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Fiscal Consolidation: Part 6. What Are the Best Policy Instruments for Fiscal Consolidation?

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  • Robert P. Hagemann

    (OECD)

Abstract

OECD countries face daunting fiscal challenges following the substantial surge in debt-GDP ratios during the past four years, from already high levels in many cases. Fiscal consolidation is now the order of the day, and it takes on greater urgency against the backdrop of imminent budgetary pressures from population ageing. While strong growth would help, the bulk of consolidation will require specific structural reforms to spending and revenue programmes to stabilise and then reduce debt-GDP ratios. On the spending side, many reform options offer budgetary savings through improved efficiency, without loss of desired outcomes or adverse equity impacts. Areas examined in this paper include health care, education, infrastructure, general public services, and transfer programmes. On the revenue side, countries’ tax systems are perforated by tax expenditures that cause inefficiencies, reduce revenue, and undermine fairness. Reducing the scope and scale of tax expenditures remains one of the most promising means of boosting revenues while improving economic performance. Shifting taxation toward less inefficient tax bases also holds much promise, including raising the importance of both property taxation and environmental levies. Even without quantifying all possible measures, the cumulative cuts in spending and increases in taxation could yield 6% of GDP on average across countries in consolidation, with somewhat more on the spending side. Consolidation budgétaire: Partie 6. Quels sont les meilleurs instruments de la consolidation budgétaire ? Les pays de l’OCDE sont confrontés à de considérables difficultés budgétaires par suite du brusque gonflement, depuis des niveaux dans bien des cas déjà élevés, de la dette publique par rapport au PIB ces quatre dernières années. L’assainissement budgétaire est désormais la priorité du moment et devient de plus en plus pressant du fait de l’imminence des tensions budgétaires dues au vieillissement de la population. Si une croissance vigoureuse constituerait une aide incontestable, on ne pourra faire l’économie, pour assainir les finances publiques, de réformes structurelles spécifiques des programmes de dépenses et de recettes afin de stabiliser, puis de faire baisser les ratios dette/PIB. Du côté des dépenses, de nombreuses voies de réforme permettent de réaliser des économies budgétaires en améliorant l’efficience, sans annihiler les résultats attendus ou avoir d’impacts défavorables du point de vue de l’équité. Au nombre des domaines étudiés dans ce document figurent la santé, l’éducation, les infrastructures, les services publics généraux et les programmes de transfert. Du côté des recettes, les régimes fiscaux des différents pays sont grevés par les dépenses fiscales qui sont sources d’inefficiences, amputent les recettes et sapent l’équité. Réduire la portée et l’ampleur des dépenses fiscales reste l’un des moyens les plus prometteurs de gonfler les recettes tout en améliorant la performance économique. La réorientation de l’imposition vers des assiettes fiscales moins inefficientes, notamment en donnant plus d’importance à l’imposition foncière et aux prélèvements environnementaux, est également très prometteuse. Même sans quantifier toutes les mesures possibles, les réductions de dépenses cumulées et le relèvement de l’imposition pourraient rapporter 6 % du PIB en moyenne dans les pays procédant à un assainissement de leurs finances publiques, la part de ce pourcentage attribuable aux réductions de dépenses étant un peu plus importante.

