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Factor extraction using Kalman filter and smoothing: this is not just another survey

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  • Poncela, Pilar
  • Ruiz Ortega, Esther
  • Miranda Gualdrón, Karen Alejandra

Abstract

Dynamic Factor Models, which assume the existence of a small number of unobservedlatent factors that capture the comovements in a system of variables, are the main "bigdata" tool used by empirical macroeconomists during the last 30 years. One importanttool to extract the factors is based on Kalman lter and smoothing procedures that cancope with missing data, mixed frequency data, time-varying parameters, non-linearities,non-stationarity and many other characteristics often observed in real systems of economicvariables. This paper surveys the literature on latent common factors extracted using Kalmanfilter and smoothing procedures in the context of Dynamic Factor Models. Signal extractionand parameter estimation issues are separately analyzed. Identi cation issues are also tackledin both stationary and non-stationary models. Finally, empirical applications are surveyedin both cases.

Suggested Citation

  • Poncela, Pilar & Ruiz Ortega, Esther & Miranda Gualdrón, Karen Alejandra, 2020. "Factor extraction using Kalman filter and smoothing: this is not just another survey," DES - Working Papers. Statistics and Econometrics. WS 30644, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. Departamento de Estadística.
    • Handle: RePEc:cte:wsrepe:30644
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    Cited by:

    1. Escribano, Alvaro & Peña, Daniel & Ruiz, Esther, 2021. "30 years of cointegration and dynamic factor models forecasting and its future with big data: Editorial," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 37(4), pages 1333-1337.
    2. In Choi, 2024. "Does climate change affect economic data?," Advanced Studies in Theoretical and Applied Econometrics, in: Subal C. Kumbhakar & Robin C. Sickles & Hung-Jen Wang (ed.), Advances in Applied Econometrics, pages 483-500, Springer.
    3. Fresoli, Diego & Poncela, Pilar & Ruiz, Esther, 2023. "Ignoring cross-correlated idiosyncratic components when extracting factors in dynamic factor models," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 230(C).
    4. Karen Miranda & Pilar Poncela & Esther Ruiz, 2022. "Dynamic factor models: Does the specification matter?," SERIEs: Journal of the Spanish Economic Association, Springer;Spanish Economic Association, vol. 13(1), pages 397-428, May.
    5. Varga, Katalin & Szendrei, Tibor, 2025. "Non-stationary financial risk factors and macroeconomic vulnerability for the UK," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 97(C).
    6. Luke Mosley & Tak-Shing Chan & Alex Gibberd, 2023. "sparseDFM: An R Package to Estimate Dynamic Factor Models with Sparse Loadings," Papers 2303.14125, arXiv.org.
    7. Bae, Juhee, 2024. "Factor-augmented forecasting in big data," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 40(4), pages 1660-1688.
    8. Trucíos, Carlos & Mazzeu, João H.G. & Hotta, Luiz K. & Valls Pereira, Pedro L. & Hallin, Marc, 2021. "Robustness and the general dynamic factor model with infinite-dimensional space: Identification, estimation, and forecasting," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 37(4), pages 1520-1534.
    9. Juan, Aranzazu de & Poncela, Pilar & Ruiz Ortega, Esther, 2023. "Economic activity and C02 emissions in Spain," DES - Working Papers. Statistics and Econometrics. WS 37975, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. Departamento de Estadística.
    10. Lippi, Marco & Deistler, Manfred & Anderson, Brian, 2023. "High-Dimensional Dynamic Factor Models: A Selective Survey and Lines of Future Research," Econometrics and Statistics, Elsevier, vol. 26(C), pages 3-16.
    11. Fatemeh Bakhshi Ostadkalayeh & Saba Moradi & Ali Asadi & Alireza Moghaddam Nia & Somayeh Taheri, 2023. "Performance Improvement of LSTM-based Deep Learning Model for Streamflow Forecasting Using Kalman Filtering," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 37(8), pages 3111-3127, June.
    12. Juho Koistinen & Bernd Funovits, 2022. "Estimation of Impulse-Response Functions with Dynamic Factor Models: A New Parametrization," Papers 2202.00310, arXiv.org, revised Feb 2022.
    13. Shu‐Lien Chang & Hsiu‐Chuan Lee & Donald Lien, 2022. "The global latent factor and international index futures returns predictability," Journal of Forecasting, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 41(3), pages 514-538, April.
    14. Matteo Barigozzi & Marc Hallin, 2023. "Dynamic Factor Models: a Genealogy," Papers 2310.17278, arXiv.org, revised Jan 2024.

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