IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/wbk/wbrwps/9702.html
   My bibliography  Save this paper

Does Title Increase Large Farm Productivity ? Institutional Determinants of Large Land-BasedInvestments’ Performance in Zambia

Author

Listed:
  • Ali,Daniel Ayalew
  • Deininger,Klaus W.

Abstract

The importance of well-functioning land markets for structural transformation via labormovements to the non-agricultural sector, growth in farm size, and the ability to use land as collateral for creditand has long motivated Government efforts at reducing the transaction costs of registering and transferring land andsupporting large farm formation. Rigorous evidence on the effect of such measures has, however, been scant. This paperexplores the impact of institutional arrangements on productivity for a representative sample of 3,000 largefarms in Zambia, one of the earliest African adopters of such policies to close this gap. Instrumental-variable (IV)regressions suggest title has no effect on productivity, investment, or credit access and reduces rather thanimproves rental market participation. Measures to harness Zambia’s potential include improving title quality throughexclusive use of digital registries; imposition of a land tax on state land to incentivize productive rather thanspeculative land use and cancel outdated legacy documents; and greater involvement of traditional authorities in recordmaintenance and land management, possibly via land tax revenue sharing.

Suggested Citation

  • Ali,Daniel Ayalew & Deininger,Klaus W., 2021. "Does Title Increase Large Farm Productivity ? Institutional Determinants of Large Land-BasedInvestments’ Performance in Zambia," Policy Research Working Paper Series 9702, The World Bank.
    • Handle: RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9702
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/334231624025654988/pdf/Does-Title-Increase-Large-Farm-Productivity-Institutional-Determinants-of-Large-Land-Based-Investments-Performance-in-Zambia.pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    Other versions of this item:

