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Cross hedging jet-fuel price exposure

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  • Adams, Zeno
  • Gerner, Mathias

Abstract

This paper investigates the cross hedging performance of several oil forwards contracts using WTI, Brent, gasoil and heating oil to manage jet-fuel spot price exposure. We apply three econometric techniques that have been widely tested and applied in the cross hedging literature on foreign exchange and stock index futures markets. Using quotes from the financial industry on forward contracts, we can show that the optimal cross hedging instrument depends on the maturity of the instrument's forwards contract. The results highlight that the standard approach in the literature to use crude oil as a cross hedge is not optimal for time horizons of three months or less. By contrast, for short hedging horizons our results indicate that gasoil forwards contracts represent the highest cross hedging efficiency for jet-fuel spot price exposure, while for maturities of more than three months, the predominance of gasoil diminishes in comparison to WTI and Brent.

Suggested Citation

  • Adams, Zeno & Gerner, Mathias, 2012. "Cross hedging jet-fuel price exposure," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 34(5), pages 1301-1309.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:eneeco:v:34:y:2012:i:5:p:1301-1309
    DOI: 10.1016/j.eneco.2012.06.011
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    4. Turner, Peter A. & Lim, Siew Hoon, 2015. "Hedging jet fuel price risk: The case of U.S. passenger airlines," Journal of Air Transport Management, Elsevier, vol. 44, pages 54-64.
    5. Lim, Siew Hoon & Turner, Peter A., 2016. "Airline Fuel Hedging: Do Hedge Horizon and Contract Maturity Matter?," Journal of the Transportation Research Forum, Transportation Research Forum, vol. 55(1), April.
    6. K. Abhaya Kumar & Prakash Pinto & Iqbal Thonse Hawaldar & K. G. Ramesh, 2021. "Can Crude Oil Futures be the Good Hedging Tool for Tyre Equities? Evidence from India," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 11(6), pages 523-537.
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    8. Cao, Min & Conlon, Thomas, 2023. "Composite jet fuel cross-hedging," Journal of Commodity Markets, Elsevier, vol. 30(C).
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    10. Zainudin, Ahmad Danial & Mohamad, Azhar, 2021. "Cross hedging with stock index futures," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 82(C), pages 128-144.
    11. Ismael Pérez-Franco & Esteban Otto Thomasz & Gonzalo Rondinone & Agustín García-García, 2022. "Feed price risk management for sheep production in Spain: a composite future cross-hedging strategy," Risk Management, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 24(2), pages 137-163, June.
    12. Čech, František & Zítek, Michal, 2022. "Marine fuel hedging under the sulfur cap regulations," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 113(C).
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    14. Chatziantoniou, Ioannis & Gabauer, David & Perez de Gracia, Fernando, 2022. "Tail risk connectedness in the refined petroleum market: A first look at the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 111(C).
    15. Zhang, Wenbei & Luckert, Marty & Qiu, Feng, 2023. "Asymmetric price transmission and impulse responses from U.S. crude oil to jet fuel and diesel markets," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 283(C).
    16. Bai, Xiwen & Kavussanos, Manolis G., 2022. "Hedging IMO2020 compliant fuel price exposure using futures contracts," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 110(C).
    17. Jędrzej Białkowski & Jan Koeman, 2017. "Does the Design of Spot Markets Matter for the Success of Futures Markets? Evidence from Dairy Futures," Working Papers in Economics 17/18, University of Canterbury, Department of Economics and Finance.
    18. Shrestha, Keshab & Subramaniam, Ravichandran & Peranginangin, Yessy & Philip, Sheena Sara Suresh, 2018. "Quantile hedge ratio for energy markets," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 253-272.
    19. Swidan, Hassan & Merkert, Rico & Kwon, Oh Kang, 2019. "Designing optimal jet fuel hedging strategies for airlines – Why hedging will not always reduce risk exposure," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 130(C), pages 20-36.
    20. Jędrzej Białkowski & Jan Koeman, 2018. "Does the design of spot markets matter for the success of futures markets? Evidence from dairy futures," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 38(3), pages 373-389, March.
    21. Pan, Zhiyuan & Fu, Ziqian & Wang, Yudong & Dong, Qingma, 2024. "Exploiting the sentiments: A simple approach for improving cross hedging effectiveness," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 134(C).
    22. Driedger, Jonathon & Porth, Lysa & Boyd, Milton, 2016. "The Potential to Use Futures and Options to Manage Crop Insurance Losses," 2016 Annual Meeting, July 31-August 2, Boston, Massachusetts 235747, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.
    23. Wen-Chung Hsu & Hsiang-Tai Lee, 2018. "Cross Hedging Stock Sector Risk with Index Futures by Considering the Global Equity Systematic Risk," IJFS, MDPI, vol. 6(2), pages 1-17, April.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Cross-hedging; Hedge ratio; Futures and forwards; Crude oil; Error correction model;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • F30 - International Economics - - International Finance - - - General
    • G30 - Financial Economics - - Corporate Finance and Governance - - - General
    • G32 - Financial Economics - - Corporate Finance and Governance - - - Financing Policy; Financial Risk and Risk Management; Capital and Ownership Structure; Value of Firms; Goodwill

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