Research classified by Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) codes

2022

• Dvorkin, Maximiliano & Sánchez, Juan M. & Sapriza, Horacio & Yurdagul, Emircan, 2022, "Improving sovereign debt restructurings," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, volume 139, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jedc.2022.104435.
• Kuzman, Tanja & Lazarevic, Jelisaveta & Nedeljkovic, Milan, 2022, "Capital flows liberalisation and macroprudential policies: The effects on credit cycles in emerging economies," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, volume 73, issue C, pages 602-619, DOI: 10.1016/j.eap.2021.12.010.
• Hatchondo, Juan Carlos & Martinez, Leonardo & Roch, Francisco, 2022, "Numerical fiscal rules for economic unions: The role of sovereign spreads," Economics Letters, Elsevier, volume 210, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.econlet.2021.110168.
• Gibert, Anna, 2022, "Signalling creditworthiness with fiscal austerity," European Economic Review, Elsevier, volume 144, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.euroecorev.2022.104090.
• Koetter, Michael & Krause, Thomas & Sfrappini, Eleonora & Tonzer, Lena, 2022, "Completing the European Banking Union: Capital cost consequences for credit providers and corporate borrowers," European Economic Review, Elsevier, volume 148, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.euroecorev.2022.104229.
• Gomez-Gonzalez, Jose E. & Valencia, Oscar M. & Sánchez, Gustavo A., 2022, "How fiscal rules can reduce sovereign debt default risk," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, volume 50, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.ememar.2021.100839.
• Li, Wanli & Lai, Yin & Wang, Chaohui & Tan, Bowen, 2022, "How do emerging debt market participants recognize firm internationalization?Evidence from effects on credit ratings," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, volume 53, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.ememar.2022.100939.
• Luque, Jaime, 2022, "The repo channel of cross-border lending in the European sovereign debt crisis," Journal of Financial Markets, Elsevier, volume 59, issue PA, DOI: 10.1016/j.finmar.2021.100679.
• de Ferra, Sergio & Mallucci, Enrico, 2022, "Sovereign risk matters: Endogenous default risk and the time-varying volatility of interest rate spreads," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, volume 134, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jinteco.2021.103542.
• Liu, Siming, 2022, "Government spending during sudden stop crises," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, volume 135, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jinteco.2022.103571.
• Chari, Anusha & Dilts-Stedman, Karlye & Forbes, Kristin, 2022, "Spillovers at the extremes: The macroprudential stance and vulnerability to the global financial cycle," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, volume 136, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jinteco.2022.103582.
• Gilchrist, Simon & Wei, Bin & Yue, Vivian Z. & Zakrajšek, Egon, 2022, "Sovereign risk and financial risk," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, volume 136, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jinteco.2022.103603.
• Daniel, Betty C. & Nam, Jinwook, 2022, "The Greek debt crisis: Excusable vs. strategic default," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, volume 138, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jinteco.2022.103632.
• Anzoategui, Diego, 2022, "Sovereign spreads and the effects of fiscal austerity," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, volume 139, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jinteco.2022.103658.
• Mallucci, Enrico, 2022, "Natural disasters, climate change, and sovereign risk," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, volume 139, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jinteco.2022.103672.
• Samano, Agustin, 2022, "International reserves and central bank independence," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, volume 139, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jinteco.2022.103674.
• Fabiani, Andrea & Piñeros, Martha López & Peydró, José-Luis & Soto, Paul E., 2022, "Capital controls, domestic macroprudential policy and the bank lending channel of monetary policy," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, volume 139, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jinteco.2022.103677.
• Li, Xiang & Su, Dan, 2022, "Surges and instability: The maturity shortening channel," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, volume 139, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jinteco.2022.103679.
• Johri, Alok & Khan, Shahed & Sosa-Padilla, César, 2022, "Interest rate uncertainty and sovereign default risk," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, volume 139, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jinteco.2022.103681.
• Afonso, António & Blanco-Arana, M. Carmen, 2022, "Financial and economic development in the context of the global 2008-09 financial crisis," International Economics, Elsevier, volume 169, issue C, pages 30-42, DOI: 10.1016/j.inteco.2021.11.006.
• Paczos, Wojtek & Shakhnov, Kirill, 2022, "Defaulting on Covid debt," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, volume 77, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.intfin.2022.101516.
• Clancy, Daragh & Gabriele, Carmine & Žigraiová, Diana, 2022, "Sovereign bond market spillovers from crisis-time developments in Greece," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, volume 78, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.intfin.2022.101558.
• McGuire, Patrick, 2022, "FX swaps and forwards in global dollar debt: “Known knowns” and “known unknowns”," Japan and the World Economy, Elsevier, volume 64, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.japwor.2022.101160.
• Morales, Paola & Osorio, Daniel & Lemus, Juan S. & Sarmiento, Miguel, 2022, "The internationalization of domestic banks and the credit channel of monetary policy," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, volume 135, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jbankfin.2021.106317.
• Delis, Manthos D. & Politsidis, Panagiotis N. & Sarno, Lucio, 2022, "The cost of foreign-currency lending," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, volume 136, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jbankfin.2021.106398.
• Minenna, Marcello, 2022, "Target 2 determinants: The role of Balance of Payments imbalances in the long run," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, volume 140, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jbankfin.2021.106059.
• Ferry, Marin & de Talancé, Marine & Niño-Zarazúa, Miguel, 2022, "Less debt, more schooling? Evidence from cross-country micro data," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, volume 50, issue 1, pages 153-173, DOI: 10.1016/j.jce.2021.07.002.
