Content
February 2008, Volume 16, Issue 1
- 21-36 Port Efficiency and Trade Flows
by Bruce A. Blonigen & Wesley W. Wilson - 37-44 Effects of Multilateral Trade Liberalization on Prices
by Jota Ishikawa & Hiroshi Mukunoki - 45-68 Trade Policy in the Presence of Technology Licensing
by Arghya Ghosh & Souresh Saha - 69-95 Financial Openness and Growth: Short‐run Gain, Long‐run Pain?
by Matthieu Bussière & Marcel Fratzscher - 96-113 Foreign Direct Investment, Economic Growth, and the Human Capital Threshold: Evidence from US States
by Timothy C. Ford & Jonathan C. Rork & Bruce T. Elmslie - 114-126 An Encompassing Test of Real Interest Rate Equalization
by Aaron Smallwood & Stefan C. Norrbin - 127-141 The Balassa–Samuelson Hypothesis in the Asia‐Pacific Region Revisited
by Alastair Thomas & Alan King - 142-158 Trade Creation, Replacement, and Destruction in Regional Trade Agreements: Micro‐level Evidence for the UK
by Sourafel Girma & Richard Kneller & Mauro Pisu - 159-172 An Analysis of Income Distribution between the North and the South: the Grossman–Helpman and Lai Results Re‐examined
by Takanori Shimizu & Yoshifumi Okawa & Hisayuki Okamoto - 173-185 A Note on Strategic Trade Policy and Endogenous Quality Choice
by Tsuyoshi Toshimitsu & Naoto Jinji - 186-198 Estimating the Euro Effects on Trade with Propensity Score Matching
by Pandej Chintrakarn - 199-213 Ethnic Networks and US Exports
by Subhayu Bandyopadhyay & Cletus C. Coughlin & Howard J. Wall - 214-215 Handbook of International Trade, Volume II: Economic and Legal Analyses of Trade Policy and Institutions – By E. Kwan Choi and James C. Hartigan
by James H. Cassing
November 2007, Volume 15, Issue 5
- 837-853 Exchange‐rate Effects on China's Trade
by Jaime Marquez & John Schindler - 854-868 Tax Effects on the Real Exchange Rate
by Stacie Beck & Cagay Coskuner - 869-877 Immigration Policy, Self‐selection, and the Quality of Immigrants
by Giorgio Bellettini & Carlotta Berti Ceroni - 878-889 Trade Policies as Signals of Private Political Pressure
by Hisashi Sawaki - 890-904 US Exports of Knowledge‐intensive Services and Importing‐country Characteristics
by Catherine Yap Co - 905-915 Sustaining Collusion under Economic Integration
by Luca Colombo & Paola Labrecciosa - 916-931 A Model of Endogenous Nontradability and its Implications for the Current Account
by Paul Bergin & Reuven Glick - 932-947 Pitfalls in Private and Social Incentives of Vertical Cross‐border Integration and Disintegration
by Gianpaolo Rossini - 948-954 Trade Gains and Public Goods
by Koji Shimomura - 955-976 International R&D Spillovers: Trade, FDI, and Information Technology as Spillover Channels
by Lei Zhu & Bang Nam Jeon - 977-988 On Functionally Distributed Quotas
by John Gilbert - 989-1013 Current Account Adjustment and Capital Flows
by Guy Debelle & Gabriele Galati - 1014-1035 Neoclassical Growth, Manufacturing Agglomeration, and Terms of Trade
by Dieter M. Urban - 1036-1061 Sharecroppers or Shrewd Capitalists? Projections of the US Current Account, International Income Flows, and Net International Debt
by John Kitchen
September 2007, Volume 15, Issue 4
- 639-659 Productive Capacity, Product Varieties, and the Elasticities Approach to the Trade Balance
by Joseph E. Gagnon - 660-682 Is Trade Good for Your Health?
