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Reforming Retirement-Income Systems: Lessons from the Recent Experiences of OECD Countries

Author

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  • John P. Martin

    (OECD)

  • Edward Whitehouse

    (OECD)

Abstract

1. Reforming pensions looms large over the policy agenda of OECD countries. This is hardly surprising since public spending on pensions accounted on average for 7 per cent of OECD GDP in 2005; and this pension spending effort is set to increase significantly over the coming decades in response to population ageing. Pension policy is indeed challenging and controversial because it involves long-term decisions in the face of numerous short-term political pressures. 2. However, the status quo does not always win out so far as pension reform in concerned: public finance crises and the looming threat of ageing populations have proved effective spurs for reform. As a result, much has been done since the early 1990s to make pension systems fit for the future. Nearly all the 30 OECD countries have made at least some changes to their pension systems in that period. In 16 of them, there have been major reforms that will significantly affect future benefits. 3. The purpose of this paper is to summarise these reforms and highlight the main lessons. Section 1 looks at which countries reformed their pensions systems and which did not. It also examines the fiscal challenges posed by public pensions. Section 2 describes the measures in the reforms themselves. These include, among other things, increases in pension age, changes in the way benefits are calculated and smaller pension increases in retirement than in the past. Section 3 explores the impact of these reforms on future pension entitlements of today’s retirees, showing a clear trend to a lower pension promise for today’s workers than for past generations. This means that people will need to save more for their own retirement via private pension schemes, an issue examined in Section 4. This is followed in Section 5 by a review of the main outstanding challenges facing pension systems in OECD countries. The final section presents some concluding remarks. 4. La réforme des retraites occupe une place d’importance dans tous les programmes politiques des pays de l’OCDE. Ceci n’est guère surprenant dans la mesure où les dépenses publiques pour les retraites ont constitué en moyenne 7% du PIB des pays de l’OCDE en 2005 ; et cet effort de dépenses publiques risque d’augmenter de manière significative pendant les prochaines décennies en réponse au vieillissement démographique. Les politiques en matière de retraite font donc face à des défis de taille et sont controversées parce qu’elles impliquent des décisions à prendre à long terme face à de nombreuses pressions politiques de court terme. 5. Pour l’instant, nous n’assistons pas pour autant à un status quo en matière de réforme des retraites. En effet, les crises financières publiques et la crainte grandissante causée par l’apparition d’une population vieillissante ne font qu’encourager les réformes. C’est ainsi que beaucoup a été fait depuis les années 90 pour faire en sorte que les régimes de pensions se réactualisent en tenant compte de l’avenir. C’est presque tous les 30 pays de l’OCDE qui ont ainsi fait quelques changements pendant cette période. Seize d’entre eux ont d’ailleurs opté pour des réformes significatives devant affecter considérablement les prestations futures. 6. Ce document vise à résumer ces réformes et à mettre en exergue les principales leçons à tirer. La Section 1 se penche sur les pays qui ont réformé leurs régimes de pensions et ceux qui n’ont pris aucune mesure. Elle s’intéresse aussi au défi fiscal posé par les pensions publiques. La Section 2, quant à elle, décrit ces réformes, entre autres, l’augmentation de l’âge de la retraite, le changement du mode de calcul des prestations et des augmentations moindres des retraites par rapport aux années précédentes. La section 3 s’arrête sur l’impact de ces réformes sur les prestations futures des actuels retraités. Elle montre une claire tendance à promettre des retraites plus basses aux travailleurs d’aujourd’hui par rapport aux générations antérieures, le constat étant que les travailleurs devront dorénavant économiser davantage en vue de leur propre retraite via des régimes de pensions privés, sujet examiné dans la Section 4. La Section 5 examine les principaux défis auxquels doivent faire face les régimes de pensions des pays de l’OCDE. Le document se termine par des remarques de conclusion.