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  • Robert P. Hagemann, 2012. "Fiscal Consolidation: Part 6. What Are the Best Policy Instruments for Fiscal Consolidation?," OECD Economics Department Working Papers 937, OECD Publishing.
  • Handle: RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:937-en
    DOI: 10.1787/5k9h28kd17xn-en
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    1. Catrina Ion-Lucian, 2017. "How to stop the snowball growth? A way for sustaining public debt over generations," HOLISTICA – Journal of Business and Public Administration, Sciendo, vol. 8(2), pages 59-68, August.
    2. Chiades, Paolo & Greco, Luciano & Mengotto, Vanni & Moretti, Luigi & Valbonesi, Paola, 2019. "Fiscal consolidation by intergovernmental transfers cuts? The unpleasant effect on expenditure arrears," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 266-275.
    3. Hansjörg Blöchliger, 2013. "Fiscal Consolidation Across Government Levels - Part 1. How Much, What Policies?," OECD Economics Department Working Papers 1070, OECD Publishing.
    4. Boris Cournède & Antoine Goujard & Álvaro Pina, 2013. "How to Achieve Growth- and Equity-friendly Fiscal Consolidation?: A Proposed Methodology for Instrument Choice with an Illustrative Application to OECD Countries," OECD Economics Department Working Papers 1088, OECD Publishing.
    5. Douglas Sutherland & Peter Hoeller & Rossana Merola & Volker Ziemann, 2012. "Debt and Macroeconomic Stability," OECD Economics Department Working Papers 1003, OECD Publishing.
    6. Douglas Sutherland & Peter Hoeller, 2012. "Debt and Macroeconomic Stability: An Overview of the Literature and Some Empirics," OECD Economics Department Working Papers 1006, OECD Publishing.
    7. Manfred Overhaus & Ulrich Maas & Aiginger. Karl & Margit Schratzenstaller-Altzinger, 2012. "Weg aus dem Schuldenhaushalt: Ist eine Tilgung der Staatsschulden möglich?," ifo Schnelldienst, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, vol. 65(05), pages 03-14, March.
    8. Crafts, Nicholas, 2013. "Long-Term Growth in Europe: What Difference does the Crisis Make?," National Institute Economic Review, National Institute of Economic and Social Research, vol. 224, pages 14-28, May.
    9. Paolo Chiades & Luciano Greco & Vanni Mengotto & Luigi Moretti & Paola Valbonesi, 2016. "Intergovernmental transfers and expenditure arrears," Temi di discussione (Economic working papers) 1076, Bank of Italy, Economic Research and International Relations Area.
    10. Piotr Ciżkowicz & Grzegorz Parosa & Andrzej Rzońca, 2022. "Fiscal tensions and risk premium," Empirica, Springer;Austrian Institute for Economic Research;Austrian Economic Association, vol. 49(3), pages 833-896, August.
    11. Douglas Sutherland & Peter Hoeller & Rossana Merola, 2012. "Fiscal Consolidation: Part 1. How Much is Needed and How to Reduce Debt to a Prudent Level?," OECD Economics Department Working Papers 932, OECD Publishing.
    12. Paolo Chiades & Luciano Greco & Vanni Menegotto & Luigi Moretti & Paola Valbonesi, 2015. "Fiscal Consolidation and Expenditure Arrears: Evidence from Local Governments’ Investments," "Marco Fanno" Working Papers 0197, Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche "Marco Fanno".
    13. Athanasios Tagkalakis, 2014. "Discretionary fiscal policy and economic activity in Greece," Empirica, Springer;Austrian Institute for Economic Research;Austrian Economic Association, vol. 41(4), pages 687-712, November.
    14. Eduardo L. Giménez & Miguel Rodríguez, 2020. "Optimality of Relaxing Revenue-neutral Restrictions in Green Tax Reforms," Hacienda Pública Española / Review of Public Economics, IEF, vol. 233(2), pages 3-24, June.
    15. Sutherland, Douglas, 2012. "Fiscal Consolidation Needs and Implications for Growth," MPRA Paper 38745, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    16. Alexandros Polycarpou & Theodoros Zachariadis, 2013. "An Econometric Analysis of Residential Water Demand in Cyprus," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 27(1), pages 309-317, January.
    17. Theodoros Zachariadis, 2012. "Climate Change in Cyprus: Impacts and Adaptation Policies," Cyprus Economic Policy Review, University of Cyprus, Economics Research Centre, vol. 6(1), pages 21-37, June.
    18. Caroline Klein & Robert Price & Andreas Wörgötter, 2013. "Improving the Fiscal Framework to Enhance Growth in an Era of Fiscal Consolidation in Slovakia," OECD Economics Department Working Papers 1018, OECD Publishing.
    19. Jesús Ferreiro & Catalina Gálvez & Carmen Gómez Author-Email: carmen.gomez@ehu.eus & Ana González, 2016. "Bank Rescues and Fiscal Policy in the European Union during the Great Recession," Panoeconomicus, Savez ekonomista Vojvodine, Novi Sad, Serbia, vol. 63(2), pages 211-230, April.
    20. Douglas Sutherland & Peter Hoeller & Rossana Merola, 2012. "Fiscal Consolidation: How Much, How Fast and by What Means?," OECD Economic Policy Papers 1, OECD Publishing.
    21. Falilou Fall & Debra Bloch & Jean-Marc Fournier & Peter Hoeller, 2015. "Prudent debt targets and fiscal frameworks," OECD Economic Policy Papers 15, OECD Publishing.
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    consolidation budgétaire; finances publiques; fiscal consolidation; fiscal policy; politique budgétaire; public finances;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • H61 - Public Economics - - National Budget, Deficit, and Debt - - - Budget; Budget Systems

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