by Ann L. Owen & Stephen Wu - 683-699 The Pattern of Exchange Rate Effects on Chinese Prices, 1980–2002
by Xuxin Yu - 700-719 Switching between Expectation Processes in the Foreign Exchange Market: a Probabilistic Approach using Survey Data
by Georges Prat & Remzi Uctum - 720-734 Balance Sheet Effects, Growth, and Crises
by Rashmi Shankar - 735-743 Global Resources and Eco‐labels: a Neutrality Result
by Peter E. Robertson - 744-757 International Consumption Patterns among High‐income Countries: Evidence from the OECD Data
by István Kónya & Hiroshi Ohashi - 758-781 Foreign Market Entry Strategies under Asymmetric Information
by Alberto Nastasi & Pierfrancesco Reverberi - 782-802 The Zero‐root Property: Permanent vs Temporary Terms‐of‐trade Shocks
by Olivier Cardi - 803-822 The Optimal Degree of Exchange Rate Flexibility: a Target Zone Approach
by Jesús Rodríguez López & Hugo Rodríguez Mendizábal - 823-835 Optimal Trade Policies and Production Technology in Vertically Related Markets
by Hong Hwang & Yan‐Shu Lin & Ya‐Po Yang
August 2007, Volume 15, Issue 3
- 441-461 Pareto‐optimal Delegation in Customs Unions
by Mark Melatos & Alan D. Woodland - 462-480 Domestic Labor Markets and Foreign Direct Investment
by Jan I. Haaland & Ian Wooton - 481-498 A Theory of Favoritism in an International Oligopoly
by Ngo Van Long & Antoine Soubeyran - 499-513 A Note on Production Efficiency in Oligopolistic Trade Models
by Arghya Ghosh - 514-537 Optimal Monetary Policy with Vertical Production and Trade
by Kang Shi & Juanyi Xu - 538-559 Exchange Rate Passthrough Effects and Inflation Targeting in Emerging Economies: What is the Relationship?
by Javier Reyes - 560-573 Optimal Tariffs under a Revenue Constraint
by Tatsuo Hatta & Yoshitomo Ogawa - 574-591 Pricing to Firm: an Analysis of Firm‐ and Product‐level Import Prices
by László Halpern & Miklós Koren - 592-611 Dynamic Games of Environmental Policy in a Global Economy: Taxes versus Quotas
by Akihiko Yanase - 612-637 Productivity Trends and the Sterling Real Exchange Rates
by Frank Engels & Panagiotis Th. Konstantinou & Jens Søndergaard
May 2007, Volume 15, Issue 2
- 209-222 International Technology Transfer: Who Gains and Who Loses?
by Roy J. Ruffin & Ronald W. Jones - 223-242 International Productivity Differences, Infrastructure, and Comparative Advantage
by Stephen R. Yeaple & Stephen S. Golub - 243-251 Trade and Real Wages: a Macroeconomic Model
by Ravi Batra & Hamid Beladi - 252-268 Exchange Rates, Expectations, and Monetary Policy: a NOEM Perspective
by Christian Pierdzioch & Georg Stadtmann - 269-283 Trade, Human Capital, and Technology Spillovers: an Industry‐level Analysis
by Yanling Wang - 284-293 International Trade with a Public Intermediate Good and the Gains from Trade
by Nobuhito Suga & Makoto Tawada - 294-301 Welfare‐reducing Domestic Cost Reduction
by Arijit Mukherjee & Uday Bhanu Sinha - 302-312 The Effect of EMU on Tourism
by Salvador Gil‐Pareja & Rafael Llorca‐Vivero & José Antonio Martínez‐Serrano - 313-320 Cartel Stability and Economic Integration
by Philipp J. H. Schröder - 321-346 International Trade, Technology, and the Wage Gap: Evidence from Granger‐causality Tests
by Sucharita Ghosh & Steven Yamarik - 347-369 National Border Effects: Location, Not Nationality, Matters
by Carolyn L. Evans - 370-413 Government Bonds in Domestic and Foreign Currency: the Role of Institutional and Macroeconomic Factors
by Stijn Claessens & Daniela Klingebiel & Sergio L. Schmukler - 414-429 International Trade, Hedging, and the Demand for Forward Contracts
by Jens Eisenschmidt & Klaus Wälde - 430-439 The S‐curve Dynamics of US Bilateral Trade
by Mohsen Bahmani‐Oskooee & Artatrana Ratha
February 2007, Volume 15, Issue 1
- 1-16 Convergence to Purchasing Power Parity at the Commencement of the Euro
by Claude Lopez & David H. Papell - 17-36 Product Market Integration and Union Collusion
by Chiara Strozzi - 37-44 Simultaneous Reform of Tariffs and Quotas
by J. Peter Neary - 45-61 Trade, Wages, and Specific Factors
by Indro Dasgupta & Thomas Osang - 62-74 The Home Market Effect in Models with Multinational Enterprises
by Mario Larch - 75-92 Trade, Wage Gaps, and Specific Human Capital Accumulation
by Ngo Van Long & Raymond Riezman & Antoine Soubeyran - 93-111 Analyzing Modes of Foreign Entry: Greenfield Investment versus Acquisition
by Thomas Müller - 112-125 The Effects of Technology Changes on Sectoral Trade Patterns
by Munehisa Kasuya & Toshihiro Okada - 126-145 Trademark Protection or Protectionism?
