IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/appene/v357y2024ics0306261923018251.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Extricating the impacts of emissions trading system and energy transition on carbon intensity

Author

Listed:
  • Shobande, Olatunji A.
  • Ogbeifun, Lawrence
  • Tiwari, Aviral Kumar

Abstract

Emissions trading systems (ETS) are market-driven mechanisms designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) by levying the cost of carbon. Although ETS has been implemented effectively in certain regions, concerns about its efficacy in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries persist, as it may be hindered by a combination of factors, such as exorbitant costs, inadequate coverage, political reluctance, policy disruptions, and a lack of clear understanding of the underlying mechanism through which it affects carbon intensity. In this study, we analyse the effects of the ETS and energy transition on carbon intensity for a panel of 24 OECD countries during 2000–2019 using advanced dynamic econometrics. Our empirical approach involves three primary specifications: utilizing standard panel methods, which are innovative in controlling unobserved heterogeneity. We then explored the long-and short-run relationships using the generalised method of moments (GMM) dynamic family; and applying the quantiles via moments model to re-evaluate the heterogeneity drivers of carbon neutrality. We also use an alternative and complementary statistical procedure by Hausman–Taylor and the feasible generalised least squares (FGLS) model as robustness checks. Our findings indicate that implementing an ETS and investing in renewable energy can significantly reduce carbon emissions. However, economic growth and carbon taxes increase carbon emissions. These findings emphasize the importance of adopting a comprehensive strategy towards an effective emission trading system and expansion of renewable energy in reducing carbon emissions. Moreover, prioritizing current and past emissions is necessary for a quick transition to a low-carbon economy in OECD countries.

Suggested Citation

  • Shobande, Olatunji A. & Ogbeifun, Lawrence & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar, 2024. "Extricating the impacts of emissions trading system and energy transition on carbon intensity," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 357(C).
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:357:y:2024:i:c:s0306261923018251
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.122461
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261923018251
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.122461?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Chen, Yulong & Wang, Zheng & Zhong, Zhangqi, 2019. "CO2 emissions, economic growth, renewable and non-renewable energy production and foreign trade in China," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 131(C), pages 208-216.
    2. Fotio, Herve Kaffo & Nchofoung, Tii N. & Asongu, Simplice A., 2022. "Financing renewable energy generation in SSA: Does financial integration matter?," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 201(P2), pages 47-59.
    3. Shen, Jun & Tang, Pengcheng & Zeng, Hao & Cheng, Jinhua & Liu, Xiuli, 2023. "Does emission trading system reduce mining cities’ pollution emissions? A quasi-natural experiment based on Chinese prefecture-level cities," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C).
    4. Qingxian An & Kefan Zhu & Beibei Xiong & Zhiyang Shen, 2023. "Carbon resource reallocation with emission quota in carbon emission trading system," Post-Print hal-03974850, HAL.
    5. Hausman, Jerry A & Taylor, William E, 1981. "Panel Data and Unobservable Individual Effects," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 49(6), pages 1377-1398, November.
    6. Machado, José A.F. & Santos Silva, J.M.C., 2019. "Quantiles via moments," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 213(1), pages 145-173.
    7. Shobande, Olatunji A. & Ogbeifun, Lawrence & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar, 2024. "Unlocking information technology infrastructure for promoting climate resilience and environmental quality," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 198(C).
    8. Jia, Zhijie, 2023. "The hidden benefit: Emission trading scheme and business performance of downstream enterprises," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 117(C).
    9. Meng, Bin & Chen, Shuiyang & Haralambides, Hercules & Kuang, Haibo & Fan, Lidong, 2023. "Information spillovers between carbon emissions trading prices and shipping markets: A time-frequency analysis," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 120(C).
    10. Ralf Martin & Mirabelle Mu?ls & Laure B. de Preux & Ulrich J. Wagner, 2014. "Industry Compensation under Relocation Risk: A Firm-Level Analysis of the EU Emissions Trading Scheme," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 104(8), pages 2482-2508, August.
