutions on public debt: A quantile regression approach," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 93(PA), pages 912-928.
  25. Gago Andrés & Carozzi Felipe & Bermejo Vicente J. & Abad Jose M., 2023. "Government Turnover and External Financial Assistance," Asociación Argentina de Economía Política: Working Papers 4655, Asociación Argentina de Economía Política.
  26. Dotti, Valerio & Janeba, Eckhard, 2023. "Consistent flexibility: Enforcement of deficit rules through political incentives," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
  27. Hengyu Shi & Dingwei Song & Muhammad Ramzan, 2025. "Institutional Quality, Public Debt, and Sustainable Economic Growth: Evidence from a Global Panel," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(14), pages 1-27, July.
  28. Jorge Carrera & Pablo de la Vega & Fernando Toledo, 2024. "Income inequality and fiscal policy over the political cycle," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 66(1), pages 301-325, January.
  29. Ardanaz, Martín & Ulloa-Suárez, Carolina & Valencia, Oscar, 2024. "Why don't we follow the rules? Drivers of compliance with fiscal policy rules in emerging markets," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 142(C).
  30. Carrera, Jorge & de la Vega, Pablo, 2021. "The impact of income inequality on public debt," The Journal of Economic Asymmetries, Elsevier, vol. 24(C).
  31. Lars P. Feld & Martin Beznoska & Oliver Holtemöller & Hans-Peter Burghof & Ulrike Neyer & Clemens Fuest & Friedrich Heinemann & Thomas König, 2020. "Rekordschulden gegen Corona-Folgen – was kann sich der Staat leisten?," ifo Schnelldienst, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, vol. 73(08), pages 03-32, August.
  32. Adriana Elena Porumboiu & Petre Brezeanu, 2023. "Macroeconomic Factors that Generate Fiscal Risk in Romania," Economic Studies journal, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences - Economic Research Institute, issue 8, pages 35-56.
  33. Mouabbi, Sarah & Renne, Jean-Paul & Sahuc, Jean-Guillaume, 2024. "Debt-stabilizing properties of GDP-linked securities: A macro-finance perspective," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 162(C).
  34. Daniele, SCHILIRO', 2019. "Public debt and growth in Italy:Analysis and policy proposals," MPRA Paper 97950, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised Nov 2019.
  35. Carmen M. Reinhart & Franziska L. Ohnsorge & Kenneth S. Rogoff & M. Ayhan Kose, 2022. "The Aftermath of Debt Surges," Annual Review of Economics, Annual Reviews, vol. 14(1), pages 637-663, August.
  36. Robert Kraemer & Jonne Lehtimäki, 2024. "Government debt, European Institutions and fiscal rules: a synthetic control approach," International Tax and Public Finance, Springer;International Institute of Public Finance, vol. 31(4), pages 1112-1157, August.
  37. Fremerey, Melinda & Lichter, Andreas & Löffler, Max, 2025. "Strategies and consequences of local fiscal consolidation: Evidence from Germany," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 149(C).
  38. Eduardo da Silva Mattos, 2025. "The Judiciary as a fiscal policy tool? Budget stress and judicial decision-making in Brazil," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 205(3), pages 563-588, December.
  39. Régis Barnichon & Geert Mesters, 2021. "Fiscal targeting," Economics Working Papers 1793, Department of Economics and Business, Universitat Pompeu Fabra.
  40. Markus Brueckner, 2024. "Action-Based Fiscal Consolidations and Economic Growth," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 17(5), pages 1-27, May.
  41. Cho, Dooyeon & Lee, Kyung-woo, 2022. "Population aging and fiscal sustainability: Nonlinear evidence from Europe," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 126(C).
  42. Giorgio Liotti & Marco Musella & Ferdinando Ofria, 2025. "Do austerity policies reduce public debt? An analysis on twelve Eurozone countries," Economics of Governance, Springer, vol. 26(2), pages 139-162, June.