• Augustin, Patrick & Sokolovski, Valeri & Subrahmanyam, Marti G. & Tomio, Davide, 2022, "In sickness and in debt: The COVID-19 impact on sovereign credit risk," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, volume 143, issue 3, pages 1251-1274, DOI: 10.1016/j.jfineco.2021.05.009.
• Eren, Egemen & Malamud, Semyon, 2022, "Dominant currency debt," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, volume 144, issue 2, pages 571-589, DOI: 10.1016/j.jfineco.2021.06.023.
• Calomiris, Charles W. & Tsoulouhas, Theofanis, 2022, "Bailing out conflicted sovereigns," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, volume 51, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jfi.2022.100979.
• Murphy, Daniel & Walsh, Kieran James, 2022, "Government spending and interest rates," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, volume 123, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jimonfin.2022.102598.
• David, Antonio C. & Guajardo, Jaime & Yepez, Juan F., 2022, "The rewards of fiscal consolidations: Sovereign spreads and confidence effects," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, volume 123, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jimonfin.2022.102602.
• Pedrono, Justine, 2022, "The currency channel of the global bank leverage cycle," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, volume 126, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jimonfin.2022.102652.
• Moreno Badia, Marialuz & Medas, Paulo & Gupta, Pranav & Xiang, Yuan, 2022, "Debt is not free," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, volume 127, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jimonfin.2022.102654.
• Bahadir, Berrak & Gumus, Inci, 2022, "House prices, collateral effects and sectoral output dynamics in emerging market economies," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, volume 129, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jimonfin.2022.102724.
• Alimov, Behzod, 2022, "The dynamic effects of debt and equity inflows: Evidence from emerging and developing countries," The Journal of Economic Asymmetries, Elsevier, volume 26, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jeca.2022.e00259.
• Augustin, Patrick & Sokolovski, Valeri & Subrahmanyam, Marti G. & Tomio, Davide, 2022, "How sovereign is sovereign credit risk? Global prices, local quantities," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, volume 131, issue C, pages 92-111, DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoneco.2022.07.005.
• Han, Bo, 2022, "Currency denomination and borrowing cost: Evidence from global bonds," Journal of Multinational Financial Management, Elsevier, volume 66, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.mulfin.2022.100761.
• Avellán, Leopoldo & Galindo, Arturo J. & Lotti, Giulia, 2022, "Following public finances: The mirage of MDBs countercyclicality," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, volume 84, issue C, pages 372-385, DOI: 10.1016/j.qref.2020.08.001.
• Choi, Moon Jung & Hwang, Sangyeon & Im, Hyejoon, 2022, "Cross-border trade credit and trade flows during the global financial crisis," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, volume 82, issue C, pages 497-510, DOI: 10.1016/j.iref.2022.07.012.
• Neaime, Simon & Gaysset, Isabelle, 2022, "Macroeconomic and monetary policy responses in selected highly indebted MENA countries post Covid 19: A structural VAR approach," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, volume 61, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.ribaf.2022.101674.
• Wüste, Sebastian, 2022, "The logics of sovereign credit ratings in developed and developing countries," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, volume 62, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.ribaf.2022.101717.
• Ni, Yinan & Barth, James R. & Sun, Yanfei, 2022, "On the dynamic capital structure of nations: Theory and empirics," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, volume 62, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.ribaf.2022.101725.
• Issa, Samar & Gevorkyan, Aleksandr V., 2022, "Optimal corporate leverage and speculative cycles: an empirical estimation," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, volume 62, issue C, pages 478-491, DOI: 10.1016/j.strueco.2022.06.002.
• Volz, Ulrich, 2022, "On the potential of sovereign state-contingent debt in contributing to better public debt management and enhancing sustainability outcomes," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library, number 122922, Dec.
• Luiz Carlos Bresser-Pereira, 2022, "Quase estagnação no Brasil e o novo desenvolvimentismo," Brazilian Journal of Political Economy, FGV EAESP, volume 42, issue 2, pages 503-531, May, DOI: 10.1590/0101-31572022-3328.
• Barbara Fritz & Luiz Fernando de Paula & Daniela Prates, 2022, "Currency hierarchy and financial globalization in emerging economies: how far does Riese’s critique of growth by external debt still hold?," European Journal of Economics and Economic Policies: Intervention, Edward Elgar Publishing, volume 19, issue 2, pages 260-277, September.
• Reza Tahmoorespour & Mohamed Ariff & Yaasmin Farzana Abdul Karim & Kian Tek Lee & Sharon Dharsini Anthony, 2022, "A multi-country study of factors and threshold values affecting sovereign debt-taking behavior," International Journal of Managerial Finance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, volume 19, issue 3, pages 645-669, July, DOI: 10.1108/IJMF-06-2021-0291.
• Yane Chandera, 2022, "Risk mitigation effect of foreign debt: evidence from loan pricing," International Journal of Managerial Finance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, volume 19, issue 5, pages 977-1001, October, DOI: 10.1108/IJMF-06-2022-0274.
• Valeryia Yersh, 2022, "Capital mobility in Latin American and Caribbean countries: alternative view on the “Feldstein-Horioka” coefficient," International Journal of Emerging Markets, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, volume 19, issue 4, pages 989-1006, August, DOI: 10.1108/IJOEM-04-2021-0533.
• Peipei Liu & Wei-Qiang Huang, 2022, "Assessing the role of international transmission channels of sovereign risk: a multidimensional spatial econometrics approach," International Journal of Emerging Markets, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, volume 18, issue 12, pages 6143-6164, May, DOI: 10.1108/IJOEM-11-2021-1764.