    11. Ashwin Rode, 2021. "Rent Seeking over Tradable Emission Permits," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 78(2), pages 257-285, February.
    12. Zhang, Yimeng & Wang, Feng & Zhang, Bing, 2023. "The impacts of household structure transitions on household carbon emissions in China," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 206(C).
    13. Dechezleprêtre, Antoine & Nachtigall, Daniel & Venmans, Frank, 2023. "The joint impact of the European Union emissions trading system on carbon emissions and economic performance," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 118(C).
    14. Li, Mengyu & Duan, Maosheng, 2021. "Exploring linkage opportunities for China's emissions trading system under the Paris targets——EU-China and Japan-Korea-China cases," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 102(C).
    15. José Mata & José A. F. Machado, 2005. "Counterfactual decomposition of changes in wage distributions using quantile regression," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 20(4), pages 445-465.
    16. Yu, Xianyu & Hu, Yuezhi & Zhou, Dequn & Wang, Qunwei & Sang, Xiuzhi & Huang, Kai, 2023. "Carbon emission reduction analysis for cloud computing industry: Can carbon emissions trading and technology innovation help?," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 125(C).
    17. Zhao, Min & Sun, Tao, 2022. "Dynamic spatial spillover effect of new energy vehicle industry policies on carbon emission of transportation sector in China," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 165(C).
    18. Bocklet, Johanna & Hintermayer, Martin & Schmidt, Lukas & Wildgrube, Theresa, 2019. "The Reformed EU ETS - Intertemporal Emission Trading with Restricted Banking," EWI Working Papers 2019-4, Energiewirtschaftliches Institut an der Universitaet zu Koeln (EWI).
    19. Richard Schmalensee & Robert N. Stavins, 2017. "Lessons Learned from Three Decades of Experience with Cap and Trade," Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 11(1), pages 59-79.
    20. Martin, Ralf & Muûls, Mirabelle & de Preux, Laure B. & Wagner, Ulrich J., 2014. "On the empirical content of carbon leakage criteria in the EU Emissions Trading Scheme," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 105(C), pages 78-88.
    21. Bin Meng & Shuiyang Chen & Hercules Haralambides & Haibo Kuang & Lidong Fan, 2023. "Information spillovers between carbon emissions trading prices and shipping markets: A time-frequency analysis," Post-Print hal-04046290, HAL.
    22. Melly, Blaise, 2005. "Decomposition of differences in distribution using quantile regression," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 12(4), pages 577-590, August.
    23. Hintermann, Beat & Ludwig, Markus, 2023. "Home country bias in international emissions trading: Evidence from the EU ETS," Resource and Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
    24. Zhang, Shengling & Wang, Yao & Hao, Yu & Liu, Zhiwei, 2021. "Shooting two hawks with one arrow: Could China's emission trading scheme promote green development efficiency and regional carbon equality?," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 101(C).
    25. Anouliès, Lisa, 2017. "Heterogeneous firms and the environment: a cap-and-trade program," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 84(C), pages 84-101.
    26. Wang, Kaike & Su, Xuewei & Wang, Shuhong, 2023. "How does the energy-consuming rights trading policy affect China's carbon emission intensity?," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 276(C).
    27. Zhao, Jing & Zhang, Qin & Zhou, Dequn, 2023. "Can marketed on-grid price drive the realization of energy transition in China’s power industry under the background of carbon neutrality?," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 276(C).
    28. Sergio Firpo & Nicole M. Fortin & Thomas Lemieux, 2009. "Unconditional Quantile Regressions," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 77(3), pages 953-973, May.
    29. Giovanni Marin & Marianna Marino & Claudia Pellegrin, 2018. "The Impact of the European Emission Trading Scheme on Multiple Measures of Economic Performance," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 71(2), pages 551-582, October.
    30. Arellano, Manuel & Bover, Olympia, 1995. "Another look at the instrumental variable estimation of error-components models," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 68(1), pages 29-51, July.
    31. Melikoglu, Mehmet, 2013. "Vision 2023: Feasibility analysis of Turkey's renewable energy projection," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 570-575.
