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Gender and neighborhood penalties in Karachi’s information technology sector

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  • Khalil, Sana

Abstract

This paper examines how gender and residential socioeconomic status shape hiring outcomes in Karachi’s information technology sector. Employers in Pakistan can openly state preferences regarding gender, residential location, and other characteristics, but the majority in the information technology sector choose not to do so. This creates an opportunity to examine whether discrimination persists when such biases are not explicitly stated.

Suggested Citation

  • Khalil, Sana, 2025. "Gender and neighborhood penalties in Karachi’s information technology sector," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics (formerly The Journal of Socio-Economics), Elsevier, vol. 119(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:soceco:v:119:y:2025:i:c:s2214804325001338
    DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102469
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    JEL classification:

    • J00 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - General - - - General
    • J71 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Labor Discrimination - - - Hiring and Firing
    • J15 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Economics of Minorities, Races, Indigenous Peoples, and Immigrants; Non-labor Discrimination
    • C93 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Design of Experiments - - - Field Experiments

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