• Thai-Ha Le & Long Hai Vo & Farhad Taghizadeh-Hesary, 2022, "A study on the nonlinear dynamics of ASEAN financial integration," Journal of Asian Business and Economic Studies, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, volume 31, issue 1, pages 2-14, November, DOI: 10.1108/JABES-03-2022-0040.
• Tony Cavoli & David Christian & Rashesh Shrestha, 2022, "Understanding SME Trade Finance in ASEAN: An Overview," Working Papers, Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA), number DP-2021-55, Feb.
• Joshua Aizenman & Yothin Jinjarak & Mark M. Spiegel, 2023, "Fiscal Capacity and Commercial Bank Lending Under COVID-19," Working Paper Series, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, number 2022-04, Mar, DOI: 10.24148/wp2022-04.
• Nicholas K. Tabor & Jeffery Y. Zhang, 2022, "Pre-Positioning and Cross-Border Financial Intermediation," Finance and Economics Discussion Series, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.), number 2022-051, Aug, DOI: 10.17016/FEDS.2022.051.
• Aitor Erce & Enrico Mallucci & Mattia Picarelli, 2022, "A Journey in the History of Sovereign Defaults on Domestic-Law Public Debt," International Finance Discussion Papers, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.), number 1338, Mar, DOI: 10.17016/IFDP.2022.1338.
• Pierre-Olivier Gourinchas & Philippe Martin & Todd Messer, 2022, "The Economics of Sovereign Debt, Bailouts and the Eurozone Crisis," International Finance Discussion Papers, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.), number 1351, Aug, DOI: 10.17016/IFDP.2022.1351.
• Emilio Espino & Julian Kozlowski & Fernando M. Martin & Juan M. Sanchez, 2022, "Policy Rules and Large Crises in Emerging Markets," Working Papers, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, number 2022-018, Aug, revised 12 Jun 2025, DOI: 10.20955/wp.2022.018.
• Praew Grittayaphong & Paulina Restrepo-Echavarria, 2022, "COVID-19: fiscal implications and financial stability in developing countries," Working Papers, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, number 2022-028, Sep, DOI: 10.20955/wp.2022.028.
• Fernando M. Martin & Juan M. Sanchez & Olivia Wilkinson, 2022, "The Economic Impact of COVID-19 around the World," Working Papers, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, number 2022-030, Sep, DOI: 10.20955/wp.2022.030.
• Mark Choi & Linda S. Goldberg & Robert Lerman & Francesco Ravazzolo, 2022, "The Fed’s Central Bank Swap Lines and FIMA Repo Facility," Economic Policy Review, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, volume 28, issue 1, July.
• Maximiliano Dvorkin & Juan M. Sanchez & Horacio Sapriza & Emircan Yurdagul, 2022, "Improving Sovereign Debt Restructurings," Working Paper, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, number 22-06, Apr, DOI: 10.21144/wp22-06.
• Ugo Panizza, 2022, "Do Countries Default in Bad Times? The Role of Alternative Detrending Techniques," IHEID Working Papers, Economics Section, The Graduate Institute of International Studies, number 06-2022, Apr.
• Ugo Panizza, 2022, "Long-Term Debt Sustainability in Emerging Market Economies: A Counterfactual Analysis," IHEID Working Papers, Economics Section, The Graduate Institute of International Studies, number 07-2022, Apr.
• Anna Gelpern & Ugo Panizza, 2022, "Enough Potential Repudiation: Economic and Legal Aspects of Sovereign Debt in the Pandemic Era," IHEID Working Papers, Economics Section, The Graduate Institute of International Studies, number 09-2022, Apr.
• Patrick Bolton & Mitu Gulati & Ugo Panizza, 2022, "Sovereign Debt Puzzles," IHEID Working Papers, Economics Section, The Graduate Institute of International Studies, number 27-2022, Dec.
• Barry Eichengreen & Ricardo Hausmann & Ugo Panizza, 2022, "Yet it Endures The Persistence of Original Sin," IHEID Working Papers, Economics Section, The Graduate Institute of International Studies, number 28-2022, Dec.
• Barry Eichengreen & Ricardo Hausmann & Ugo Panizza, 2022, "Yet it Endures: The Persistence of Original Sin," Growth Lab Working Papers, Harvard's Growth Lab, number 200, Nov.
• Manthos Delis & Panagiotis N. Politsidis & Lucio Sarno, 2022, "The cost of foreign-currency lending," Post-Print, HAL, number hal-03534083, Mar, DOI: 10.1016/j.jbankfin.2021.106398.
• Aurore Burietz & Steven Ongena & Matthieu Picault, 2023, "Taxing Banks Leverage and Syndicated Lending: A Cross-Country Comparison," Post-Print, HAL, number hal-03810450, Mar, DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4039734.
• Marin Ferry & Marine de Talancé & Miguel Niño-Zarazúa, 2022, "Less debt, more schooling? Evidence from cross-country micro data," Post-Print, HAL, number hal-04258128, Mar, DOI: 10.1016/j.jce.2021.07.002.
• Anna Tykhonenko & Donnat Grégory, 2022, "Debt Relief: The Day After, Financing Low-Income Countries," Post-Print, HAL, number hal-04298772, Jun.
• Léonore Raguideau-Hannotin, 2022, "The case of financial and banking integration of Central, Eastern and South Eastern European countries: A gravity model approach," Working Papers, HAL, number hal-03667991, Apr.
• Harrison, Michael & Nakajima, Jouchi & Shabani, Mimoza, 2022, "An evolution of global and regional banking networks: A focus on Japanese banks’ international expansion," Discussion paper series, Hitotsubashi Institute for Advanced Study, Hitotsubashi University, number HIAS-E-120, Apr.