  43. Cozzi, Marco, 2023. "Public debt and welfare in a quantitative Schumpeterian growth model with incomplete markets," Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, vol. 77(C).
  44. Török László, 2022. "Breakdown of Government Debt into Components in Euro Area Countries," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-13, February.
  45. Maria‐Eleni K. Agoraki & Stella Kardara & Tryphon Kollintzas & Georgios P. Kouretas, 2023. "Debt‐to‐GDP changes and the great recession: European Periphery versus European Core," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 28(3), pages 3299-3331, July.
  46. Panizza, Ugo & Fatás, Antonio & Ghosh, Atish R. & ,, 2019. "The Motives to Borrow," CEPR Discussion Papers 13735, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
  47. Brändle, Thomas & Elsener, Marc, 2023. "Do fiscal rules matter? A survey on recent evidence," Working papers 2023/07, Faculty of Business and Economics - University of Basel.
  48. Coate, Stephen & Milton, Ross T., 2019. "Optimal fiscal limits with overrides," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 174(C), pages 76-92.
  49. Ochsner, Christian & Zuber, Christopher, 2025. "Output, prices and public debt under the new German fiscal consensus," Working Papers 01/2025, German Council of Economic Experts / Sachverständigenrat zur Begutachtung der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung.
  50. Dotti, Valerio, 2024. "No country for young people? The rise of anti-immigration politics in ageing societies," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 238(C).
  51. Cong Yu & Linke Hou & Yuxia Lyu & Qi Zhang, 2022. "Political competition, spatial interactions, and default risk of local government debts in China," Papers in Regional Science, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 101(3), pages 717-743, June.
  52. Frank, Marco & Stadelmann, David, 2021. "More federal legislators lead to more resources for their constituencies: Evidence from exogenous differences in seat allocations," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 49(1), pages 230-243.
  53. Ryo Arawatari & Tetsuo Ono, 2023. "International coordination of debt rules with time‐inconsistent voters," Journal of Public Economic Theory, Association for Public Economic Theory, vol. 25(1), pages 29-60, February.
  54. Debrun, Xavier & Masuch, Klaus & Ferrero, Guiseppe & Vansteenkiste, Isabel & Ferdinandusse, Marien & von Thadden, Leopold & Hauptmeier, Sebastian & Alloza, Mario & Derouen, Chloé & Bańkowski, Krzyszto, 2021. "Monetary-fiscal policy interactions in the euro area," Occasional Paper Series 273, European Central Bank.
  55. Grosse-Steffen, Christoph & Pagenhardt, Laura & Rieth, Malte, 2025. "Committed to flexible fiscal rules," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 154(C).
  56. Hanlin Xia & Lin Zhang, 2025. "The Coordination of Monetary and Local Government Fiscal Policies and Local Fiscal Sustainability in China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(16), pages 1-34, August.
  57. DiGiuseppe, Matthew & Del Ponte, Alessandro, 2023. "Bottom-Up Sovereign Debt Preferences," SocArXiv wxr67, Center for Open Science.
  58. M. Ayhan Kose & Franziska Ohnsorge & Naotaka Sugawara, 2020. "Benefits and Costs of Debt: The Dose Makes the Poison," Koç University-TUSIAD Economic Research Forum Working Papers 2006, Koc University-TUSIAD Economic Research Forum.
  59. Osband, Kent & Filoso, Valerio & Capasso, Salvatore, 2024. "The limits of limitless debt," Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
  60. Andrián, Leandro & Hirs-Garzon, Jorge & Urrea, Ivan Leonardo & Valencia, Oscar, 2024. "Fiscal rules and economic cycles: Quality (always) Matters," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 85(C).
  61. Augustin, Patrick & Sokolovski, Valeri & Subrahmanyam, Marti G. & Tomio, Davide, 2022. "In sickness and in debt: The COVID-19 impact on sovereign credit risk," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 143(3), pages 1251-1274.
  62. Jorge Carrera & Pablo de la Vega, 2024. "The effect of external debt on greenhouse gas emissions," Journal of Economics and Finance, Springer;Academy of Economics and Finance, vol. 48(3), pages 754-776, September.
