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Discriminatory Lending: Evidence from Bankers in the Lab

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  • De Haas, Ralph
  • Brock, J Michelle

Abstract

We implement a lab-in-the-field experiment with 334 Turkish loan officers to document gender discrimination in small business lending and to unpack the mechanisms at play. Each officer reviews multiple real-life loan applications in which we randomize the applicant's gender. While unconditional approval rates are the same for male and female applicants, loan officers are 26 percent more likely to require a guarantor when we present the same application as coming from a female instead of a male entrepreneur. A causal forest algorithm to estimate heterogeneous treatment effects reveals that this discrimination is strongly concentrated among young, inexperienced, and gender-biased loan officers. Discrimination mainly affects female loan applicants in male-dominated industries, indicating how financial frictions can perpetuate entrepreneurial gender segregation across sectors.

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  • De Haas, Ralph & Brock, J Michelle, 2020. "Discriminatory Lending: Evidence from Bankers in the Lab," CEPR Discussion Papers 14340, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
    • Handle: RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:14340
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    2. Ye Zhang, 2020. "Discrimination in the Venture Capital Industry: Evidence from Field Experiments," Papers 2010.16084, arXiv.org, revised Aug 2022.
    3. Chen, S. & Doerr, S. & Frost, J. & Gambacorta, L. & Shin, H.S., 2023. "The fintech gender gap," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 54(C).
    4. Patrick Rehill, 2024. "How do applied researchers use the Causal Forest? A methodological review of a method," Papers 2404.13356, arXiv.org, revised Dec 2024.
    5. Gordon Burtch & Alejandro Zentner, 2024. "Gender Bias and Property Taxes," Papers 2412.12610, arXiv.org, revised Feb 2025.
    6. Hao, Xuejing & Hu, Feng & Li, Zhu, 2024. "Entrepreneur-investor gender match effects in startup funding: Evidence from an entrepreneurial-themed reality TV show in China," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 93(PA), pages 811-832.
    7. Diego Javier Ubfal, 2023. "What Works in Supporting Women-led Businesses?," World Bank Publications - Reports 38564, The World Bank Group.
    8. Bruno Merlevede, 2025. "Female Managers and Firm Performance in Europe," Working Papers of Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Ghent University, Belgium 25/1110, Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration.
    9. Bach, Thang Ngoc & Le, Thanh & Nguyen, Thang Xuan & Hoang, Khanh, 2023. "Gender discrimination, social networks and access to informal finance of Vietnamese small and medium enterprises," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 358-372.
    10. Mark Kattenberg & Bas Scheer & Jurre Thiel, 2023. "Causal forests with fixed effects for treatment effect heterogeneity in difference-in-differences," CPB Discussion Paper 452, CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis.
    11. Vojtech Bartos & Silvia Castro & Kristina Czura & Timm Opitz, 2023. "Gendered Access to Finance: The Role of Team Formation, Idea Quality, and Implementation Constraints in Business Evaluations," Rationality and Competition Discussion Paper Series 473, CRC TRR 190 Rationality and Competition.
    12. Tabea Bucher-Koenen & Andreas Hackethal & Johannes Koenen & Christine Laudenbach, 2021. "Gender Differences in Financial Advice," ECONtribute Discussion Papers Series 095, University of Bonn and University of Cologne, Germany.
    13. Grover, Arti & Viollaz, Mariana, 2025. "The Gendered Impact of Social Norms on Financial Access and Capital Misallocation," IZA Discussion Papers 17630, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    14. Ozili, Peterson K, 2024. "Artificial intelligence and central bank digital currency," MPRA Paper 121567, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    15. Mertz, Mikkel & Ronchi, Maddalena & Salvestrini, Viola, 2025. "Female Representation and Talent Allocation in Entrepreneurship: The Role of Early Exposure to Entrepreneurs," IZA Discussion Papers 17801, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    16. Susan Athey & Dean Karlan & Emil Palikot & Yuan Yuan, 2022. "Smiles in Profiles: Improving Efficiency While Reducing Disparities in Online Marketplaces," Papers 2209.01235, arXiv.org, revised Mar 2025.
    17. Anastasia Cozarenco & Ariane Szafarz, 2024. "How to identify lending bias when the lender's goal is not profit?," Working Papers CEB 24-007, ULB -- Universite Libre de Bruxelles.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Gender bias; Bank credit; Implicit association test; Lab-in-the-field; Causal forest;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • D81 - Microeconomics - - Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty - - - Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty
    • D83 - Microeconomics - - Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty - - - Search; Learning; Information and Knowledge; Communication; Belief; Unawareness
    • D91 - Microeconomics - - Micro-Based Behavioral Economics - - - Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making
    • G21 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages

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