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Predictably Unequal? The Effects of Machine Learning on Credit Markets

Citations

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Cited by:

  1. Wang, Xiaodong & Deng, Yunfeng & Mao, Xiaomeng, 2025. "The impact of bank digital transformation on enterprises digital technology innovation in China," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 102(C).
  2. Matteo Crosignani & Jonathan Kivell & Daniel Mangrum & Donald P. Morgan & Ambika Nair & Joelle Scally & Wilbert Van der Klaauw, 2025. "Financial Inclusion in the United States: Measurement, Determinants, and Recent Developments," Economic Policy Review, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, vol. 31(3), pages 1-49, September.
  3. Gisbert, Josep & Gutierrez, Jose E., 2024. "Bridging the gap? A theoretical analysis of the net effect of FinTech entry on access to credit," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 69(PA).
  4. Brandon Goldstein & Julapa Jagtiani & Catharine Lemieux, 2025. "Fintech Innovations in Banking: Fintech Partnership and Default Rate on Bank Loans," Working Papers 25-21, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia.
  5. Christophe Hurlin & Christophe Pérignon & Sébastien Saurin, 2026. "The Fairness of Credit Scoring Models," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 72(1), pages 406-425, January.
  6. Nikita Kozodoi & Johannes Jacob & Stefan Lessmann, 2021. "Fairness in Credit Scoring: Assessment, Implementation and Profit Implications," Papers 2103.01907, arXiv.org, revised Jun 2022.
  7. Agur, Itai & Ari, Anil & Dell’Ariccia, Giovanni, 2025. "Bank competition and household privacy in a digital payment monopoly," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 166(C).
  8. Trevor J. Bakker & Stefanie DeLuca & Eric A. English & Jamie Fogel & Nathaniel Hendren & Daniel Herbst, 2025. "Credit Access in the United States," Working Papers 25-45, Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau.
  9. David Gaddis Ross & Dong Hyun Shin, 2024. "Do financial market frictions hurt the performance of women‐led ventures? A meta‐analytic investigation," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 45(3), pages 507-534, March.
  10. Kim Long Tran & Hoang Anh Le & Thanh Hien Nguyen & Duc Trung Nguyen, 2022. "Explainable Machine Learning for Financial Distress Prediction: Evidence from Vietnam," Data, MDPI, vol. 7(11), pages 1-12, November.
  11. Andrés Alonso & José Manuel Carbó, 2022. "Accuracy of explanations of machine learning models for credit decisions," Working Papers 2222, Banco de España.
  12. Jia, Xiaoran, 2024. "FinTech penetration, charter value, and bank risk-taking," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 161(C).
  13. Agarwal, Shivam & Muckley, Cal B. & Neelakantan, Parvati, 2023. "Countering racial discrimination in algorithmic lending: A case for model-agnostic interpretation methods," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 226(C).
  14. Andreas Joseph, 2019. "From interpretability to inference: an estimation framework for universal approximators," Papers 1903.04209, arXiv.org, revised Dec 2024.
  15. Lindsey Raymond, 2025. "The Market Effects of Algorithms," Papers 2508.09513, arXiv.org.
  16. Dainelli, Francesco & Bet, Gianmarco & Fabrizi, Eugenio, 2024. "The financial health of a company and the risk of its default: Back to the future," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 95(PB).
  17. Anastasia Cozarenco & Ariane Szafarz, 2026. "Bias in Mission-Driven Finance: Discrimination or Mission Drift?," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 203(1), pages 91-106, January.
  18. Andreas Fuster & Matthew Plosser & Philipp Schnabl & James Vickery, 2019. "The Role of Technology in Mortgage Lending," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 32(5), pages 1854-1899.
  19. Cho Man, 2024. "Three Waves of FinTech Innovations and Their Implications for Financial Frauds and Anomalies," International Review of Financial Consumers, Sciendo, vol. 9(2), pages 1-18.
  20. Xie, Xueyan & Zhu, Xiaoyang, 2022. "FinTech and capital allocation efficiency: Another equity-efficiency dilemma?," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 53(C).
  21. Will Dobbie & Andres Liberman & Daniel Paravisini & Vikram Pathania, 2021. "Measuring Bias in Consumer Lending [Loan Prospecting and the Loss of Soft Information]," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 88(6), pages 2799-2832.
  22. Jeffery Piao & K. Philip Wang & Diana L. Weng, 2025. "U.S. Banks’ Artificial Intelligence and Small Business Lending: Evidence from the Census Bureau’s Annual Business Survey," Working Papers 25-07, Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau.
  23. Hadi Elzayn & Simon Freyaldenhoven & Ryan Kobler & Minchul Shin, 2025. "Measuring Fairness in the U.S. Mortgage Market," Working Papers 25-04, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia.
  24. Douglas Kiarelly Godoy de Araujo, 2023. "gingado: a machine learning library focused on economics and finance," IFC Bulletins chapters, in: Bank for International Settlements (ed.), Data science in central banking: applications and tools, volume 59, Bank for International Settlements.