  63. Martin F. Hellwig, 2023. "Overlapping-Generations Economies under Uncertainty: Dynamic Inefficiency/Efficiency with Multiple Assets and no Labour," Discussion Paper Series of the Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Economics 2023_04, Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Economics.
  64. Marina Azzimonti & Laura Karpuska & Gabriel Mihalache, 2023. "Bargaining Over Taxes And Entitlements In The Era Of Unequal Growth," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 64(3), pages 893-941, August.
  65. Marina Azzimonti & Nirvana Mitra, 2026. "Clientelism, Institutions and Sovereign Default," Working Paper 26-06, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond.
  66. Schilirò, Daniele, 2020. "COVID-19 crisis and the public debt issue:The case of Italy," MPRA Paper 103997, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised Nov 2020.
  67. Mitchener, Kris & Trebesch, Christoph, 2021. "Sovereign Debt in the 21st Century: Looking Backward, Looking Forward," CEPR Discussion Papers 15935, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
  68. Kose M. Ayhan & Ohnsorge Franziska & Sugawara Naotaka, 2022. "A Mountain of Debt: Navigating the Legacy of the Pandemic," Journal of Globalization and Development, De Gruyter, vol. 13(2), pages 233-268, December.
  69. Thomas Brändle & Marc Elsener, 2024. "Do fiscal rules matter? A survey of recent evidence," Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics, Springer;Swiss Society of Economics and Statistics, vol. 160(1), pages 1-38, December.
  70. Ly Dai Hung, 2021. "External Debts and Economic Growth when Debt Rating Matters," Journal of International Commerce, Economics and Policy (JICEP), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 12(03), pages 1-26, October.
  71. Simon Berset & Martin Huber & Mark Schelker, 2023. "The fiscal response to revenue shocks," International Tax and Public Finance, Springer;International Institute of Public Finance, vol. 30(3), pages 814-848, June.
  72. Vasconcelos, Lucas N.C. & Schiozer, Rafael, 2025. "Extractive institutions and banks’ implicit subsidies," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 99(C).
  73. repec:ecb:ecbdps:202426 is not listed on IDEAS
  74. repec:osf:socarx:wxr67_v1 is not listed on IDEAS
  75. Ryota Nakatani, 2019. "A Possible Approach to Fiscal Rules in Small Islands — Incorporating Natural Disasters and Climate Change," IMF Working Papers 2019/186, International Monetary Fund.
  76. Antonia Lopez Villavicencio & Hugo Oriola, 2025. "National elections and sub-national electoral cycles: Do strong fiscal rules matter in Europe?," Working Papers hal-05002552, HAL.
  77. Heinemann, Friedrich & Janeba, Eckhard & Todtenhaupt, Maximilian, 2022. "Incumbency and expectations of fiscal rule compliance: Evidence from surveys of German policy makers," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 72(C).
  78. Alsamara, Mouyad & Mrabet, Zouhair & Mimouni, Karim, 2024. "The threshold effects of public debt on economic growth in MENA countries: Do energy endowments matter?," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 89(PB), pages 458-470.
  79. Andersen, Torben M. & Bhattacharya, Joydeep & Liu, Pan, 2020. "Resolving intergenerational conflict over the environment under the Pareto criterion," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 100(C).
  80. Haizhen Mou & Maritza Lozano Man Hing, 2021. "Stringency of balanced budget laws and transparency of budgeting process," Public Budgeting & Finance, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 41(2), pages 45-64, June.
  81. Michele Salvi & Christoph A. Schaltegger & Lukas Schmid, 2020. "Fiscal Rules Cause Lower Debt: Evidence from Switzerland’s Federal Debt Containment Rule," Kyklos, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 73(4), pages 605-642, November.
  82. Feld Lars P. & Reuter Wolf Heinrich & Yeter Mustafa, 2019. "Öffentliche Investitionen: Die Schuldenbremse ist nicht das Problem," Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik, De Gruyter, vol. 20(4), pages 292-303, December.