    32. Wei, Yigang & Liang, Xin & Xu, Liang & Kou, Gang & Chevallier, Julien, 2023. "Trading, storage, or penalty? Uncovering firms' decision-making behavior in the Shanghai emissions trading scheme: Insights from agent-based modeling," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 117(C).
    33. Åsa Löfgren & Dallas Burtraw & Markus Wråke & Anna Malinovskaya, 2018. "Distribution of Emissions Allowances and the Use of Auction Revenues in the European Union Emissions Trading System," Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 12(2), pages 284-303.
    34. Qiu, Dawei & Xue, Juxing & Zhang, Tingqi & Wang, Jianhong & Sun, Mingyang, 2023. "Federated reinforcement learning for smart building joint peer-to-peer energy and carbon allowance trading," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 333(C).
    35. Mazzucato, Mariana & Semieniuk, Gregor, 2018. "Financing renewable energy: Who is financing what and why it matters," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 127(C), pages 8-22.
    36. A. Denny Ellerman & Claudio Marcantonini & Aleksandar Zaklan, 2016. "The European Union Emissions Trading System: Ten Years and Counting," Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 10(1), pages 89-107.
    37. Bocklet, Johanna & Hintermayer, Martin & Schmidt, Lukas & Wildgrube, Theresa, 2019. "The reformed EU ETS - Intertemporal emission trading with restricted banking," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 84(C).
    38. Bin Meng & Shuiyang Chen & Hercules Haralambides & Haibo Kuang & Lidong Fan, 2023. "Information spillovers between carbon emissions trading prices and shipping markets: A time-frequency analysis," Université Paris1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (Post-Print and Working Papers) hal-04046290, HAL.
    39. Hu, Yu & Chi, Yuanying & Zhou, Wenbing & Li, Jialin & Wang, Zhengzao & Yuan, Yongke, 2023. "The interactions between renewable portfolio standards and carbon emission trading in China: An evolutionary game theory perspective," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 271(C).
    40. Abbas, Jawad & Wang, Lisu & Ben Belgacem, Samira & Pawar, Puja Sunil & Najam, Hina & Abbas, Jaffar, 2023. "Investment in renewable energy and electricity output: Role of green finance, environmental tax, and geopolitical risk: Empirical evidence from China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 269(C).
    41. Blundell, Richard & Bond, Stephen, 1998. "Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 87(1), pages 115-143, August.
    42. Du, Qiang & Wang, Yalei & Pang, Qiaoyu & Hao, Tingting & Zhou, Yuqing, 2023. "The dynamic analysis on low-carbon building adoption under emission trading scheme," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(PC).
    43. Ma, Guangcheng & Qin, Jiahong & Zhang, Yumeng, 2023. "Does the carbon emissions trading system reduce carbon emissions by promoting two-way FDI in developing countries? Evidence from Chinese listed companies and cities," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 120(C).
    44. Bruninx, Kenneth & Ovaere, Marten & Delarue, Erik, 2020. "The long-term impact of the market stability reserve on the EU emission trading system," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 89(C).
    45. Pillai, Indu R. & Banerjee, Rangan, 2009. "Renewable energy in India: Status and potential," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 34(8), pages 970-980.
    46. Yin, Zhaohui & Jiang, Xiaomeng & Lin, Songyue & Liu, Jin, 2022. "The impact of online education on carbon emissions in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic – Taking Chinese universities as examples," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 314(C).
    47. Song, Malin & Zheng, Huanyu & Shen, Zhiyang, 2023. "Whether the carbon emissions trading system improves energy efficiency – Empirical testing based on China's provincial panel data," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 275(C).
    48. Tae Hee Kim & Sun Hye Lee & Petros Vourvachis, 2023. "Accounting Standard-Setting for an Emission Trading Scheme: The Korean Case," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 182(4), pages 1003-1024, February.
    49. Suleman, Muhammad Tahir & Rehman, Mobeen Ur & Sheikh, Umaid A. & Kang, Sang Hoon, 2023. "Dynamic time-frequency connectedness between European emissions trading system and sustainability markets," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 123(C).