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Tasso Adamopoulos & Diego Restuccia, 2014. "The Size Distribution of Farms and International Productivity Differences," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 104(6), pages 1667-1697, June.
    2. Deininger, Klaus & Xia, Fang, 2016. "Quantifying Spillover Effects from Large Land-based Investment: The Case of Mozambique," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 87(C), pages 227-241.
    3. Chaoran Chen & Diego Restuccia & Raül Santaeulàlia-Llopis, 2023. "Land Misallocation and Productivity," American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, American Economic Association, vol. 15(2), pages 441-465, April.
    4. John Giles & Ren Mu, 2018. "Village Political Economy, Land Tenure Insecurity, and the Rural to Urban Migration Decision: Evidence from China," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 100(2), pages 521-544.
    5. Chaoran Chen & Diego Restuccia & Raul Santaeulalia-Llopis, 2022. "The Effects of Land Markets on Resource Allocation and Agricultural Productivity," Review of Economic Dynamics, Elsevier for the Society for Economic Dynamics, vol. 45, pages 41-54, July.
    6. Milu Muyanga & T S Jayne, 2019. "Revisiting the Farm Size-Productivity Relationship Based on a Relatively Wide Range of Farm Sizes: Evidence from Kenya," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 101(4), pages 1140-1163.
    7. Merten, Sonja & Haller, Tobias, 2008. "Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 33(5), pages 434-443, October.
    8. Nolte, Kerstin & Ostermeier, Martin, 2017. "Labour Market Effects of Large-Scale Agricultural Investment: Conceptual Considerations and Estimated Employment Effects," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 98(C), pages 430-446.
    9. Howard Stein & Faustin P. Maganga & Rie Odgaard & Kelly Askew & Sam Cunningham, 2016. "The Formal Divide: Customary Rights and the Allocation of Credit to Agriculture in Tanzania," Journal of Development Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 52(9), pages 1306-1319, September.
    10. Collier Paul & Venables Anthony J., 2012. "Land Deals in Africa: Pioneers and Speculators," Journal of Globalization and Development, De Gruyter, vol. 3(1), pages 1-22, June.
    11. Ali, Daniel Ayalew & Deininger, Klaus & Duponchel, Marguerite, 2017. "New Ways to Assess and Enhance Land Registry Sustainability: Evidence from Rwanda," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 99(C), pages 377-394.
    12. Jann Lay & Kerstin Nolte, 2018. "Determinants of foreign land acquisitions in low- and middle-income countries," Journal of Economic Geography, Oxford University Press, vol. 18(1), pages 59-86.
    13. Deininger, Klaus & Jin, Songqing, 2006. "Tenure security and land-related investment: Evidence from Ethiopia," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 50(5), pages 1245-1277, July.
    14. Adams, Timothy & Gerber, Jean-David & Amacker, Michèle, 2019. "Constraints and opportunities in gender relations: Sugarcane outgrower schemes in Malawi," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 122(C), pages 282-294.
    15. Manda, S. & Tallontire, A. & Dougill, A.J., 2020. "Outgrower schemes and sugar value-chains in Zambia: Rethinking determinants of rural inclusion and exclusion," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 129(C).
    16. Kristina Lanz & Jean‐David Gerber & Tobias Haller, 2018. "Land Grabbing, the State and Chiefs: The Politics of Extending Commercial Agriculture in Ghana," Development and Change, International Institute of Social Studies, vol. 49(6), pages 1526-1552, November.
    17. Baumgartner, Philipp & von Braun, Joachim & Abebaw, Degnet & Müller, Marc, 2015. "Impacts of Large-scale Land Investments on Income, Prices, and Employment: Empirical Analyses in Ethiopia," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 175-190.
    18. Sitko, Nicholas J. & Chamberlin, Jordan & Hichaambwa, Munguzwe, 2015. "The Geography of Customary Land in Zambia: Is Development Strategy Engaging With The Facts?," Food Security Collaborative Working Papers 211222, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics.
    19. Michael R. Carter & Pedro Olinto, 2003. "Getting Institutions “Right” for Whom? Credit Constraints and the Impact of Property Rights on the Quantity and Composition of Investment," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 85(1), pages 173-186.
    20. Daniel Ali & Klaus Deininger & Anthony Harris, 2019. "Does Large Farm Establishment Create Benefits for Neighboring Smallholders? Evidence from Ethiopia," Land Economics, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 95(1), pages 71-90.
    21. Honig, Lauren & Mulenga, Brian P., 2015. "The Status of Customary Land and the Future of Smallholder Farmers Under the Current Land Administration System in Zambia," Food Security Collaborative Working Papers 229597, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics.
    22. Negash, Martha & Swinnen, Johan F.M., 2013. "Biofuels and food security: Micro-evidence from Ethiopia," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 963-976.
    23. Huntington, Heather & Shenoy, Ajay, 2021. "Does insecure land tenure deter investment? Evidence from a randomized controlled trial," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 150(C).