  25. Beck, Thorsten & Gambacorta, Leonardo & Huang, Yiping & Li, Zhenhua & Qiu, Han, 2022. "Big techs, QR code payments and financial inclusion," CEPR Discussion Papers 17297, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
  26. Maria Teresa Balaguer-Coll & Lorenzo Caldirola & David Conesa & Rodrigo Cuenca De Armas & Emili Tortosa-Ausina, 2025. "Bank branching and economic development: A Bayesian quantile regression approach," Working Papers 2025/08, Economics Department, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón (Spain).
  27. Zhang, Xiaoyan & Li, Jinbao & Xiang, Dong & Worthington, Andrew C., 2023. "Digitalization, financial inclusion, and small and medium-sized enterprise financing: Evidence from China," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 126(C).
  28. Koefer, Franziska & Lemken, Ivo & Pauls, Jan, 2023. "Fairness in algorithmic decision systems: A microfinance perspective," EIF Working Paper Series 2023/88, European Investment Fund (EIF).
  29. Song, Wenda & Wu, Jiawen & Zhang, Haiyang, 2025. "Financial risk soft landing: Government regulatory strategies and the resolution of problematic financial institutions," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 90(C).
  30. Pelin Berkmen & Ms. Kimberly Beaton & Mr. Dmitry Gershenson & Mr. Javier Arze del Granado & Kotaro Ishi & Miss Marie S Kim & Emanuel Kopp & Mrs. Marina V Rousset, 2019. "Fintech in Latin America and the Caribbean: Stocktaking," IMF Working Papers 2019/071, International Monetary Fund.
  31. Liu, Shiang & Yang, Changyu, 2024. "The role of FinTech lenders in mortgage market: Evidence from corporate relocations," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 63(C).
  32. Andres Liberman & Christopher A. Neilson & Luis Opazo & Seth Zimmerman, 2019. "Equilibrium Effects of Asymmetric Information on Consumer Credit Markets," Working Papers 2019-7, Princeton University. Economics Department..
  33. Kozodoi, Nikita & Jacob, Johannes & Lessmann, Stefan, 2022. "Fairness in credit scoring: Assessment, implementation and profit implications," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 297(3), pages 1083-1094.
  34. Christopher Cassion & Yuhang Qian & Constant Bossou & Margareta Ackerman, 2021. "Investors Embrace Gender Diversity, Not Female CEOs: The Role of Gender in Startup Fundraising," Papers 2101.12008, arXiv.org.
  35. Curcio, Domenico & D’Amico, Simona & Gianfrancesco, Igor & Vioto, Davide, 2024. "Understanding the impact of the financial technology revolution on systemic risk: Evidence from US and EU diversified financials," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 69(C).
  36. Huo, Da & Shi, Yongdong & Wang, Chao & Wang, Lihan & Xing, Weize & Yang, Mo & Zhao, Jingjing, 2025. "Measuring systemic risk in China: A new hybrid approach incorporating ensemble learning and risk spillover networks," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 91(C).
  37. Natee Amornsiripanitch, 2023. "The Age Gap in Mortgage Access," Working Papers 23-03, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia.
  38. Mathieu Aubry & Roman Kräussl & Gustavo Manso & Christophe Spaenjers, 2023. "Biased Auctioneers," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 78(2), pages 795-833, April.
  39. Victor Duarte & Diogo Duarte & Dejanir H. Silva, 2024. "Machine Learning for Continuous-Time Finance," CESifo Working Paper Series 10909, CESifo.
  40. Martin Eling & Irina Gemmo & Danjela Guxha & Hato Schmeiser, 2024. "Big data, risk classification, and privacy in insurance markets," The Geneva Risk and Insurance Review, Palgrave Macmillan;International Association for the Study of Insurance Economics (The Geneva Association), vol. 49(1), pages 75-126, March.
  41. Li, Huan & Wu, Weixing, 2024. "Loan default predictability with explainable machine learning," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 60(C).
  42. Disa M. Hynsjö & Luca Perdoni, 2024. "Mapping Out Institutional Discrimination: The Economic Effects of Federal “Redlining”," CESifo Working Paper Series 11098, CESifo.
  43. D'Acunto, Francesco & Ghosh, Pulak & Jain, Rajiv & Rossi, Alberto G., 2022. "How costly are cultural biases?," LawFin Working Paper Series 34, Goethe University, Center for Advanced Studies on the Foundations of Law and Finance (LawFin).
  44. Wang, Ke-Liang & Sun, Ting-Ting & Xu, Ru-Yu & Miao, Zhuang & Cheng, Yun-He, 2022. "How does internet development promote urban green innovation efficiency? Evidence from China," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 184(C).
  45. Hoang, Daniel & Wiegratz, Kevin, 2022. "Machine learning methods in finance: Recent applications and prospects," Working Paper Series in Economics 158, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Department of Economics and Management.
  46. Philippe Bracke & Anupam Datta & Carsten Jung & Shayak Sen, 2019. "Machine learning explainability in finance: an application to default risk analysis," Bank of England working papers 816, Bank of England.
  47. Sabrina T. Howell & Theresa Kuchler & David Snitkof & Johannes Stroebel & Jun Wong, 2024. "Lender Automation and Racial Disparities in Credit Access," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 79(2), pages 1457-1512, April.