    50. Bosquet, Benoit, 2000. "Environmental tax reform: does it work? A survey of the empirical evidence," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 34(1), pages 19-32, July.
    51. Grischa Perino & Maximilian Willner & Simon Quemin & Michael Pahle, 2022. "The European Union Emissions Trading System Market Stability Reserve: Does It Stabilize or Destabilize the Market?," Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 16(2), pages 338-345.
    52. Chang, Ting-Huan & Huang, Chien-Ming & Lee, Ming-Chih, 2009. "Threshold effect of the economic growth rate on the renewable energy development from a change in energy price: Evidence from OECD countries," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 37(12), pages 5796-5802, December.
    53. G lden B l k, 2013. "Renewable Energy: Policy Issues and Economic Implications in Turkey," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 3(2), pages 153-167.
    54. Niu, Tong & Yao, Xilong & Shao, Shuai & Li, Ding & Wang, Wenxi, 2018. "Environmental tax shocks and carbon emissions: An estimated DSGE model," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 9-17.
    55. Wang, Jing & Wang, Yijing & Song, Jian, 2023. "The policy evaluation of China's carbon emissions trading scheme on firm employment: A channel from industrial automation," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 178(C).
    56. Zhen, Wang & Xin-gang, Zhao & Ying, Zhou, 2021. "Biased technological progress and total factor productivity growth: From the perspective of China's renewable energy industry," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 146(C).
    57. Saumyaranjan Sahoo & Arvind Upadhyay & Anil Kumar, 2023. "Circular economy practices and environmental performance: Analysing the role of big data analytics capability and responsible research and innovation," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 32(8), pages 6029-6046, December.
    58. Yigang Wei & Xin Liang & Liang Xu & Gang Kou & Julien Chevallier, 2023. "Trading, storage, or penalty? Uncovering firms' decision-making behavior in the Shanghai emissions trading scheme: Insights from agent-based modeling," Post-Print halshs-04250312, HAL.
    59. Zhang, Yanfang & Guo, Siyuan & Shi, Xunpeng & Qian, Xiangyan & Nie, Rui, 2021. "A market instrument to achieve carbon neutrality: Is China’s energy-consumption permit trading scheme effective?," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 299(C).
    60. Wu, Rongxin & Tan, Zhizhou & Lin, Boqiang, 2023. "Does carbon emission trading scheme really improve the CO2 emission efficiency? Evidence from China's iron and steel industry," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 277(C).
    61. Xie, Peijun & Jamaani, Fouad, 2022. "Does green innovation, energy productivity and environmental taxes limit carbon emissions in developed economies: Implications for sustainable development," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 66-78.
    62. Shobande, Olatunji A., 2023. "Rethinking social change: Does the permanent and transitory effects of electricity and solid fuel use predict health outcome in Africa?," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 186(PB).
    63. Shobande, Olatunji A. & Ogbeifun, Lawrence, 2023. "Pooling cross-sectional and time series data for estimating causality between technological innovation, affluence and carbon dynamics: A comparative evidence from developed and developing countries," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 187(C).
    64. Meng, Weilu & Yuan, Gecheng & Sun, Yongping, 2023. "Expansion of social networks and household carbon emissions: Evidence from household survey in China," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 174(C).
    65. Apergis, Nicholas & Payne, James E. & Menyah, Kojo & Wolde-Rufael, Yemane, 2010. "On the causal dynamics between emissions, nuclear energy, renewable energy, and economic growth," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 69(11), pages 2255-2260, September.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Shobande, Olatunji A. & Ogbeifun, Lawrence & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar, 2024. "Unlocking information technology infrastructure for promoting climate resilience and environmental quality," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 198(C).
    2. Shobande, Olatunji A. & Ogbeifun, Lawrence & Apergis, Nicholas, 2024. "Crafting monetary policy beyond low carbon legacy," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 764-781.
    3. Flori, Andrea & Borghesi, Simone & Marin, Giovanni, 2024. "The environmental-financial performance nexus of EU ETS firms: A quantile regression approach," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 131(C).
