IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/eneeco/v131y2024ics0140988324001063.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Connectedness between oil price shocks and US sector returns: Evidence from TVP-VAR and wavelet decomposition

Author

Listed:
  • Sevillano, María Caridad
  • Jareño, Francisco
  • López, Raquel
  • Esparcia, Carlos

Abstract

This paper examines the dynamic return and volatility connectedness between oil price shocks (demand, supply, and risk shocks) and US sector returns from October 2001 to January 2022. For this purpose, we combine the decomposition of the time series in time scales through the wavelet approach with the application of the TVP-VAR model proposed by Antonakakis et al. (2020). Our results show the high dynamic connectedness between markets and allow the identification of the role of all sector indices (except Communication Services, Utilities and Real Estate) and risk shocks as net contributors of shocks to the system, whereas demand and supply shocks are net receivers of spillovers. We further explore and document from a portfolio performance perspective the benefits of diversified portfolios comprised of all consider sector indices that include assets linked to the calculation of oil price shocks according to Ready (2018).

Suggested Citation

  • Sevillano, María Caridad & Jareño, Francisco & López, Raquel & Esparcia, Carlos, 2024. "Connectedness between oil price shocks and US sector returns: Evidence from TVP-VAR and wavelet decomposition," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 131(C).
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:eneeco:v:131:y:2024:i:c:s0140988324001063
    DOI: 10.1016/j.eneco.2024.107398
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140988324001063
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.eneco.2024.107398?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Dario Caldara & Matteo Iacoviello, 2022. "Measuring Geopolitical Risk," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 112(4), pages 1194-1225, April.
    2. Umar, Zaghum & Trabelsi, Nader & Zaremba, Adam, 2021. "Oil shocks and equity markets: The case of GCC and BRICS economies," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 96(C).
    3. Ivo Welch & Amit Goyal, 2008. "A Comprehensive Look at The Empirical Performance of Equity Premium Prediction," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 21(4), pages 1455-1508, July.
    4. Li, Su-Fang & Zhu, Hui-Ming & Yu, Keming, 2012. "Oil prices and stock market in China: A sector analysis using panel cointegration with multiple breaks," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 34(6), pages 1951-1958.
    5. Francis X. Diebold & Kamil Yilmaz, 2009. "Measuring Financial Asset Return and Volatility Spillovers, with Application to Global Equity Markets," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 119(534), pages 158-171, January.
    6. León, Angel & Navarro, Lluís & Nieto, Belén, 2019. "Screening rules and portfolio performance," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 642-662.
    7. Adekoya, Oluwasegun B. & Akinseye, Ademola B. & Antonakakis, Nikolaos & Chatziantoniou, Ioannis & Gabauer, David & Oliyide, Johnson, 2022. "Crude oil and Islamic sectoral stocks: Asymmetric TVP-VAR connectedness and investment strategies," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 78(C).
    8. Diebold, Francis X. & Yılmaz, Kamil, 2014. "On the network topology of variance decompositions: Measuring the connectedness of financial firms," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 182(1), pages 119-134.
    9. Fishburn, Peter C, 1977. "Mean-Risk Analysis with Risk Associated with Below-Target Returns," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 67(2), pages 116-126, March.
    10. Al-Fayoumi, Nedal & Bouri, Elie & Abuzayed, Bana, 2023. "Decomposed oil price shocks and GCC stock market sector returns and volatility," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 126(C).
    11. Elsayed, Ahmed H. & Naifar, Nader & Uddin, Gazi Salah & Wang, Gang-Jin, 2023. "Multilayer information spillover networks between oil shocks and banking sectors: Evidence from oil-rich countries," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 87(C).
    12. Ma, Yan-Ran & Zhang, Dayong & Ji, Qiang & Pan, Jiaofeng, 2019. "Spillovers between oil and stock returns in the US energy sector: Does idiosyncratic information matter?," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 536-544.
    13. Diaz, Elena Maria & Molero, Juan Carlos & Perez de Gracia, Fernando, 2016. "Oil price volatility and stock returns in the G7 economies," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 417-430.
    14. Avramov, Doron & Chordia, Tarun, 2006. "Predicting stock returns," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 82(2), pages 387-415, November.
    15. Huang, Wanling & Mollick, André Varella & Nguyen, Khoa Huu, 2016. "U.S. stock markets and the role of real interest rates," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 231-242.
    16. Dickey, David A & Fuller, Wayne A, 1981. "Likelihood Ratio Statistics for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 49(4), pages 1057-1072, June.
    17. Gomez-Gonzalez, Jose E. & Hirs-Garzon, Jorge & Gamboa-Arbelaez, Juliana, 2020. "Dynamic relations between oil and stock market returns: A multi-country study," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 51(C).
    18. Koop, Gary & Korobilis, Dimitris, 2014. "A new index of financial conditions," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 101-116.