    24. Pinckney, Thomas C & Kimuyu, Peter K, 1994. "Land Tenure Reform in East Africa: Good, Bad or Unimportant?," Journal of African Economies, Centre for the Study of African Economies, vol. 3(1), pages 1-28, April.
    25. Fang Xia & Klaus Deininger, 2019. "Spillover Effects of Tobacco Farms on the Labor Supply, Education, and Health of Children: Evidence from Malawi," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 101(4), pages 1181-1202.
    26. T. S. Jayne & Milu Muyanga & Ayala Wineman & Hosaena Ghebru & Caleb Stevens & Mercedes Stickler & Antony Chapoto & Ward Anseeuw & Divan van der Westhuizen & David Nyange, 2019. "Are medium‐scale farms driving agricultural transformation in sub‐Saharan Africa?," Agricultural Economics, International Association of Agricultural Economists, vol. 50(S1), pages 75-95, November.
    27. Valentina Raimondi & Margherita Scoppola, 2018. "Foreign Land Acquisitions and Institutional Distance," Land Economics, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 94(4), pages 517-540.
    28. Chaoran Chen, 2017. "Untitled Land, Occupational Choice, and Agricultural Productivity," American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, American Economic Association, vol. 9(4), pages 91-121, October.
    29. Caroline Dubbert, 2019. "Participation in contract farming and farm performance: Insights from cashew farmers in Ghana," Agricultural Economics, International Association of Agricultural Economists, vol. 50(6), pages 749-763, November.
    30. Sara Lowes & Eduardo Montero, 2021. "Concessions, Violence, and Indirect Rule: Evidence from the Congo Free State," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 136(4), pages 2047-2091.
    31. Ali, Daniel Ayalew & Deininger, Klaus & Goldstein, Markus, 2014. "Environmental and gender impacts of land tenure regularization in Africa: Pilot evidence from Rwanda," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 110(C), pages 262-275.
    32. Deininger, Klaus & Ali, Daniel Ayalew & Holden, Stein & Zevenbergen, Jaap, 2008. "Rural Land Certification in Ethiopia: Process, Initial Impact, and Implications for Other African Countries," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 36(10), pages 1786-1812, October.
    33. Galiani, Sebastian & Schargrodsky, Ernesto, 2010. "Property rights for the poor: Effects of land titling," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 94(9-10), pages 700-729, October.
    34. Derek Byerlee & Klaus Deininger, 2013. "The Rise of Large Farms in Land-Abundant Countries: Do They Have a Future?," Palgrave Macmillan Books, in: Stein T. Holden & Keijiro Otsuka & Klaus Deininger (ed.), Land Tenure Reform in Asia and Africa, chapter 14, pages 333-353, Palgrave Macmillan.
    35. Anti, Sebastian, 2021. "Land grabs and labor in Cambodia," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 149(C).
    36. Basurto, Maria Pia & Dupas, Pascaline & Robinson, Jonathan, 2020. "Decentralization and efficiency of subsidy targeting: Evidence from chiefs in rural Malawi," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 185(C).
    37. Ali,Daniel Ayalew & Deininger,Klaus W., 2021. "Does Title Increase Large Farm Productivity ? Institutional Determinants of Large Land-BasedInvestments’ Performance in Zambia," Policy Research Working Paper Series 9702, The World Bank.
    38. Sitko, Nicholas J. & Chamberlin, Jordan & Hichaambwa, Munguzwe, 2014. "Does Smallholder Land Titling Facilitate Agricultural Growth?: An Analysis of the Determinants and Effects of Smallholder Land Titling in Zambia," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 64(C), pages 791-802.
    39. Bobonis, Gustavo J. & Morrow, Peter M., 2014. "Labor coercion and the accumulation of human capital," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 108(C), pages 32-53.
    40. Lorenzo Cotula & Carlos Oya & Emmanuel A. Codjoe & Abdurehman Eid & Mark Kakraba-Ampeh & James Keeley & Admasu Lokaley Kidewa & Melissa Makwarimba & Wondwosen Michago Seide & William Ole Nasha & Richa, 2014. "Testing Claims about Large Land Deals in Africa: Findings from a Multi-Country Study," Journal of Development Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 50(7), pages 903-925, July.
    41. Fenske, James, 2011. "Land tenure and investment incentives: Evidence from West Africa," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 95(2), pages 137-156, July.
    42. Esteban Méndez-Chacón & Diana Van Patten, 2021. "Multinationals, Monopsony, and Local Development: Evidence from the United Fruit Company," Opportunity and Inclusive Growth Institute Working Papers 46, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
    43. Melissa Dell, 2010. "The Persistent Effects of Peru's Mining Mita," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 78(6), pages 1863-1903, November.
    44. Unknown, 1995. "Land Tenure, Land Markets, And Institutional Transformation In Zambia," Research Papers 12749, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Land Tenure Center.
    45. Austine Ng'ombe & Ramin Keivani & Michael Mattingly & Michael Stubbs, 2014. "Impacts of Privatization of Customary Land Rights in Zambia: A Comparative Study of Rural and Peri-urban Locations," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 38(6), pages 1985-2007, November.