• Avellán, Leopoldo & Galindo, Arturo & Lotti, Giulia & Rodríguez Bonilla, Juan Pablo, 2022, "Bridging the Gap: Mobilization of Multilateral Development Banks in Infrastructure," IDB Publications (Working Papers), Inter-American Development Bank, number 11982, Feb, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004006.
• Valencia, Oscar & Gomez-Gonzalez, Jose E. & Sánchez, Gustavo, 2022, "Debt Affordability in Developed and Emerging Market Economies: The Role of Fiscal Rules," IDB Publications (Working Papers), Inter-American Development Bank, number 12235, May, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004267.
• Heresi, Rodrigo & Powell, Andrew, 2022, "Corporate Debt and Investment in the Post-Covid World," IDB Publications (Working Papers), Inter-American Development Bank, number 12422, Sep, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004464.
• Cavallo, Eduardo A. & Fernández-Arias, Eduardo, 2022, "The Risk of External Financial Crisis," IDB Publications (Working Papers), Inter-American Development Bank, number 12539, Nov, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004579.
• Galindo, Arturo & Avellán, Leopoldo & Gómez, Tomás & Lotti, Giulia, 2022, "The Cyclicality of Official Bilateral Lending: Which Cycle do Flows Follow?," IDB Publications (Working Papers), Inter-American Development Bank, number 12643, Dec, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004637.

2021

• Chuku Chuku & Mustafa Yasin Yenice, 2021, "Working Paper 356 - Eurobonds, debt sustainability and macroeconomic performance in Africa: Synthetic controlled experiments," Working Paper Series, African Development Bank, number 2482, Oct.
• Maximiliano Dvorkin & Juan M. Sánchez & Horacio Sapriza & Emircan Yurdagul, 2021, "Sovereign Debt Restructurings," American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, American Economic Association, volume 13, issue 2, pages 26-77, April, DOI: 10.1257/mac.20190220.
• Ilan Goldfajn & Lorenza Martínez & Rodrigo O. Valdés, 2021, "Washington Consensus in Latin America: From Raw Model to Straw Man," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, volume 35, issue 3, pages 109-132, Summer, DOI: 10.1257/jep.35.3.109.
• Belinda Archibong & Brahima Coulibaly & Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, 2021, "Washington Consensus Reforms and Lessons for Economic Performance in Sub-Saharan Africa," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, volume 35, issue 3, pages 133-156, Summer, DOI: 10.1257/jep.35.3.133.
• Michael Spence, 2021, "Some Thoughts on the Washington Consensus and Subsequent Global Development Experience," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, volume 35, issue 3, pages 67-82, Summer, DOI: 10.1257/jep.35.3.67.
• Sinan Aytekin & Nida Abdioglu, 2021, "Do CDS Spreads and Inflation Move Together? The Experience of the Fragile Five Countries and the BRICS-T," Scientific Annals of Economics and Business (continues Analele Stiintifice), Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, volume 68, issue 2, pages 163-175, June, DOI: 10.47743/saeb-2021-0009.
• Cordelia Omodero, 2021, "Tax revenue collection or foreign borrowing: what fiscal tools enhance the educational development in Nigeria?," Journal of Tax Reform, Graduate School of Economics and Management, Ural Federal University, volume 7, issue 3, pages 231-243, DOI: https://doi.org/10.15826/jtr.2021.7.
• Isaac Kwesi Ampah & Gábor Dávid Kiss, 2021, "Welfare implications of external debt and capital flight in Sub-Saharan Africa (Evidence using panel data modelling)," Acta Oeconomica, Akadémiai Kiadó, Hungary, volume 71, issue 2, pages 347-367, June, DOI: 10.1556/032.2021.00017.
• Eszter Boros & Gábor Sztanó, 2021, "The evolution of European bailout arrangements and its impact on sovereign bond yields in the aftermath of the euro crisis," Society and Economy, Akadémiai Kiadó, Hungary, volume 43, issue 1, pages 1-20, March, DOI: 10.1556/204.2020.00024.
• Nirvana Mitra, 2021, "Political Constraints and Sovereign Default Premia," Working Papers, Shiv Nadar University, Department of Economics, number 2021-01, Jan.
• Matthew O. Jackson & Agathe Pernoud, 2021, "Systemic Risk in Financial Networks: A Survey," Annual Review of Economics, Annual Reviews, volume 13, issue 1, pages 171-202, August, DOI: 10.1146/annurev-economics-083120-11.
• Francisco Roch & Francisco Roldán, 2021, "Uncertainty Premia, Sovereign Default Risk, and State-Contingent Debt," Working Papers, Red Nacional de Investigadores en Economía (RedNIE), number 47, Mar.
• Sewon Hur & César Sosa-Padilla & Zeynep Yom, 2021, "Optimal bailouts in banking and sovereign crises," Working Papers, Red Nacional de Investigadores en Economía (RedNIE), number 51, Apr.
• Francisco Roldán, 2021, "The aggregate-demand doom loop: Precautionary motives and the welfare costs of sovereign risk," Working Papers, Red Nacional de Investigadores en Economía (RedNIE), number 58, Apr.
• Juan Carlos Hatchondo & Leonardo Martínez & César Sosa-Padilla, 2021, "Sovereign debt standstills," Working Papers, Red Nacional de Investigadores en Economía (RedNIE), number 66, Apr.
• César Sosa-Padilla & Federico Sturzenegger, 2021, "Does It Matter How Central Banks Accumulate Reserves? Evidence from Sovereign Spreads," Working Papers, Red Nacional de Investigadores en Economía (RedNIE), number 79, Jul.