    19. Lutz Kilian & Cheolbeom Park, 2009. "The Impact Of Oil Price Shocks On The U.S. Stock Market," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 50(4), pages 1267-1287, November.
    20. Yang, Lu & Yang, Lei & Hamori, Shigeyuki, 2018. "Determinants of dependence structures of sovereign credit default swap spreads between G7 and BRICS countries," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 19-34.
    21. Berger, Theo, 2015. "A wavelet based approach to measure and manage contagion at different time scales," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 436(C), pages 338-350.
    22. Konstantinidi, Eirini & Skiadopoulos, George & Tzagkaraki, Emilia, 2008. "Can the evolution of implied volatility be forecasted? Evidence from European and US implied volatility indices," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 32(11), pages 2401-2411, November.
    23. Khraief, Naceur & Shahbaz, Muhammad & Mahalik, Mantu Kumar & Bhattacharya, Mita, 2021. "Movements of oil prices and exchange rates in China and India: New evidence from wavelet-based, non-linear, autoregressive distributed lag estimations," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 563(C).
    24. Bahmani-Oskooee, Mohsen & Ghodsi, Seyed Hesam & Hadzic, Muris, 2019. "Asymmetric causality between oil price and stock returns:A sectoral analysis," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 165-174.
    25. Jammazi, Rania & Ferrer, Román & Jareño, Francisco & Hammoudeh, Shawkat M., 2017. "Main driving factors of the interest rate-stock market Granger causality," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 260-280.
    26. Scott R. Baker & Nicholas Bloom & Steven J. Davis, 2016. "Measuring Economic Policy Uncertainty," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 131(4), pages 1593-1636.
    27. Heinlein, Reinhold & Legrenzi, Gabriella D. & Mahadeo, Scott M.R., 2021. "Crude oil and stock markets in the COVID-19 crisis: Evidence from oil exporters and importers," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 82(C), pages 223-229.
    28. Zhang, Wenting & Hamori, Shigeyuki, 2021. "Crude oil market and stock markets during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from the US, Japan, and Germany," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
    29. Stavros Degiannakis & George Filis & Vipin Arora, 2018. "Oil Prices and Stock Markets: A Review of the Theory and Empirical Evidence," The Energy Journal, , vol. 39(5), pages 85-130, September.
    30. Lutz Kilian, 2009. "Not All Oil Price Shocks Are Alike: Disentangling Demand and Supply Shocks in the Crude Oil Market," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 99(3), pages 1053-1069, June.
    31. Jiang, Zhuhua & Yoon, Seong-Min, 2020. "Dynamic co-movement between oil and stock markets in oil-importing and oil-exporting countries: Two types of wavelet analysis," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 90(C).
    32. Umar, Zaghum & Bossman, Ahmed & Choi, Sun-Yong & Teplova, Tamara, 2023. "The relationship between global risk aversion and returns from safe-haven assets," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 51(C).
    33. Filis, George & Degiannakis, Stavros & Floros, Christos, 2011. "Dynamic correlation between stock market and oil prices: The case of oil-importing and oil-exporting countries," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 20(3), pages 152-164, June.
    34. Dewandaru, Ginanjar & Masih, Rumi & Masih, A. Mansur M., 2016. "Contagion and interdependence across Asia-Pacific equity markets: An analysis based on multi-horizon discrete and continuous wavelet transformations," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 43(C), pages 363-377.
    35. Maghyereh, Aktham I. & Abdoh, Hussein & Awartani, Basel, 2019. "Connectedness and hedging between gold and Islamic securities: A new evidence from time-frequency domain approaches," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 13-28.
    36. Elyasiani, Elyas & Mansur, Iqbal & Odusami, Babatunde, 2011. "Oil price shocks and industry stock returns," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 33(5), pages 966-974, September.
    37. Engle, Robert, 2002. "Dynamic Conditional Correlation: A Simple Class of Multivariate Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity Models," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, American Statistical Association, vol. 20(3), pages 339-350, July.
    38. Narayan, Paresh Kumar & Sharma, Susan Sunila, 2011. "New evidence on oil price and firm returns," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 35(12), pages 3253-3262.
    39. Bollerslev, Tim, 1986. "Generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 31(3), pages 307-327, April.
    40. López, Raquel & Sevillano, María Caridad & Jareño, Francisco, 2023. "Uncertainty and US stock market dynamics," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 56(C).
    41. Díaz, Antonio & Esparcia, Carlos & López, Raquel, 2022. "The diversifying role of socially responsible investments during the COVID-19 crisis: A risk management and portfolio performance analysis," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 39-60.
    42. Bawa, Vijay S., 1975. "Optimal rules for ordering uncertain prospects," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 2(1), pages 95-121, March.
    43. Diebold, Francis X. & Yilmaz, Kamil, 2012. "Better to give than to receive: Predictive directional measurement of volatility spillovers," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 28(1), pages 57-66.
