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Factor extraction using Kalman filter and smoothing: This is not just another survey

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  • Poncela, Pilar
  • Ruiz, Esther
  • Miranda, Karen

Abstract

Dynamic factor models have been the main “big data” tool used by empirical macroeconomists during the last 30 years. In this context, Kalman filter and smoothing (KFS) procedures can cope with missing data, mixed frequency data, time-varying parameters, non-linearities, non-stationarity, and many other characteristics often observed in real systems of economic variables. The main contribution of this paper is to provide a comprehensive updated summary of the literature on latent common factors extracted using KFS procedures in the context of dynamic factor models, pointing out their potential limitations. Signal extraction and parameter estimation issues are separately analyzed. Identification issues are also tackled in both stationary and non-stationary models. Finally, empirical applications are surveyed in both cases. This survey is relevant to researchers and practitioners interested not only in the theory of KFS procedures for factor extraction in dynamic factor models but also in their empirical application in macroeconomics and finance.

Suggested Citation

  • Poncela, Pilar & Ruiz, Esther & Miranda, Karen, 2021. "Factor extraction using Kalman filter and smoothing: This is not just another survey," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 37(4), pages 1399-1425.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:intfor:v:37:y:2021:i:4:p:1399-1425
    DOI: 10.1016/j.ijforecast.2021.01.027
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    2. Trucíos, Carlos & Mazzeu, João H.G. & Hotta, Luiz K. & Valls Pereira, Pedro L. & Hallin, Marc, 2021. "Robustness and the general dynamic factor model with infinite-dimensional space: Identification, estimation, and forecasting," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 37(4), pages 1520-1534.
    3. Matteo Barigozzi & Marc Hallin, 2023. "Dynamic Factor Models: a Genealogy," Papers 2310.17278, arXiv.org, revised Jan 2024.
    4. Escribano, Alvaro & Peña, Daniel & Ruiz, Esther, 2021. "30 years of cointegration and dynamic factor models forecasting and its future with big data: Editorial," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 37(4), pages 1333-1337.
    5. In Choi, 2023. "Does climate change affect economic data?," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 64(6), pages 2939-2956, June.
    6. Luke Mosley & Tak-Shing Chan & Alex Gibberd, 2023. "sparseDFM: An R Package to Estimate Dynamic Factor Models with Sparse Loadings," Papers 2303.14125, arXiv.org.
    7. Shu‐Lien Chang & Hsiu‐Chuan Lee & Donald Lien, 2022. "The global latent factor and international index futures returns predictability," Journal of Forecasting, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 41(3), pages 514-538, April.
    8. Fresoli, Diego & Poncela, Pilar & Ruiz, Esther, 2023. "Ignoring cross-correlated idiosyncratic components when extracting factors in dynamic factor models," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 230(C).
    9. Karen Miranda & Pilar Poncela & Esther Ruiz, 2022. "Dynamic factor models: Does the specification matter?," SERIEs: Journal of the Spanish Economic Association, Springer;Spanish Economic Association, vol. 13(1), pages 397-428, May.
    10. Lippi, Marco & Deistler, Manfred & Anderson, Brian, 2023. "High-Dimensional Dynamic Factor Models: A Selective Survey and Lines of Future Research," Econometrics and Statistics, Elsevier, vol. 26(C), pages 3-16.
    11. Juho Koistinen & Bernd Funovits, 2022. "Estimation of Impulse-Response Functions with Dynamic Factor Models: A New Parametrization," Papers 2202.00310, arXiv.org, revised Feb 2022.
    12. Fatemeh Bakhshi Ostadkalayeh & Saba Moradi & Ali Asadi & Alireza Moghaddam Nia & Somayeh Taheri, 2023. "Performance Improvement of LSTM-based Deep Learning Model for Streamflow Forecasting Using Kalman Filtering," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 37(8), pages 3111-3127, June.

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