• Florencia S. Airaudo & Hernán D. Seoane, 2021, "The Trend-cycle Connection," Working Papers, Red Nacional de Investigadores en Economía (RedNIE), number 97, Dec.
• Piergiorgio Alessandri & Haroon Mumtaz, 2021, "The macroeconomic cost of climate volatility," Papers, arXiv.org, number 2108.01617, Jul, revised Feb 2022.
• Nirupama Kulkarni & S.K. Ritadhi & Sayan Mukherjee, 2021, "Unearthing Zombies," Working Papers, Ashoka University, Department of Economics, number 59, May.
• Bouchet, Michel-Henry, 2021, "Financial institutions and developing countries’ debt cancellations: How to get rid of moral hazard?," Journal of Risk Management in Financial Institutions, Henry Stewart Publications, volume 14, issue 2, pages 131-147, March.
• Jin Cao & Valeriya Dinger & Tomás Gómez & Zuzana Gric & Martin Hodula & Alejandro Jara & Ragnar Juelsrud & Karolis Liaudinskas & Simona Malovaná & Yaz Terajima, 2021, "Monetary Policy Spillover to Small Open Economies: Is the Transmission Different under Low Interest Rates?," Staff Working Papers, Bank of Canada, number 21-62, Nov, DOI: 10.34989/swp-2021-62.
• David Beers & Elliot Jones & Zacharie Quiviger & John Walsh, 2021, "BoC–BoE Sovereign Default Database: What’s new in 2021?," Staff Analytical Notes, Bank of Canada, number 2021-15, Jul, DOI: 10.34989/san-2021-15.
• Juan Carlos Berganza & Paula Sánchez Pastor & Begoña Lara, 2021, "Situación macrofinanciera de Turquía," Boletín Económico, Banco de España, issue 1/2021.
• Laura Álvarez & Pana Alves & Esther López & César Martín, 2021, "La Balanza de pagos y la posición de inversión internacional de España en 2020," Boletín Económico, Banco de España, issue 2/2021.
• José Ramón Martínez Resano & Sonsoles Gallego, 2021, "Las iniciativas de alivio de la deuda para los países de bajos ingresos impulsadas por el G-20 durante la pandemia," Boletín Económico, Banco de España, issue 3/2021.
• Isabel Garrido & Xavier Serra & Sonsoles Gallego, 2021, "Los recursos del FMI frente a la crisis del COVID-19," Boletín Económico, Banco de España, issue 3/2021.
• Paula Sánchez Pastor, 2021, "Situación macrofinanciera de Turquía," Boletín Económico, Banco de España, issue 4/2021.
• Juan Carlos Berganza & Paula Sánchez Pastor & Begoña Lara, 2021, "Turkey: Macro-Financial situation," Economic Bulletin, Banco de España, issue 1/2021.
• Paula Sánchez Pastor, 2021, "Turkey: macro-Financial situation," Economic Bulletin, Banco de España, issue 4/2021.
• Laura Álvarez & Pana Alves & Esther López & César Martín, 2021, "The balance of payments and international investment position of Spain in 2020," Economic Bulletin, Banco de España, issue 2/2021.
• José Ramón Martínez Resano & Sonsoles Gallego, 2021, "G20 debt-relief initiatives for low-income countries during the pandemic," Economic Bulletin, Banco de España, issue 3/2021.
• Isabel Garrido & Xavier Serra & Sonsoles Gallego, 2021, "The IMF´s resources in the face of COVID-19 crisis," Economic Bulletin, Banco de España, issue 3/2021.
• Irma Alonso & Luis Molina, 2021, "A GPS navigator to monitor risks in emerging economies: the vulnerability dashboard," Occasional Papers, Banco de España, number 2111, Apr.
• Luis Guirola, 2021, "Does political polarization affect economic expectations?: Evidence from three decades of cabinet shifts in Europe," Working Papers, Banco de España, number 2133, Sep.
• Ryan Banerjee & José-María Serena, 2021, "Dampening the financial accelerator? direct lenders and monetary policy," Working Papers, Banco de España, number 2201, Dec.
• Riccardo Settimo & Raffaele De Marchi, 2021, "Will multilateral development banks weather the Covid-19 crisis?," Questioni di Economia e Finanza (Occasional Papers), Bank of Italy, Economic Research and International Relations Area, number 598, Feb.
• Claudia Maurini & Alessandro Schiavone, 2021, "The catalytic role of IMF programs," Temi di discussione (Economic working papers), Bank of Italy, Economic Research and International Relations Area, number 1331, Apr.
• Andrea Fabiani & Martha López & José-Luis Peydró & Paul E. Soto, 2021, "Capital Controls, Domestic Macroprudential Policy and the Bank Lending Channel of Monetary Policy," Borradores de Economia, Banco de la Republica de Colombia, number 1162, Jun, DOI: https://doi.org/10.32468/be.1162.
• Paola Morales & Daniel Osorio-Rodríguez & Juan S. Lemus-Esquivel & Miguel Sarmiento, 2021, "The internationalization of domestic banks and the credit channel of monetary policy," Borradores de Economia, Banco de la Republica de Colombia, number 1181, Nov, DOI: 10.32468/be.1181.
• Yasin Kürşat Önder & Maria Alejandra Ruiz-Sanchez & Sara Restrepo-Tamayo & Mauricio Villamizar-Villegas, 2021, "Government Borrowing and Crowding Out," Borradores de Economia, Banco de la Republica de Colombia, number 1182, Dec, DOI: 10.32468/be.1182.
• Baptiste Meunier & Justine Pedrono, 2021, "A Prudential trade-off? Leakages and Interactions with Monetary Policy," Working papers, Banque de France, number 805.