    44. Guesmi, Khaled & Fattoum, Salma, 2014. "Return and volatility transmission between oil prices and oil-exporting and oil-importing countries," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 38(C), pages 305-310.
    45. Malik, Farooq & Ewing, Bradley T., 2009. "Volatility transmission between oil prices and equity sector returns," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 18(3), pages 95-100, June.
    46. Farinelli, Simone & Tibiletti, Luisa, 2008. "Sharpe thinking in asset ranking with one-sided measures," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 185(3), pages 1542-1547, March.
    47. Hjalmarsson, Erik, 2010. "Predicting Global Stock Returns," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 45(1), pages 49-80, February.
    48. Demirer, Rıza & Ferrer, Román & Shahzad, Syed Jawad Hussain, 2020. "Oil price shocks, global financial markets and their connectedness," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 88(C).
    49. Yang, Lu, 2019. "Connectedness of economic policy uncertainty and oil price shocks in a time domain perspective," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 219-233.
    50. Bouri, Elie, 2015. "Return and volatility linkages between oil prices and the Lebanese stock market in crisis periods," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 89(C), pages 365-371.
    51. Prest, Brian C., 2018. "Explanations for the 2014 oil price decline: Supply or demand?," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 63-75.
    52. Esparcia, Carlos & Jareño, Francisco & Umar, Zaghum, 2022. "Revisiting the safe haven role of Gold across time and frequencies during the COVID-19 pandemic," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 61(C).
    53. Robert C Ready, 2018. "Oil Prices and the Stock Market [The vix, the variance premium and stock market volatility]," Review of Finance, European Finance Association, vol. 22(1), pages 155-176.
    54. Matthew C. Li, 2014. "The US zero-coupon yield spread as a predictor of excess daily stock market volatility," Applied Financial Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 24(13), pages 889-906, July.
    55. Mensi, Walid & Al Rababa'a, Abdel Razzaq & Vo, Xuan Vinh & Kang, Sang Hoon, 2021. "Asymmetric spillover and network connectedness between crude oil, gold, and Chinese sector stock markets," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 98(C).
    56. Nikolaos Antonakakis & Ioannis Chatziantoniou & David Gabauer, 2020. "Refined Measures of Dynamic Connectedness based on Time-Varying Parameter Vector Autoregressions," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-23, April.
    57. Lim, Siok Jin, 2020. "Portfolio diversification opportunities for U.S. Islamic investors with its trading partners when the world catches a cold: A Multivariate-GARCH and wavelet approach," MPRA Paper 103295, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    58. Hung, Ngo Thai & Vo, Xuan Vinh, 2021. "Directional spillover effects and time-frequency nexus between oil, gold and stock markets: Evidence from pre and during COVID-19 outbreak," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 76(C).
    59. Thorbecke, Willem, 2019. "Oil prices and the U.S. economy: Evidence from the stock market," Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 1-1.
    60. Rosa, Carlo, 2011. "The high-frequency response of exchange rates to monetary policy actions and statements," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 35(2), pages 478-489, February.
    61. Mensi, Walid & Hkiri, Besma & Al-Yahyaee, Khamis H. & Kang, Sang Hoon, 2018. "Analyzing time–frequency co-movements across gold and oil prices with BRICS stock markets: A VaR based on wavelet approach," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 74-102.
    62. Zhang, Dayong, 2017. "Oil shocks and stock markets revisited: Measuring connectedness from a global perspective," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 323-333.
    63. Ferrer, Román & Shahzad, Syed Jawad Hussain & López, Raquel & Jareño, Francisco, 2018. "Time and frequency dynamics of connectedness between renewable energy stocks and crude oil prices," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 1-20.
    64. Zaghum Umar & Francisco Jareño & Ana Escribano, 2021. "Static and dynamic connectedness between oil price shocks and Spanish equities: a sector analysis," The European Journal of Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 27(9), pages 880-896, June.
    65. Reboredo, Juan C. & Rivera-Castro, Miguel A., 2014. "Wavelet-based evidence of the impact of oil prices on stock returns," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 29(C), pages 145-176.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Lim, Seo-Yeon & Choi, Sun-Yong, 2024. "Dynamic credit risk transmissions among global major industries: Evidence from the TVP-VAR spillover approach," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
    2. Xiaotian Dong & Xiaoqing Wong & Meng Qin & Oana-Ramona Lobont & Muhammad Umar, 2025. "Forest investment in China: an efficient way to climate and economic security?," Economic Change and Restructuring, Springer, vol. 58(1), pages 1-22, February.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Ghaemi Asl, Mahdi & Adekoya, Oluwasegun Babatunde & Rashidi, Muhammad Mahdi & Ghasemi Doudkanlou, Mohammad & Dolatabadi, Ali, 2022. "Forecast of Bayesian-based dynamic connectedness between oil market and Islamic stock indices of Islamic oil-exporting countries: Application of the cascade-forward backpropagation network," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 77(C).