by Eugenia Baroncelli & Ekaterina Krivonos & Marcelo Olarreaga - 146-163 Foreign Direct Investment Outflows and Business‐cycle Fluctuations
by Miao Wang & M. C. Sunny Wong - 164-187 Does Productivity Growth Appreciate the Real Exchange Rate?
by Jaewoo Lee & Man‐Keung Tang - 188-205 International Outsourcing, Technological Change, and Wage Inequality
by Alexander Hijzen - 206-207 Feeding the World: an Economic History of Agriculture, 1800–2000 – by Giovanni Federic
by Kym Anderson
November 2006, Volume 14, Issue 5
- 741-757 Self‐protection? Antidumping Duties, Collusion, and FDI
by Ronald B. Davies & Benjamin H. Liebman - 758-772 Quality of Governance and the Formation of Preferential Trade Agreements
by Masahiro Endoh - 773-796 Unbalanced Growth and the Sustainability of the Current Account Deficit
by Luigi Bonatti - 797-817 Speculative Attacks and Informational Structure: an Experimental Study
by Camille Cornand - 818-835 On the Credibility of Currency Boards
by Switgard Feuerstein & Oliver Grimm - 836-848 Cross‐country Relative Price Volatility: Effects of Market Structure
by Yin‐Wong Cheung & Eiji Fujii - 849-858 Technological Upgrading under Tariffs and Equivalent Quotas
by Jiunn‐rong Chiou & Hong Hwang & Chao‐cheng Mai - 859-882 Trade Union Rights, Democracy, and Exports: a Gravity Model Approach
by David Kucera & Ritash Sarna - 883-909 The Role of Information Disclosure and Uncertainty in the 1994/95 Mexican Peso Crisis: Empirical Evidence
by Christina E. Bannier - 910-921 Industrial Targeting and Non‐shiftable Capital in the Harris–Todaro Model
by Jai‐Young Choi & Eden S. H. Yu - 922-940 Multinational Production, Absorptive Capacity, and Endogenous R&D Spillovers
by Leo A. Grünfeld - 941-957 Trade Liberalization and the Profitability of Mergers: a Global Analysis
by Hassan Benchekroun & Amrita Ray Chaudhuri - 958-967 The Production Possibility Frontier as a Maximum Value Function: Concavity and Non‐increasing Returns to Scale
by Ardeshir J. Dalal
September 2006, Volume 14, Issue 4
- 535-553 Passthrough Estimates and the Choice of an Exchange Rate Index
by Patricia S. Pollard & Cletus C. Coughlin - 554-570 Exchange Rate Regimes and Currency Crises: an Evaluation using Extreme Value Theory
by Fasika Damte Haile & Susan Pozo - 571-581 Transparency in the Foreign Exchange Market and the Volume of International Trade
by Udo Broll & Bernhard Eckwert - 582-599 Technology Transfer and Merger Activities with Trade and Tariffs
by Cillian Ryan - 600-614 Technology Sourcing and Strategic Foreign Direct Investment
by Kjetil Bjorvatn & Carsten Eckel - 615-631 Country Size and the Gains from Trade Bloc Enlargement: an Empirical Assessment for the European Community
by Harald Badinger & Fritz Breuss - 632-644 Tariffs vs Quotas in a Model of Trade with Capital Accumulation
by Giacomo Calzolari & Luca Lambertini - 645-657 International Trade and Growth Miracles: the Implications of Nonhomothetic Preferences
by Andrew Mountford - 658-674 Multilateralism and Hub‐and‐Spoke Bilateralism
by Hiroshi Mukunoki & Kentaro Tachi - 675-677 Factor Price Equalization in a World of Many Trading Countries
by Murray C. Kemp - 678-682 An Extension of the Trade Restrictiveness Index to Large Economies
by Sami Dakhlia & Akram Temimi - 683-697 Institutional Efficiency, Monitoring Costs and the Investment Share of FDI
by Joshua Aizenman & Mark M. Spiegel - 698-708 Imperfect Labor Mobility and Unemployment in a Dual Economy
by Gu Wei & Shigemi Yabuuchi - 709-721 Foreign Aid under Quantitative Restrictions: Welfare Effects and International Factor Mobility
by Trisha Bezmen - 722-740 Risky Habits: on Risk Sharing, Habit Formation, and the Interpretation of International Consumption Correlations
by Jeffrey C. Fuhrer & Michael W. Klein
August 2006, Volume 14, Issue 3
- 331-347 Rate‐of‐return Parity in Experimental Asset Markets
by Jason Childs & Stuart Mestelman - 348-361 The Division and Size of Gains from Liberalization in Service Networks
by Keshab Bhattarai & John Whalley - 362-379 Gender Inequality and Trade
by Matthias Busse & Christian Spielmann - 380-391 Food Protection for Sale
by Rigoberto A. Lopez & Xenia Matschke - 392-413 Is the Border Really That Wide?