• Marie-Pierre Hory & Grégory Levieuge & Daria Onori, 2021, "Public spending, currency mismatch and financial frictions," Working papers, Banque de France, number 813.
• Robert N McCauley & Patrick McGuire & Philip Wooldridge, 2021, "Seven decades of international banking," BIS Quarterly Review, Bank for International Settlements, September.
• Patrick McGuire & Ilhyock Shim & Hyun Song Shin & Vladyslav Sushko, 2021, "Outward portfolio investment and dollar funding in emerging Asia," BIS Quarterly Review, Bank for International Settlements, December.
• Enrique Alberola-Ila & Carlos Cantú & Paolo Cavallino & Nikola Mirkov, 2021, "Fiscal regimes and the exchange rate," BIS Working Papers, Bank for International Settlements, number 950, Jun.
• Ryan Niladri Banerjee & José María Serena Garralda, 2021, "Dampening the financial accelerator? Direct lenders and monetary policy," BIS Working Papers, Bank for International Settlements, number 979, Nov.
• Evgenia Grigoryeva, 2021, "Determinants of Russia's Sovereign Risk," Russian Journal of Money and Finance, Bank of Russia, volume 80, issue 4, pages 74-97, December, DOI: 10.31477/rjmf.202104.74.
• Gilles Saint‐Paul & Davide Ticchi & Andrea Vindigni, 2021, "Engineering crises: Favoritism and strategic fiscal indiscipline," Economics and Politics, Wiley Blackwell, volume 33, issue 3, pages 583-610, November, DOI: 10.1111/ecpo.12175.
• Matthieu Bussière & Robert Hills & Simon Lloyd & Baptiste Meunier & Justine Pedrono & Dennis Reinhardt & Rhiannon Sowerbutts, 2021, "Le Pont de Londres: Interactions between monetary and prudential policies in cross‐border lending," Review of International Economics, Wiley Blackwell, volume 29, issue 1, pages 61-86, February, DOI: 10.1111/roie.12501.
• Jin Cao & Valeriya Dinger & Anna Grodecka‐Messi & Ragnar Juelsrud & Xin Zhang, 2021, "The interaction between macroprudential and monetary policies: The cases of Norway and Sweden," Review of International Economics, Wiley Blackwell, volume 29, issue 1, pages 87-116, February, DOI: 10.1111/roie.12507.
• Jin Cao & Valeriya Dinger & Tomás Gómez & Zuzana Gric & Martin Hondula & Alejandro Jara & Ragnar Juelsrud & Karolis Liaudinskas & Simona Malovaná & Yaz Terajima, 2021, "Monetary Policy Spillover to Small Open Economies: Is the Transmission Different under Low Interest Rate," Working Paper, Norges Bank, number 2021/12, Nov.
• George Hondroyiannis & Dimitrios Papaoikonomou, 2021, "The effect of Eurosystem asset purchase programmes on euro area sovereign bond yields during the COVID-19 pandemic," Working Papers, Bank of Greece, number 291, Jul.
• Yoshihiko Norimasa & Kazuki Ueda & Tomohiro Watanabe, 2021, "Emerging Economies' Vulnerability to Changes in Capital Flows: The Role of Global and Local Factors," Bank of Japan Working Paper Series, Bank of Japan, number 21-E-5, May.
• Francesca Caselli & Matilde Faralli & Paolo Manasse & Ugo Panizza, 2021, "On the Benefits of Repaying," Working Papers, Dipartimento Scienze Economiche, Universita' di Bologna, number wp1163, Sep.
• Alina Georgeta AILINCA, 2021, "Conceiving A Composite Evaluation For Official Development Assistance In Supporting Sustainable Development Goals And Economic Growth," Contemporary Economy Journal, Constantin Brancoveanu University, volume 6, issue 3, pages 66-74.
• Camille Fabre & Clément Marsilli, 2021, "Dette des pays émergents et en développement : panorama des années 1970 à la crise actuelle," Revue d'économie financière, Association d'économie financière, volume 0, issue 1, pages 23-44.
• Facundo Abraham & Juan J. Cortina & Sergio L. Schmukler, 2021, "L'essor des marchés des obligations d'entreprise en Asie de l'Est et en Amérique latine," Revue d'économie financière, Association d'économie financière, volume 0, issue 1, pages 45-70.
• Joan Elbaz & Sergei Strigo, 2021, "Investir dans la dette des marchés émergents," Revue d'économie financière, Association d'économie financière, volume 0, issue 1, pages 71-88.
• Ysaline Padieu & Alisée Pornet, 2021, "La Chine, créancier émergent : mythes et réalités," Revue d'économie financière, Association d'économie financière, volume 0, issue 1, pages 103-116.
• Carl Magnus Magnusson, 2021, "Dette, développement et dépendance – Prévenir les risques liés à la dette souveraine dans les économies émergentes," Revue d'économie financière, Association d'économie financière, volume 0, issue 1, pages 119-137.
• Gong Cheng, 2021, "L'évolution des émissions de dette en devise et les nouveaux défis révélés par la pandémie de Covid-19," Revue d'économie financière, Association d'économie financière, volume 0, issue 1, pages 139-158.
• Gregory Smith, 2021, "Accès des pays africains aux marchés obligataires internationaux : avantages, risques et solutions," Revue d'économie financière, Association d'économie financière, volume 0, issue 1, pages 159-177.
• Juan Carluccio & Rafael Cezar, 2021, "La crise de la dette argentine et ses racines," Revue d'économie financière, Association d'économie financière, volume 0, issue 1, pages 209-224.
• Marin Ferry, 2021, "Quel bilan tirer des initiatives d'annulation de la dette des pays pauvres très endettés ?," Revue d'économie financière, Association d'économie financière, volume 0, issue 1, pages 225-240.