  83. İbrahim ÖZMEN, 2022. "New Evidence from Government Debt and Economic Growth in Core and Periphery European Union Countries : Asymmetric Panel Causality," Journal for Economic Forecasting, Institute for Economic Forecasting, vol. 0(3), pages 167-187, October.
  84. Raveh, Ohad & Tsur, Yacov, 2020. "Reelection, growth and public debt," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 63(C).
  85. Romina Boccia, 2019. "Apple Trees for Firewood: James Buchanan’s Case for a Balanced Budget Amendment in the Context of U.S. Fiscal Policy," Homo Oeconomicus: Journal of Behavioral and Institutional Economics, Springer, vol. 36(1), pages 7-23, October.
  86. Marzia Romanelli & Pietro Tommasino & Emilio VadalÃ, 2022. "The future of European fiscal governance: a comprehensive approach," Questioni di Economia e Finanza (Occasional Papers) 691, Bank of Italy, Economic Research and International Relations Area.
  87. Zaman, Rafia & Borsky, Stefan, 2025. "Solar power play: Uncovering political capture in distributing electricity access," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 193(C).
  88. Liu, Yan & Wu, Guowei & Xiong, Chen, 2024. "Countercyclical central government transfers incentivize local government overborrowing: Theory and evidence," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 132(C).
  89. Christian F. Pfeil & Lars P. Feld, 2024. "Does the Swiss Debt Brake Induce Sound Federal Finances? A Synthetic Control Analysis," Public Finance Review, , vol. 52(1), pages 3-41, January.
  90. Rancan, Michela & Cariboni, Jessica & Keasey, Kevin & Vallascas, Francesco, 2023. "Bond issuance and the funding choices of European banks: The consequences of public debt," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
  91. Bohne Albrecht & Heinemann Friedrich & Niebel Thomas & Thöne Michael, 2024. "Die Zukunftsquote: ein neuer Kompass für den Bundeshaushalt," Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik, De Gruyter, vol. 25(2), pages 113-129.
  92. Marina Azzimonti & Laura Karpuska & Gabriel Mihalache, 2020. "Bargaining over Mandatory Spending and Entitlements," Department of Economics Working Papers 20-02, Stony Brook University, Department of Economics.
  93. Samuele Murtinu & Giulio Piccirilli & Agnese Sacchi, 2022. "Rational inattention and politics: how parties use fiscal policies to manipulate voters," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 190(3), pages 365-386, March.
  94. Hans Gersbach, 2024. "Forms of new democracy," Social Choice and Welfare, Springer;The Society for Social Choice and Welfare, vol. 62(4), pages 799-837, June.
  95. Juan Pablo Jiménez & Leonardo Letelier & Ignacio Ruelas & Jaime Bonet-Mor�n, 2021. "Reglas fiscales subnacionales: Revisión empírica, experiencias internacionales y sus desafíos en la nueva institucionalidad fiscal post COVID," Documentos de Trabajo Sobre Economía Regional y Urbana 19502, Banco de la República, Economía Regional.
  96. Matteo Gamalerio & Federico Trombetta, 2025. "Fiscal Rules and the Selection of Politicians: Theory and Evidence from Italy," American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, American Economic Association, vol. 17(3), pages 131-164, August.
  97. Ricardo Reis, 2022. "Debt Revenue and the Sustainability of Public Debt," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 36(4), pages 103-124, Fall.
  98. Marina Azzimonti & Gabriel P. Mihalache & Laura Karpuska, 2020. "Bargaining over Taxes and Entitlements," NBER Working Papers 27595, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  99. Hong Chen & Diviya Narayan & Baljeet Singh, 2026. "Re-Visiting the Debt–Output Nexus from the Perspectives of Long-Term Trend and Short-Term Volatility: An Application of the Threshold Model," Bulletin of Monetary Economics and Banking, Bank Indonesia, vol. 29(1), pages 97-118, February.
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