by Janet Ceglowski - 414-426 Multinational Corporations, Stackelberg Leadership, and Tariff‐jumping
by Stuart Dixon - 427-444 “GATT‐think” with Asymmetric Countries
by Paolo Epifani & Juliette Vitaloni - 445-451 On the Equivalence of Ad Valorem Tariffs and Specific Tariffs under Duopoly
by Koon Lam Shea & Esther Y. P. Shea - 452-465 Oligopsony Distortions and Welfare Implications of Trade
by Stephen Devadoss & Wongun Song - 466-477 The Torrens–Ricardo Principle of Comparative Advantage: an Extension
by Murray C. Kemp & Masayuki Okawa - 478-493 Foreign Direct Investment: Flows, Volatility, and the Impact on Growth
by Robert Lensink & Oliver Morrissey - 494-507 Modeling Cultural Barriers in International Trade
by István Kónya - 508-511 Misleading Inferences from Panel Unit Root Tests: a Comment
by George S. Ford & John D. Jackson & Audrey D. Kline - 512-516 Misleading Inferences from Panel Unit Root Tests: a Reply
by Janice Boucher Breuer & Robert McNown & Myles Wallace - 517-519 Making Sense of the Comparative Advantage Gains from Trade: Comment on Batra
by Daniel M. Bernhofen - 520-521 Intellectual Property and Development: Lessons from Recent Economic Research – Edited by Carsten Fink and Keith Maskus
by Catherine Yap Co - 522-523 Worlds Apart: Measuring International and Global Inequality – by Branko Milanovic
by Slobodan Djajic - 524-525 International Trade and Labor Markets: Theory, Evidence, and Policy Implications – by Carl Davidson and Steven J. Matusz
by Noel Gaston - 526-528 Quantitative Methods for Assessing the Effects of Non‐tariff Measures and Trade Facilitation – Edited by Philippa Dee and Michael Ferrantino
by James C. Hartigan - 529-531 Global Capital Markets: Integration, Crisis, and Growth – by Maurice Obstfeld and Alan M. Taylor
by William R. Melick - 532-534 Identifying International Financial Contagion: Progress and Challenges – Edited by Mardi Dungi and Demosthenes N. Tambakis
by Sweta C. Saxena
May 2006, Volume 14, Issue 2
- 179-201 The Impact of Chinese Exports on Global Import Prices
by Steven B. Kamin & Mario Marazzi & John W. Schindler - 202-211 Global Production and Currency Devaluation
by Laixun Zhao & Yuqing Xing - 212-225 On the International Linkages between Trade and Merger Policies
by Kamal Saggi & Halis Murat Yildiz - 226-247 The Intervention Principle
by Earl L. Grinols - 248-260 Transboundary Pollution and International Migration
by Kenji Kondoh - 261-276 Long‐run Lunacy, Short‐run Sanity: a Simple Model of Trade with Labor Market Turnover
by Carl Davidson & Steven J. Matusz - 277-291 Strategic Exports and R&D with Internationally Mobile Skilled Labor and Exchange Rate Volatility
by Sajal Lahiri & Fernando Mesa - 292-305 Multinational Firms and Strategic FDI Subsidies
by Yasunori Ishii - 306-315 Reconsidering Real Interest Parity for Traded and Nontraded Goods
by Jaebeom Kim - 316-329 Investment under Trade Policy Uncertainty: an Empirical Investigation
by Sasatra Sudsawasd & Robert E. Moore
February 2006, Volume 14, Issue 1
- 1-15 Long‐run Specialization
by Yoshiyasu Ono & Akihisa Shibata - 16-29 Factor Accumulation without Diminishing Returns: the Case of East Asia
by Peter Debaere & Ufuk Demiroglu - 30-53 Factor Endowments and Industrial Structure
by Trevor A. Reeve - 54-68 Communication Costs and Trade of Differentiated Goods
by Linghui Tang - 69-86 Are Matched Partner Trade Statistics a Usable Measure of Transportation Costs?