• Pierre Cailleteau & Thomas Lambert, 2021, "La restructuration des dettes souveraines : savoir naviguer en des eaux agitées," Revue d'économie financière, Association d'économie financière, volume 0, issue 1, pages 241-254.
• Schwan Badirou Gafari & Arthur Bauer, 2021, "L'action du Club de Paris et du G20 en matière de traitement de dette à l'heure de la Covid-19," Revue d'économie financière, Association d'économie financière, volume 0, issue 1, pages 255-270.
• Vincent Touzé, 2021, "« L’Allemagne paiera » (1918-1932). Chronologie d’un échec et essai d’analyse cliométrique contrefactuelle de l’impact générationnel des réparations allemandes," Revue de l'OFCE, Presses de Sciences-Po, volume 0, issue 1, pages 279-310.
• Zhengyang Jiang & Hanno Lustig & Stijn Van Nieuwerburgh & Mindy Z. Xiaolan, 2021, "Manufacturing Risk-Free Government Debt," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 8902.
• Marc Auboin, 2021, "Trade Finance, Gaps and the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Review of Events and Policy Responses to Date," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 8918.
• Kris James Mitchener & Christoph Trebesch, 2021, "Sovereign Debt in the 21st Century," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 8959.
• António Afonso & Florence Huart & João Tovar Jalles & Piotr Stanek, 2021, "International Transmission of Interest Rates: The Role of International Reserves and Sovereign Debt," EconPol Working Paper, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, number 54.
• Pompeo Della Posta & Roberto Tamborini, 2021, "The Existential Trilemma of EMU in a Model of Fiscal Target Zone," EconPol Working Paper, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, number 66.
• Gatien Bon & Gong Cheng, 2021, "Understanding China's role in recent debt relief operations: A case study analysis," International Economics, CEPII research center, issue 166, pages 23-41.
• Yacouba Kassouri & Halil Altintas & Erdal Alancioglu & Kacou Yves Thierry Kacou, 2021, "New insights on the debt-growth nexus: A combination of the interactive fixed effects and panel threshold approach," International Economics, CEPII research center, issue 168, pages 40-55.
• Jin Cao & Valeriya Dinger & Tomas Gomez & Zuzana Gric & Martin Hodula & Alejandro Jara & Ragnar Juelsrud & Karolis Liaudinskas & Simona Malovana & Yaz Terajima, 2021, "Monetary Policy Spillover to Small Open Economies: Is the Transmission Different under Low Interest Rates?," Working Papers, Czech National Bank, Research and Statistics Department, number 2021/6, Nov.
• Juan Camilo C√°rdenas & Fernando Jaramillo & Diana LeÔøΩn & MarÔøΩa del Pilar LÔøΩpez Uribe & Mauricio Rodriguez & Hernando Zuleta, 2021, "With a little help from my friends: Debt renegotiation and climate change," Documentos CEDE, Universidad de los Andes, Facultad de Economía, CEDE, number 19715, Oct.
• J. C. Cardenas & F Jaramillo & D LeÔøΩn & M. LÔøΩpez & M RodrÔøΩguez & H Zuleta, 2021, "With a little help from my friends: Debt Renegotiation and Climate Change," Documentos de Trabajo, Universidad del Rosario, number 19732, Nov.
• Presbitero, Andrea & Mihalyi, David, 2021, "Borrowing Costs after Sovereign Debt Relief," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 15832, Feb.
• Mitchener, Kris & Trebesch, Christoph, 2021, "Sovereign Debt in the 21st Century: Looking Backward, Looking Forward," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 15935, Mar.
• Presbitero, Andrea & Eberhardt, Markus, 2021, "Commodity Prices and Banking Crises," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 15959, Mar.
• Ongena, Steven & Mamonov, Mikhail & Pestova, Anna, 2021, ""Crime and Punishment?" How Russian Banks Anticipated and Dealt with Global Financial Sanctions," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 16075, Apr.
• Esteves, Rui & Lennard, Jason & Kenny, Seán, 2021, "The Aftermath of Sovereign Debt Crises: A Narrative Approach," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 16166, May.
• Bruno, Valentina & Shin, Hyun Song, 2021, "Dollar and Exports," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 16311, Jun.
• Trebesch, Christoph & Gelpern, Anna & Horn, Sebastian & Morris, Scott & Parks, Bradley, 2021, "How China Lends: A Rare Look into 100 Debt Contracts with Foreign Governments," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 16331, Jul.
• Accominotti, Olivier & Albers, Thilo & Oosterlinck, Kim, 2021, "Selective Default Expectations," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 16474, Aug.
• Peydró, José-Luis & fabiani, andrea & Lopéz Piñeros, Martha & Soto, Paul, 2021, "Capital Controls, Domestic Macroprudential Policy and the Bank Lending Channel of Monetary Policy," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 16510, Sep.
• Kose, M. Ayhan & Ohnsorge, Franziska & Reinhart, Carmen & Rogoff, Kenneth, 2021, "The Aftermath of Debt Surges," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 16537, Sep.
• Panizza, Ugo & Caselli, Francesca & Faralli, Matilde & Manasse, Paolo, 2021, "On the Benefits of Repaying," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 16539, Sep.
• Postel-Vinay, Natacha & Collet, Stéphanie, 2021, "Hot Money Inflows and Bank Risk-Taking: Germany from the 1920s to the Great Depression," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 16606, Oct.
• Zakrajsek, Egon & Gilchrist, Simon & Wei, Bin & Yue, Vivian, 2021, "Sovereign Risk and Financial Risk," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 16750, Nov.