    2. Al-Fayoumi, Nedal & Bouri, Elie & Abuzayed, Bana, 2023. "Decomposed oil price shocks and GCC stock market sector returns and volatility," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 126(C).
    3. Feng, Huiqun & Zhang, Jun & Guo, Na, 2023. "Time-varying linkages between energy and stock markets: Dynamic spillovers and driving factors," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 89(C).
    4. Silva, Thiago Christiano & Braz, Tercio & Tabak, Benjamin Miranda, 2024. "Mapping the landscape of energy markets research: A bibliometric analysis and predictive assessment using machine learning," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 136(C).
    5. Liu, Zhenhua & Shi, Xunpeng & Zhai, Pengxiang & Wu, Shan & Ding, Zhihua & Zhou, Yuqin, 2021. "Tail risk connectedness in the oil-stock nexus: Evidence from a novel quantile spillover approach," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
    6. Esparcia, Carlos & Jareño, Francisco & Umar, Zaghum, 2022. "Revisiting the safe haven role of Gold across time and frequencies during the COVID-19 pandemic," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 61(C).
    7. Ana Alzate-Ortega & Natalia Garzón & Jesús Molina-Muñoz, 2024. "Volatility Spillovers in Emerging Markets: Oil Shocks, Energy, Stocks, and Gold," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(2), pages 1-19, January.
    8. Das, Debojyoti & Maitra, Debasish & Dutta, Anupam & Basu, Sankarshan, 2022. "Financial stress and crude oil implied volatility: New evidence from continuous wavelet transformation framework," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 115(C).
    9. Cui, Jinxin & Maghyereh, Aktham & Liao, Dijia, 2024. "Risk connectedness between international oil and stock markets during the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine conflict: Fresh evidence from the higher-order moments," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 95(C).
    10. Abid, Ilyes & Benkraiem, Ramzi & Mzoughi, Hela & Urom, Christian, 2024. "From black gold to financial fallout: Analyzing extreme risk spillovers in oil-exporting nations," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 91(C).
    11. Yonghong Jiang & Gengyu Tian & Bin Mo, 2020. "Spillover and quantile linkage between oil price shocks and stock returns: new evidence from G7 countries," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 6(1), pages 1-26, December.
    12. Hassan, Kamrul & Hoque, Ariful & Gasbarro, Dominic, 2019. "Separating BRIC using Islamic stocks and crude oil: dynamic conditional correlation and volatility spillover analysis," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 950-969.
    13. Assaf, Ata & Charif, Husni & Mokni, Khaled, 2021. "Dynamic connectedness between uncertainty and energy markets: Do investor sentiments matter?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 72(C).
    14. Chan, Ying Tung & Qiao, Hui, 2023. "Volatility spillover between oil and stock prices: Structural connectedness based on a multi-sector DSGE model approach with Bayesian estimation," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 87(C), pages 265-286.
    15. Evrim Mandacı, Pınar & Cagli, Efe Çaglar & Taşkın, Dilvin, 2020. "Dynamic connectedness and portfolio strategies: Energy and metal markets," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 68(C).
    16. Antonakakis, Nikolaos & Chatziantoniou, Ioannis & Filis, George, 2017. "Oil shocks and stock markets: Dynamic connectedness under the prism of recent geopolitical and economic unrest," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 1-26.
    17. Gomez-Gonzalez, Jose E. & Hirs-Garzón, Jorge & Sanín-Restrepo, Sebastián, 2021. "Dynamic relations between oil and stock markets: Volatility spillovers, networks and causality," International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 165(C), pages 37-50.
    18. Wang, Zi-Xin & Liu, Bing-Yue & Fan, Ying, 2023. "Network connectedness between China's crude oil futures and sector stock indices," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 125(C).
    19. Dai, Zhifeng & Tang, Rui & Zhang, Xiaotong, 2023. "A new multilayer network for measuring interconnectedness among the energy firms," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 124(C).
    20. Wei, Yu & Zhang, Yaojie & Wang, Yudong, 2022. "Information connectedness of international crude oil futures: Evidence from SC, WTI, and Brent," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 81(C).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Crude oil prices; US sector returns; Connectedness; Wavelets; Portfolio;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • C22 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Single Equation Models; Single Variables - - - Time-Series Models; Dynamic Quantile Regressions; Dynamic Treatment Effect Models; Diffusion Processes
    • C51 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric Modeling - - - Model Construction and Estimation
    • G01 - Financial Economics - - General - - - Financial Crises
    • G15 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - International Financial Markets
    • Q4 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Energy

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:eneeco:v:131:y:2024:i:c:s0140988324001063. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/eneco .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.