    4. Jiang, Ben & Du, Mingze & Wang, Dehui, 2024. "Carbon emissions trading, industrial structure upgrading and green development: Excess benefits of combined actions," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 82(C), pages 480-501.
    5. Jonathan Colmer & Ralf Martin & Mirabelle Muûls & Ulrich J. Wagner, 2020. "Does pricing carbon mitigate climate change? Firm-level evidence from the European Union emissions trading scheme," CEP Discussion Papers dp1728, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE.
    6. Serigne Bassirou Lo & Lassana Cissokho, 2023. "Financial development, institutions and industrialization in sub‐Saharan Africa," African Development Review, African Development Bank, vol. 35(2), pages 152-164, June.
    7. Quemin, Simon & Trotignon, Raphaël, 2021. "Emissions trading with rolling horizons," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 125(C).
    8. Piotr Gretszel & Henryk Gurgul & £ukasz Lach & Stefan Schleicher, 2020. "Testing for the economic and environmental impacts of EU Emissions Trading System: A panel GMM approach," Managerial Economics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Management, vol. 21(2), pages 99-125.
    9. Quemin, Simon, 2022. "Raising climate ambition in emissions trading systems: The case of the EU ETS and the 2021 review," Resource and Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 68(C).
    10. Marit Klemetsen & Knut Einar Rosendahl & Anja Lund Jakobsen, 2020. "The Impacts Of The Eu Ets On Norwegian Plants’ Environmental And Economic Performance," Climate Change Economics (CCE), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 11(01), pages 1-32, February.
    11. Böning, Justus & Di Nino, Virginia & Folger, Till, 2023. "Benefits and costs of the ETS in the EU, a lesson learned for the CBAM design," Working Paper Series 2764, European Central Bank.
    12. Balcilar, Mehmet & Usman, Ojonugwa & Ike, George N., 2023. "Operational behaviours of multinational corporations, renewable energy transition, and environmental sustainability in Africa: Does the level of natural resource rents matter?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C).
    13. Osorio, Sebastian & Tietjen, Oliver & Pahle, Michael & Pietzcker, Robert C. & Edenhofer, Ottmar, 2021. "Reviewing the Market Stability Reserve in light of more ambitious EU ETS emission targets," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 158(C).
    14. He, Yixiong & Zhang, Fengxuan & Wang, Yanwei, 2023. "How to facilitate efficient blue carbon trading? A simulation study using the game theory to find the optimal strategy for each participant," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 276(C).
    15. Pan, Xian & Yu, Lihong, 2024. "Do China's pilot emissions trading schemes lead to domestic carbon leakage? Perspective from the firm relocation," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 132(C).
    16. Simon Quemin, 2020. "Using Supply-Side Policies to Raise Ambition: The Case of the EU ETS and the 2021 Review," Working Papers 2002, Chaire Economie du climat.
    17. Valentine Fays & Benoît Mahy & François Rycx, 2023. "Wage differences according to workers' origin: The role of working more upstream in GVCs," LABOUR, CEIS, vol. 37(2), pages 319-342, June.
    18. Sebastian Kripfganz, 2017. "Sequential (two-stage) estimation of linear panel-data models," German Stata Users' Group Meetings 2017 03, Stata Users Group.
    19. John Ariza & Gabriel Montes-Rojas, 2019. "Decomposition methods for analyzing inequality changes in Latin America 2002–2014," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 57(6), pages 2043-2078, December.
    20. Wang, Wen & Lien, Donald, 2018. "Union membership, union coverage and wage dispersion of rural migrants: Evidence from Suzhou industrial sector," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 96-113.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Emission trading system; Carbon intensity; Dynamic econometrics; OECD countries;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • C22 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Single Equation Models; Single Variables - - - Time-Series Models; Dynamic Quantile Regressions; Dynamic Treatment Effect Models; Diffusion Processes
    • O3 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights
    • O52 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economywide Country Studies - - - Europe
    • Q4 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Energy
    • Q57 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - Ecological Economics

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:357:y:2024:i:c:s0306261923018251. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/405891/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.