• Wolf, Martin & Zessner-Spitzenberg, Leopold, 2021, "Fear of Hiking? Monetary Policy and Sovereign Risk," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 16837, Dec.
• Silvia Marchesi & Tania Masi & Pietro Bomprezzi, 2021, "Is to Forgive to Forget? Sovereign Risk in the Aftermath of a Default," Development Working Papers, Centro Studi Luca d'Agliano, University of Milano, number 475, Jul.
• Committeri, Marco & Alves, Inês & Arthur, Julien & De Marchi, Raffaele & Essers, Dennis & Keeney, Mary & Kosterink, Patrick & Lieber, Alexander & Martinez-Resano, José Ramon & Osińska, Joanna & Spadaf, 2021, "The IMF’s role in sovereign debt restructurings," Occasional Paper Series, European Central Bank, number 262, Sep.
• Eguren-Martin, Fernando & O’Neill, Cian & Sokol, Andrej & Berge, Lukas von dem, 2021, "Capital flows-at-risk: push, pull and the role of policy," Working Paper Series, European Central Bank, number 2538, Apr.
• Mubariz Mammadli & Elkhan Richard Sadik-Zada & Andrea Gatto & Rana Huseynova, 2021, "What Drives Public Debt Growth? A Focus on Natural Resources, Sustainability and Development," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, volume 11, issue 5, pages 614-621.
• Abubakar Mohammed Atiku & Suraya Ismail & Ali Umar Ahmad, 2021, "Energy Trade Amidst Sustainable Economic Growth in Regional Cooperation of West African States: Fresh Evidence from Panel CS-ARDL," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, volume 11, issue 6, pages 262-269.
• Prein, Timm M. & Scholl, Almuth, 2021, "The impact of bailouts on political turnover and sovereign default risk," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, volume 124, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jedc.2020.104065.
• Daehler, Timo B. & Aizenman, Joshua & Jinjarak, Yothin, 2021, "Emerging markets sovereign CDS spreads during COVID-19: Economics versus epidemiology news," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, volume 100, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.econmod.2021.105504.
• Wang, Ruohan & Xue, Yi & Zheng, Wenping, 2021, "Does high external debt predict lower economic growth? Role of sovereign spreads and institutional quality," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, volume 103, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.econmod.2021.105591.
• Garg, Bhavesh & Prabheesh, K.P., 2021, "Testing the intertemporal sustainability of current account in the presence of endogenous structural breaks: Evidence from the top deficit countries," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, volume 97, issue C, pages 365-379, DOI: 10.1016/j.econmod.2020.04.007.
• Martins, Luis F., 2021, "The US debt–growth nexus along the business cycle," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, volume 58, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.najef.2021.101462.
• Doan, Ngoc Thang & Le, Thanh Ha & To, Trung Thanh & Truong, Thi Nam Thang & Nguyen, Thi Thanh Huyen, 2021, "Cultural distance and cross-border bank linkages," Economic Systems, Elsevier, volume 45, issue 1, DOI: 10.1016/j.ecosys.2021.100854.
• Bongiovanni, Alessio & Reghezza, Alessio & Santamaria, Riccardo & Williams, Jonathan, 2021, "Do negative interest rates affect bank risk-taking?," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, volume 63, issue C, pages 350-364, DOI: 10.1016/j.jempfin.2021.07.008.
• Hasan, Iftekhar & Hassan, Gazi & Kim, Suk-Joong & Wu, Eliza, 2021, "The real impact of ratings-based capital rules on the finance-growth nexus," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, volume 73, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.irfa.2020.101628.
• Almaghrabi, Khadija S., 2021, "Borrowing during periods of policy uncertainty: The role of foreign lenders," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, volume 77, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.irfa.2021.101860.
• Sène, Babacar & Mbengue, Mohamed Lamine & Allaya, Mouhamad M., 2021, "Overshooting of sovereign emerging eurobond yields in the context of COVID-19," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, volume 38, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.frl.2020.101746.
• Yun, Youngjin, 2021, "International spillover of central bank swap lines - Evidence from the COVID-19 experience of Korea," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, volume 43, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.frl.2021.102003.
• Franch, Fabio & Nocciola, Luca & Żochowski, Dawid, 2021, "Cross-border effects of prudential regulation: Evidence from the euro area," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, volume 53, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jfs.2020.100820.
• Li, He & Refalo, James & Maisondieu-Laforge, Olivier, 2021, "National corruption and international banking," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, volume 47, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.gfj.2020.100521.
• Rai, Anoop & Seth, Rama & Mohanty, Sunil K., 2021, "Foreign bank lending in the U.S. during three U.S. recessions," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, volume 48, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.gfj.2020.100536.
• Choy, Swee Yew & Chit, Myint Moe & Teo, Wing Leong, 2021, "Sovereign credit ratings: Discovering unorthodox factors and variables," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, volume 48, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.gfj.2020.100548.
• Bassanin, Marzio & Faia, Ester & Patella, Valeria, 2021, "Ambiguity attitudes and the leverage cycle," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, volume 129, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jinteco.2021.103436.
• Schumacher, Julian & Trebesch, Christoph & Enderlein, Henrik, 2021, "Sovereign defaults in court," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, volume 131, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jinteco.2020.103388.
• Le Grand, François & Ragot, Xavier, 2021, "Sovereign default and liquidity: The case for a world safe asset," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, volume 131, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jinteco.2021.103462.
• Eberhardt, Markus & Presbitero, Andrea F., 2021, "Commodity prices and banking crises," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, volume 131, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jinteco.2021.103474.