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Champions Wanted

Author

Listed:
  • Mélise Jaud
  • Caroline Freund

Abstract

While other emerging regions were thriving, MENA's aggregate export performance over the past two decades has been consistently weak. Using detailed firm-level export data from Customs administrations, this report explains why. One central finding is that the size distribution of MENA's exporting firms is suggestive of a critical weakness at the top. With the exception of the top firm, MENA's elite exporters are smaller and weaker compared to their peers in other regions. The largest exporter is alone at the top-Zidane without a team. MENA countries have failed to nurture a group of export superstars which critically contribute to export success in other regions. Part of the reason behind weak export performance is the lack of a competitive real exchange rate. The deleterious effects of an uncompetitive currency can be traced all the way down to the firm, hurting expansion at the intensive and extensive margin and preventing the emergence of export take-offs. The lack of heavy weight exporters at the top of the distribution also reflects the region's failure to push for trade and business climate reforms energetically. Finally, MENA's prevalent cronyism and corruption under pre-Arab Spring regimes (at least) confirms that business-government ties led to distortionary allocation of favors and rent dissipation by beneficiary firms, with little evidence that those firms developed into national champions or helped lift the region's export performance. The possibility of state capture in itself should call for caution when advocating any form of government intervention. In contrast, some interventions, like export promotion programs show effects on small exporters. However, because these firms are marginal in trade, such programs cannot be game changers. More broadly, the success of MENA countries in promoting export growth and diversification as well as generating jobs depends heavily on their ability to create an environment where large firms can invest and expand exports and new, efficient firms can rise to the top.

Suggested Citation

  • Mélise Jaud & Caroline Freund, 2015. "Champions Wanted," World Bank Publications - Books, The World Bank Group, number 21638, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:wbk:wbpubs:21638
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. Uri Dadush, 2015. "Economic integration in the time of turmoil," Policy notes & Policy briefs 1515, Policy Center for the New South.
    2. Marion Dovis & Chahir Zaki, 2018. "Global Value Chains and Business Environment: Which Factors Do Really Matter?," Working Papers 1270, Economic Research Forum, revised 19 Dec 2018.
    3. Fida Karam & Chahir Zaki, 2020. "A new dawn for MENA firms: service trade liberalization for more competitive exports," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 52(1), pages 19-35, January.
    4. Karim El Aynaoui & Uri Dadush & Karim El Mokri & Rim Berahab, 2016. "The Unmet Challenge of Interdependence in the EU-MENA Space: A View from the South," Research papers & Policy papers 1607, Policy Center for the New South.

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