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Canada’s dependence on natural capital wealth: Was Innis wrong?

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  • Nancy Olewiler

Abstract

Canada has abundant natural resources—its stock of natural capital wealth. A recurring debate in the literature is whether resource rich countries benefit in the form of higher sustained growth rates or not from the export of their natural resources. Canada's Harold Innis wrote extensively on this subject over 80 years ago and argued for the “no” side in the debate. Was he was right or wrong? I begin with the foundations of natural resource theory then turn to empirical work in recent decades. I agree with the literature that Canada overall has benefited from the export of its natural resources, but question whether that can continue given the focus on short term growth and the failure to account for the social costs of resource extraction and use—the environmental externalities that degrade and reduce stocks of natural capital. These externalities increasingly threaten our water and land resources and without more effective policy, the ability of resources to sustain growth and well‐being is questionable. Was Innis wrong? Yes in that the evidence supports the counter argument—resources have helped Canada become a developed economy with relatively high incomes and sustained growth rates. Innis was right that the uneven distribution of resources causes different impacts regionally especially during booms and busts and recognized the need to find substitutes for declining and degrading resource stocks. But Innis, like many after him, focused more on the intrinsic features of natural resources than policy to address the social costs of their development, a legacy that leaves us in a precarious position today. La dépendance du Canada sur la richesse de son capital naturel : est‐ce qu’Innis avait tort? Le Canada a des ressources naturelles abondantes – son stock de richesse en capital naturel. Un débat récurrent dans la littérature spécialisée porte sur la question à savoir si les pays riches en ressources en bénéficient sous forme de taux de croissance plus élevés et soutenus ou non grâce aux exportations de leurs ressources naturelles. L’économiste canadien Harold Innis a beaucoup écrit sur cette question il y a plus de 80 ans, et a pris position pour le « non » dans ce débat. Avait‐il raison ou tort? L’auteur part des fondements de la théorie des ressources naturelles puis se tourne vers les travaux empiriques des dernières décennies. L’auteur est d’accord avec les travaux qui ont montré que la Canada a bénéficié en gros de l’exportation de ses ressources naturelles, mais se demande si cela peut continuer, compte tenu de la focalisation sur la croissance à court terme et le manque à prendre en compte les coûts sociaux de l’extraction des ressources et de leurs usages – les externalités environnementales qui dégradent et réduisent les stocks de capital naturel. De plus en plus, ces externalités menacent les ressources terrestres et aquatiques, et, sans des politiques plus effectives, la capacité des ressources à soutenir la croissance et le bien‐être est discutable. Innis avait‐il tort? Oui en ce sens que le contre‐argument a du poids : les ressources ont aidé le Canada à devenir une économie développée à revenus relativement élevés revenus et à taux de croissance soutenus. Innis avait raison de dire que la distribution inégale des ressources entraînait des impacts différenciés sur les régions, particulièrement dans les périodes d’expansion et de récession, et reconnaissait le besoin de trouver des substituts aux stocks de ressources qui déclinent et se dégradent. Mais Innis, comme plusieurs après lui, se focalisait davantage sur les caractéristiques des ressources naturelles que sur les politiques qui prennent en compte les coûts sociaux de leur développement – un legs qui nous laisse dans une situation précaire aujourd’hui.

Suggested Citation

  • Nancy Olewiler, 2017. "Canada’s dependence on natural capital wealth: Was Innis wrong?," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 50(4), pages 927-964, November.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:canjec:v:50:y:2017:i:4:p:927-964
    DOI: 10.1111/caje.12295
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    2. Oliver Loertscher & Pau S. Pujolas, 2023. "Canadian Productivity Growth: Stuck in the Oil Sands," Department of Economics Working Papers 2023-01, McMaster University.
    3. Patrick Lloyd‐Smith, 2021. "The economic benefits of recreation in Canada," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 54(4), pages 1684-1715, November.

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