by David Hummels & Volodymyr Lugovskyy - 87-92 Partial Privatization, Foreign Competition, and Optimum Tariff
by Chi‐Chur Chao & Eden S. H. Yu - 93-103 Illegal Immigration and Second‐best Import Tariffs
by Subhayu Bandyopadhyay - 104-118 Trade, Entry Barriers, and Home Market Effects
by Paul E. Jensen - 119-135 Mean Reversion of Short‐run Interest Rates in Emerging Countries
by Bertrand Candelon & Luis A. Gil‐Alana - 136-147 A Stackelberg Game Model of Trade in Renewable Resources with Competitive Sellers
by Amitrajeet A. Batabyal & Hamid Beladi - 148-168 A Model of Trade Liberalization in Services
by Clement Yuk Pang Wong & Jinhui Wu & Anming Zhang
November 2005, Volume 13, Issue 5
- 841-860 Quantifying the Impact of Trade on Wages: the Role of Nontraded Goods
by Stephen Tokarick - 861-880 Trade and Turnover: Theory and Evidence
by Carl Davidson & Steven J. Matusz - 881-891 Alternative Techniques for Estimation of Cross‐Section Gravity Models
by Peter Egger - 892-903 On the Terms of Trade and Sectoral Reallocations
by Benjamin N. Dennis & Talan B. İşcan - 904-926 Intraindustry Trade and Relative Factor Endowments
by Andrzej Cieślik - 927-944 R&D Spillovers and Growth: Specialization Matters
by Arjan Lejour & Richard Nahuis - 945-963 Multinationals, Endogenous Growth, and Technological Spillovers: Theory and Evidence
by Richard Baldwin & Henrik Braconier & Rikard Forslid - 964-972 Tied Aid and Welfare
by Kenzo Abe & Yasuhiro Takarada - 973-984 Taste Parameters as Model Residuals: Assessing the “Fit” of an Armington Trade Model
by Russell H. Hillberry & Michael A. Anderson & Edward J. Balistreri & Alan K. Fox - 985-996 Revenue‐Neutral Environmental Tariff Reform, Growth, and Welfare
by Takumi Naito - 997-1000 Gottfried Haberler's 1930 Reformulation of Comparative Advantage in Retrospect
by Daniel M. Bernhofen - 1001-1003 An Elizabethan Age for Pure Trade Theory: 1925–55
by Paul A. Samuelson - 1004-1016 How Robust is Comparative Advantage?
by Alan V. Deardorff - 1017-1023 The Empirics of Comparative Advantage: Overcoming the Tyranny of Nonrefutability
by Daniel M. Bernhofen
September 2005, Volume 13, Issue 4
- 631-645 The Welfare Cost of Autarky: Evidence from the Jeffersonian Trade Embargo, 1807–09
by Douglas A. Irwin - 646-658 Import Penetration and Domestic Process Innovation
by Kiyoshi Matsubara - 659-675 Trade, Multinational Sales, and FDI in a Three‐factor Model
by Peter Egger & Michael Pfaffermayr - 676-681 Tariffs in a Ricardian Model with a Monopolistically Competitive Sector: the Role of Nontradables
by Partha Sen - 682-698 Which International Institutions Promote International Trade?