  48. Lydia T. Liu & Ashia Wilson & Nika Haghtalab & Adam Tauman Kalai & Christian Borgs & Jennifer Chayes, 2019. "The Disparate Equilibria of Algorithmic Decision Making when Individuals Invest Rationally," Papers 1910.04123, arXiv.org.
  49. Bernardus Van Doornik & Armando Gomes & David Schoenherr & Janis Skrastins, 2024. "Savings-and-Credit Contracts," Working Papers Series 610, Central Bank of Brazil, Research Department.
  50. Bianchi, Milo & Bouvard, Matthieu & Gomes, Renato & Rhodes, Andrew & Shreeti, Vatsala, 2023. "Mobile payments and interoperability: Insights from the academic literature," Information Economics and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 65(C).
  51. Sugat Chaturvedi & Rochana Chaturvedi, 2025. "Who Gets the Callback? Generative AI and Gender Bias," Papers 2504.21400, arXiv.org.
  52. Zhao, Xiaoyang & Weng, Zongyuan, 2024. "Digital dividend or divide: The digital economy and urban entrepreneurial activity," Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, Elsevier, vol. 93(C).
  53. Runhuan Feng & Hong Li & Ming Liu, 2025. "Robo-Advisors Beyond Automation: Principles and Roadmap for AI-Driven Financial Planning," Papers 2509.09922, arXiv.org.
  54. Fleck, Johannes & Monninger, Adrian, 2020. "Culture and portfolios: trust, precautionary savings and home ownership," Working Paper Series 2457, European Central Bank.
  55. Claudio Daminato & Massimo Filippini & Fabio Haufler, 2024. "Digitalization and Retirement Contribution Behavior: Evidence from Administrative Data," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 37(8), pages 2510-2549.
  56. Andreas Joseph, 2019. "Parametric inference with universal function approximators," Bank of England working papers 784, Bank of England.
  57. Vives, Xavier & Ye, Zhiqiang, 2025. "Fintech entry, lending market competition, and welfare," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 168(C).
  58. Tobias Berg & Valentin Burg & Ana Gombović & Manju Puri, 2020. "On the Rise of FinTechs: Credit Scoring Using Digital Footprints," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 33(7), pages 2845-2897.
  59. Christa Gibbs & Benedict Guttman-Kenney & Donghoon Lee & Scott Nelson & Wilbert van der Klaauw & Jialan Wang, 2025. "Consumer Credit Reporting Data," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 63(2), pages 598-636, June.
  60. Angelo D'Andrea & Patrick Hitayezu & Kangni Kpodar & Nicola Limodio & Andrea Filippo Presbitero, 2025. "Developing the Mortgage Market: Technology, Property Rights, and Banking," Mo.Fi.R. Working Papers 195, Money and Finance Research group (Mo.Fi.R.) - Univ. Politecnica Marche - Dept. Economic and Social Sciences.
  61. Alonso-Robisco, Andrés & Carbó, José Manuel, 2022. "Can machine learning models save capital for banks? Evidence from a Spanish credit portfolio," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 84(C).
  62. Yang, Zhang & Jianxiong Lin & Yihe Qian & Lianjie Shu, 2025. "Machine learning and financial inclusion: Evidence from credit risk assessment of small-business loans in China," Working Papers 202532, University of Macau, Faculty of Business Administration.
  63. Alireza Fallah & Michael I. Jordan & Annie Ulichney, 2025. "The Statistical Fairness-Accuracy Frontier," Papers 2508.17622, arXiv.org, revised Feb 2026.
  64. Shuaiyu Chen & T. Clifton Green & Huseyin Gulen & Dexin Zhou, 2024. "What Does ChatGPT Make of Historical Stock Returns? Extrapolation and Miscalibration in LLM Stock Return Forecasts," Papers 2409.11540, arXiv.org.
  65. Anastasia Cozarenco & Ariane Szafarz, 2024. "How to identify lending bias when the lender's goal is not profit?," Working Papers CEB 24-007, ULB -- Universite Libre de Bruxelles.
  66. Xiaoran Jia & Kiridaran Kanagaretnam, 2025. "Digital Inclusion and Financial Inclusion: Evidence from Peer-to-Peer Lending," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 196(2), pages 345-380, January.
  67. Gupta, Arpit & Hansman, Christopher & Mabille, Pierre, 2025. "Financial constraints and the racial housing gap," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 173(C).
  68. Andres Liberman & Christopher Neilson & Luis Opazo & Seth Zimmerman, 2018. "The Equilibrium Effects of Information Deletion: Evidence from Consumer Credit Markets," NBER Working Papers 25097, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  69. Gao, Jingyi & Ren, Yuanming & Zhan, Xinyu, 2025. "Does digital finance alter the leverage decision of firms? Evidence from China," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 104(PA).
  70. Baesens, Bart & Smedts, Kristien, 2025. "Boosting credit risk models," The British Accounting Review, Elsevier, vol. 57(4).
  71. Antonio Gargano & Alberto G. Rossi, 2024. "Goal Setting and Saving in the FinTech Era," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 79(3), pages 1931-1976, June.
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