Suggested Citation

  • John P. Martin & Edward Whitehouse, 2008. "Reforming Retirement-Income Systems: Lessons from the Recent Experiences of OECD Countries," OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers 66, OECD Publishing.
  • Handle: RePEc:oec:elsaab:66-en
    DOI: 10.1787/241083644101
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    7. Edward Whitehouse, 2007. "Life-Expectancy Risk and Pensions: Who Bears the Burden?," OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers 60, OECD Publishing.
    8. Thai-Thanh Dang & Pablo Antolín & Howard Oxley, 2001. "Fiscal Implications of Ageing: Projections of Age-Related Spending," OECD Economics Department Working Papers 305, OECD Publishing.
    9. Pablo Antolín & Edward Whitehouse, 2009. "Filling the Pension Gap: Coverage and Value of Voluntary Retirement Savings," OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers 69, OECD Publishing.
    10. Monika Queisser & Edward Whitehouse, 2006. "Neutral or Fair?: Actuarial Concepts and Pension-System Design," OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers 40, OECD Publishing.
    11. Kwang-Yeol Yoo & Alain de Serres, 2004. "Tax Treatment of Private Pension Savings in OECD Countries and the Net Tax Cost Per Unit of Contribution to Tax-Favoured Schemes," OECD Economics Department Working Papers 406, OECD Publishing.
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    1. Luca Agnello & Nikola Altiparmakov & Michal Andrle & Maria Grazia Attinasi & Jan Babeck� & Salvador Barrios & John Bluedorn & Vladimir Borgy & Othman Bouabdallah & Andries Brandsma & Adi Brender & V, 2016. "Beyond the austerity dispute: new priorities for fiscal policy," Workshop and Conferences 20, Bank of Italy, Economic Research and International Relations Area.
    2. Grech, Aaron George, 2010. "Assessing the sustainability of pension reforms in Europe," MPRA Paper 27407, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    3. Ross Guest, 2010. "Policy Forum: Saving for Retirement: Policy Options to Increase Retirement Saving in Australia," Australian Economic Review, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research, vol. 43(3), pages 293-301, September.
    4. Martin Werding, 2016. "One Pillar Crumbling, the Others Too Short: Old-Age Provision in Germany," National Institute Economic Review, National Institute of Economic and Social Research, vol. 237(1), pages 13-21, August.
    5. Grech, Aaron George, 2012. "Evaluating the possible impact of pension reforms on future living standards in Europe," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 51296, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    6. Javier Vazquez Grenno, 2010. "Spanish pension system: Population aging and immigration policy," Hacienda Pública Española / Review of Public Economics, IEF, vol. 195(4), pages 37-64, december.
    7. Tânia Santos & Inmaculada Domínguez-Fabián, 2011. "Financial solvency of pension systems in the European Union," EcoMod2011 2916, EcoMod.
    8. María del Carmen Ramos-Herrera & Simón Sosvilla-Rivero, 2020. "Fiscal Sustainability in Aging Societies: Evidence from Euro Area Countries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(24), pages 1-20, December.
    9. Adi Brender, 2009. "Distributive Effects of Israel's Pension System," Bank of Israel Working Papers 2009.10, Bank of Israel.
    10. Delavande, Adeline & Rohwedder, Susann, 2017. "Changes in spending and labor supply in response to a Social Security benefit cut: Evidence from stated choice data," The Journal of the Economics of Ageing, Elsevier, vol. 10(C), pages 34-50.
    11. Giuseppe Carone & Per Eckefeldt & Luigi Giamboni & Veli Laine & Stéphanie Pamies Sumner, 2016. "Pension Reforms in the EU since the Early 2000's: Achievements and Challenges Ahead," European Economy - Discussion Papers 042, Directorate General Economic and Financial Affairs (DG ECFIN), European Commission.
    12. repec:cep:sticas:/161 is not listed on IDEAS
    13. Martin, John P., 2018. "Live Longer, Work Longer: The Changing Nature of the Labour Market for Older Workers in OECD Countries," IZA Discussion Papers 11510, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    14. Grech, Aaron George, 2014. "Evaluating the possible impact of pension reforms on elderly poverty in Europe," MPRA Paper 57639, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    15. Robert P. Hagemann, 2012. "Fiscal Consolidation: Part 6. What Are the Best Policy Instruments for Fiscal Consolidation?," OECD Economics Department Working Papers 937, OECD Publishing.
    16. Sabina Hod?i? & Lucija Rogi? Duman?i? & Emira Be?i?, 2019. "Financial stability of pension system in the European Union member states," Proceedings of International Academic Conferences 9912130, International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences.
    17. Gretchen Van Riesen, 2009. "The Pension Tangle: Achieving Greater Uniformity of Pension Legislation and Regulation in Canada," C.D. Howe Institute Commentary, C.D. Howe Institute, issue 294, August.

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    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • H55 - Public Economics - - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies - - - Social Security and Public Pensions
    • I38 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty - - - Government Programs; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs

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