by Andrew Rose - 699-708 International Trade and the Connection between Excess Demand and Inflation
by Albert S. Dexter & Maurice D. Levi & Barrie R. Nault - 709-724 European Agricultural Biotechnology Preferences and Policy: Growth and Trade Implications
by John Francis & James F. Oehmke & Dave D. Weatherspoon - 725-756 Home Bias and High Turnover in an Overlapping‐generations Model with Learning
by Massimo Guidolin - 757-769 International Trade and the Value of Time
by Udayan Roy - 770-786 Reconciling the Evidence on the Knowledge‐capital Model
by Henrik Braconier & Pehr‐Johan Norbäck & Dieter Urban - 787-804 Distance and International Banking
by Claudia M. Buch - 805-821 Rent Seeking with Politically Contestable Rights to Tariff‐rate Import Quotas*
by Jana Hranaiova & Harry de Gorter - 822-839 Costly Factor Reallocation and Reduced Productivity Effects in International Trade
by Teresa Beckham Gramm
August 2005, Volume 13, Issue 3
- 403-408 Recent Contributions, from France, to International Economics and Finance
by Antoine Bouet & Jean‐Olivier Hairault & Robert F. Owen & Yvon Rocaboy - 409-430 A Fragmented China: Measure and Determinants of Chinese Domestic Market Disintegration
by Sandra Poncet - 431-444 Labor Markets and Kaleidoscopic Comparative Advantage
by Daniel A. Traca - 445-460 Quotas on Clothing Imports: Impact and Determinants of EU Trade Policy
by Juliette Milgram Baleix - 461-471 Certification of Origin as a Non‐Tariff Barrier
by Claire Chambolle & Eric Giraud‐Héraud - 472-484 Trade Agreements as Self‐Protection
by Jennifer Pédussel Wu - 485-500 Does North–South Integration Affect Multinational Firms’ Strategies?
by Sylvie Montout & Habib Zitouna - 501-517 Rules of Origin in North–South Preferential Trading Arrangements with an Application to NAFTA
by José Anson & Olivier Cadot & Antoni Estevadeordal & Jaime de Melo & Akiko Suwa‐Eisenmann & Bolormaa Tumurchudur - 518-528 Fragmentation, Engel's Law, and Learning
by Ai‐Ting Goh & Henry Y. Wan - 529-548 The Political Economy of Education and Development in an Open Economy
by François Bourguignon & Thierry Verdier - 549-575 The Exchange Rate and its Fundamentals in a Complex World
by Paul De Grauwe & Marianna Grimaldi - 576-596 Monetary Shocks and Real Exchange Rate Dynamics: a Reappraisal
by Jean‐Olivier Hairault & Thepthida Sopraseuth - 597-611 The Impact of the 9/11 Events on the American and French Stock Markets
by Bertrand B. Maillet & Thierry L. Michel - 612-629 Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth: the Role of Financial Intermediation
by Gilles Saint‐Paul
May 2005, Volume 13, Issue 2
- 185-204 Issue Linking in Trade Negotiations: Ricardo Revisited or No Pain No Gain
by Ignatius J. Horstmann & James R. Markusen & Jack Robles - 205-215 Stable Tariffs and Retaliations
by Reza Oladi - 216-236 Fiscal Spending, Relative‐Price Dynamics, and Welfare in a World Economy
by Yoshiyasu Ono & Akihisa Shibata - 237-249 Globalization, Wage Volatility, and the Welfare of Workers
by Daniel A. Traca - 250-261 Enforcing Domestic Quality Dominance through Quotas
by Nicolas Boccard & Xavier Wauthy - 262-282 Current Account Dynamics in a Small Open‐Economy Model of Status Seeking
by Walter H. Fisher - 283-297 Time Past and Time Present: a Duration Analysis of IMF Program Spells
by Joseph P. Joyce - 298-310 VERs and Price Undertakings under the WTO
by Michael O. Moore - 311-329 Tariffs, Quotas, and Forward Contracts under Asymmetric Information
by Tigran Melkonyan & Harvey Lapan - 330-355 Intersectoral Adjustment and Policy Intervention: the Importance of General‐Equilibrium Effects
by Larry Karp & Thierry Paul - 356-375 Trade Linkages and Output‐Multiplier Effects: a Structural VAR Approach with a Focus on Asia
by Tilak Abeysinghe & Kristin Forbes - 376-384 Tariffs, Quality Choice, and Cost Functions: a Foreign Monopoly Case
by Tsuyoshi Toshimitsu