    46. Sitko, Nicholas J. & Jayne, T.S., 2014. "Structural transformation or elite land capture? The growth of “emergent” farmers in Zambia," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 194-202.
    47. William J. Burke & Thomas S. Jayne & Nicholas J. Sitko, 2020. "Do Medium‐scale Farms Improve Market Access Conditions for Zambian Smallholders?," Journal of Agricultural Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 71(2), pages 517-533, June.
    48. Franziska Schuenemann & James Thurlow & Manfred Zeller, 2017. "Leveling the field for biofuels: comparing the economic and environmental impacts of biofuel and other export crops in Malawi," Agricultural Economics, International Association of Agricultural Economists, vol. 48(3), pages 301-315, May.
    49. Honig, Lauren, 2017. "Selecting the State or Choosing the Chief? The Political Determinants of Smallholder Land Titling," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 100(C), pages 94-107.
    50. Glover, Steven & Jones, Sam, 2019. "Can commercial farming promote rural dynamism in sub-Saharan Africa? Evidence from Mozambique," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 110-121.
    51. Klaus Deininger & Derek Byerlee & Jonathan Lindsay & Andrew Norton & Harris Selod & Mercedes Stickler, 2011. "Rising Global Interest in Farmland : Can it Yield Sustainable and Equitable Benefits?," World Bank Publications - Books, The World Bank Group, number 2263.
    52. Ali, Daniel Ayalew & Deininger, Klaus & Mahofa, Godfrey & Nyakulama, Rhona, 2021. "Sustaining land registration benefits by addressing the challenges of reversion to informality in Rwanda," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 110(C).
    53. Deininger, Klaus & Xia, Fang, 2018. "Assessing the long-term performance of large-scale land transfers: Challenges and opportunities in Malawi’s estate sector," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 104(C), pages 281-296.
    54. Jayne, T.S. & Chamberlin, Jordan & Headey, Derek D., 2014. "Land pressures, the evolution of farming systems, and development strategies in Africa: A synthesis," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 1-17.
    55. Hoff, Karla, 1991. "Land Taxes, Output Taxes, and Sharecropping: Was Henry George Right?," The World Bank Economic Review, World Bank, vol. 5(1), pages 93-111, January.
    56. Festus Boamah & Ragnhild Overå, 2016. "Rethinking Livelihood Impacts of Biofuel Land Deals in Ghana," Development and Change, International Institute of Social Studies, vol. 47(1), pages 98-129, January.
    57. Atwood, David A., 1990. "Land registration in Africa: The impact on agricultural production," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 18(5), pages 659-671, May.
    58. German, Laura & Schoneveld, George & Mwangi, Esther, 2013. "Contemporary Processes of Large-Scale Land Acquisition in Sub-Saharan Africa: Legal Deficiency or Elite Capture of the Rule of Law?," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 1-18.
    59. Tom Lavers, 2016. "Agricultural Investment in Ethiopia: Undermining National Sovereignty or Tool for State Building?," Development and Change, International Institute of Social Studies, vol. 47(5), pages 1078-1101, September.
    60. Larson, Andrew M., 2014. "Land Market Integration, Structural Change, and Smallholder Farming in Zambia," 2014 Annual Meeting, July 27-29, 2014, Minneapolis, Minnesota 170488, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.
    61. Collier, Paul & Dercon, Stefan, 2014. "African Agriculture in 50Years: Smallholders in a Rapidly Changing World?," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 92-101.
    62. Wendy Wolford & Saturnino M. Borras Jr. & Ruth Hall & Ian Scoones & Ben White & Perrine Burnod & Mathilde Gingembre & Rivo Andrianirina Ratsialonana, 2013. "Competition over Authority and Access: International Land Deals in Madagascar," Development and Change, International Institute of Social Studies, vol. 44(2), pages 357-379, March.
    63. Besley, Timothy, 1995. "Property Rights and Investment Incentives: Theory and Evidence from Ghana," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 103(5), pages 903-937, October.
    64. Liz Alden Wily, 2018. "Collective Land Ownership in the 21st Century: Overview of Global Trends," Land, MDPI, vol. 7(2), pages 1-26, May.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Ali, Daniel Ayalew & Deininger, Klaus, 2021. "Does title increase large farm productivity? Institutional determinants of large land-based investments' performance in Zambia," 2021 Conference, August 17-31, 2021, Virtual 315328, International Association of Agricultural Economists.
    2. Marii Rasva & Evelin Jürgenson, 2022. "Europe’s Large-Scale Land Acquisitions and Bibliometric Analysis," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 12(6), pages 1-13, June.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Ali, Daniel Ayalew & Deininger, Klaus, 2022. "Institutional determinants of large land-based investments’ performance in Zambia: Does title enhance productivity and structural transformation?," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 157(C).
