IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/fip/fednep/101972.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Financial Inclusion in the United States: Measurement, Determinants, and Recent Developments

Author

Abstract

In recent years technological change and pandemic-related policies have helped expand access to banking, credit, and payment services to more consumers and small businesses. Despite this progress many continue to lack access to the financial tools needed to manage their day-to-day finances, absorb economic shocks, and build financial wealth. This article provides a review of the current state and evolving landscape of financial inclusion in the United States. In doing so, it draws on survey evidence and a growing number of academic studies. The authors identify key opportunities for improving understanding of the causes of financial exclusion and of the effectiveness of alternative efforts to expand financial inclusion. They also emphasize the need for new measures of financial inclusion that go beyond access and use of specific financial services.

Suggested Citation

  • Matteo Crosignani & Jonathan Kivell & Daniel Mangrum & Donald P. Morgan & Ambika Nair & Joelle Scally & Wilbert Van der Klaauw, 2025. "Financial Inclusion in the United States: Measurement, Determinants, and Recent Developments," Economic Policy Review, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, vol. 31(3), pages 1-49, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:fip:fednep:101972
    DOI: 10.59576/epr.31.3.1-49
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.newyorkfed.org/medialibrary/media/research/epr/2025/EPR_2025_financial-inclusion_crosignani.pdf
    File Function: Full text
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.newyorkfed.org/research/epr/2025/EPR_2025_financial-inclusion_crosignani.html
    File Function: Summary
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.59576/epr.31.3.1-49?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    JEL classification:

    • G2 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services
    • G3 - Financial Economics - - Corporate Finance and Governance
    • G5 - Financial Economics - - Household Finance
    • O16 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Financial Markets; Saving and Capital Investment; Corporate Finance and Governance

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:fip:fednep:101972. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    We have no bibliographic references for this item. You can help adding them by using this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Gabriella Bucciarelli (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/frbnyus.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.