    2. Ali, Daniel Ayalew & Deininger, Klaus & Mahofa, Godfrey & Nyakulama, Rhona, 2021. "Sustaining land registration benefits by addressing the challenges of reversion to informality in Rwanda," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 110(C).
    3. Ali, Daniel Ayalew & Deininger, Klaus, 2024. "Using registry data to assess gender-differentiated land and credit market effects of urban land policy reform: Evidence from Lesotho," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 175(C).
    4. Ali, Daniel Ayalew & Deininger, Klaus & Goldstein, Markus, 2014. "Environmental and gender impacts of land tenure regularization in Africa: Pilot evidence from Rwanda," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 110(C), pages 262-275.
    5. Deininger, Klaus & Xia, Fang & Kilic, Talip & Moylan, Heather, 2021. "Investment impacts of gendered land rights in customary tenure systems: Substantive and methodological insights from Malawi," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 147(C).
    6. Deininger, Klaus W. & Xia, Fang, 2017. "Assessing Impacts of Large Scale Land Transfers: Challenges and Opportunities in Malawi’s Estate Sector," 2017 Annual Meeting, July 30-August 1, Chicago, Illinois 258112, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.
    7. Gottlieb, Charles & Grobovšek, Jan, 2019. "Communal land and agricultural productivity," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 138(C), pages 135-152.
    8. Deininger, Klaus & Xia, Fang, 2018. "Assessing the long-term performance of large-scale land transfers: Challenges and opportunities in Malawi’s estate sector," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 104(C), pages 281-296.
    9. Deininger, Klaus & Savastano, Sara & Xia, Fang, 2017. "Smallholders’ land access in Sub-Saharan Africa: A new landscape?," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 78-92.
    10. Deininger, Klaus & Xia, Fang, 2016. "Quantifying Spillover Effects from Large Land-based Investment: The Case of Mozambique," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 87(C), pages 227-241.
    11. Ayalew, Hailemariam & Admasu, Yeshwas & Chamberlin, Jordan, 2021. "Is land certification pro-poor? Evidence from Ethiopia," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 107(C).
    12. Nanhthavong, Vong & Bieri, Sabin & Nguyen, Anh-Thu & Hett, Cornelia & Epprecht, Michael, 2022. "Proletarianization and gateways to precarization in the context of land-based investments for agricultural commercialization in Lao PDR," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 155(C).
    13. Deininger, Klaus & Hilhorst, Thea & Songwe, Vera, 2014. "Identifying and addressing land governance constraints to support intensification and land market operation: Evidence from 10 African countries," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 76-87.
    14. Rincón Barajas, Jorge A. & Kubitza, Christoph & Lay, Jann, 2024. "Large-scale acquisitions of communal land in the Global South: Assessing the risks and formulating policy recommendations," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 139(C).
    15. Anthony Harris & Anthony D'Agostino & Sara Litke-Farzaneh & Beryl Seiler & Matt Sloan, "undated". "Morocco Land Productivity Project: Evaluation Design Report," Mathematica Policy Research Reports f3fc788501b64608b17e1cb23, Mathematica Policy Research.
    16. Nolte, Kerstin & Ostermeier, Martin, 2017. "Labour Market Effects of Large-Scale Agricultural Investment: Conceptual Considerations and Estimated Employment Effects," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 98(C), pages 430-446.
    17. Ali, Daniel Ayalew & Deininger, Klaus & Duponchel, Marguerite, 2017. "New Ways to Assess and Enhance Land Registry Sustainability: Evidence from Rwanda," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 99(C), pages 377-394.
    18. Chiarella, Cristina & Meyfroidt, Patrick & Abeygunawardane, Dilini & Conforti, Piero, 2023. "Balancing the trade-offs between land productivity, labor productivity and labor intensity," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 52(10), pages 1618-1634.
    19. Susanne Väth & Michael Kirk, 2014. "Do property rights and contract farming matter for rural development? Evidence from a large-scale investment in Ghana," MAGKS Papers on Economics 201416, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Faculty of Business Administration and Economics, Department of Economics (Volkswirtschaftliche Abteilung).
    20. Liverpool-Tasie, Saweda & Nuhu, Ahmed Salim & Awokuse, Titus O. & Jayne, Thomas S. & Muyanga, Milu & Aromolaran, Adebayo & Adelaja, Adesoji, 2020. "Spillover effects of Medium-Scale Farms on Smallholder Behavior and Welfare: Evidence from Nigeria," 2020 Annual Meeting, July 26-28, Kansas City, Missouri 304606, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Land Administration; Food Security; Agricultural Economics;
    All these keywords.

    NEP fields

    This paper has been announced in the following NEP Reports:

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9702. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Roula I. Yazigi (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/dvewbus.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.