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Impacts of Monetary Stimulus on Credit Allocation and Macroeconomy: Evidence from China

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  • Kaiji Chen
  • Patrick C. Higgins
  • Daniel F. Waggoner
  • Tao Zha

Abstract

We develop a new empirical framework to identify and estimate the effects of monetary stimulus on the real economy. The framework is applied to the Chinese economy when monetary policy in normal times was switched to an extraordinarily expansionary regime to combat the impact of the 2008 financial crisis. We show that this unprecedented monetary stimulus accounted for as high as a 4 percent increase of real gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate by the end of 2009. Monetary transmission to the real economy was through bank credit allocated disproportionately to financing investment in real estate and heavy industries. Such an asymmetric credit allocation resulted in the persistently high investment rate and debt-to-GDP ratio. Our findings provide a broad perspective on a tradeoff between short-run GDP growth and longer-run accumulated debt in response to large monetary interventions.

Suggested Citation

  • Kaiji Chen & Patrick C. Higgins & Daniel F. Waggoner & Tao Zha, 2016. "Impacts of Monetary Stimulus on Credit Allocation and Macroeconomy: Evidence from China," FRB Atlanta Working Paper 2016-9, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta.
    • Handle: RePEc:fip:fedawp:2016-09
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    Cited by:

    1. Zhang, Min & Zhang, Yahong, 2022. "Monetary stimulus policy in China: The bank credit channel," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
    2. Tianye Lin & Yangyang Ji & Sen Zhang, 2020. "Real Estate, Interest Rates, and Crowding-out Effects," CEMA Working Papers 613, China Economics and Management Academy, Central University of Finance and Economics.
    3. Cai, Yue, 2021. "Expansionary monetary policy and credit allocation: Evidence from China," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 66(C).
    4. repec:zbw:bofitp:2018_001 is not listed on IDEAS
    5. Kaiji Chen & Haoyu Gao & Patrick Higgins & Daniel F. Waggoner & Tao Zha, 2023. "Monetary Stimulus amidst the Infrastructure Investment Spree: Evidence from China's Loan‐Level Data," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 78(2), pages 1147-1204, April.
    6. repec:zbw:bofitp:2017_003 is not listed on IDEAS
    7. Qiuyi Yang & Youze Lang & Changsheng Xu, 2018. "Is the High Interest Rate Combined with Intense Deleveraging Campaign Desirable? A Collateral Mechanism under Stringent Credit Constraints," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(12), pages 1-22, December.
    8. Song, Zheng (Michael) & Xiong, Wei, 2018. "Risks in China’s financial system," BOFIT Discussion Papers 1/2018, Bank of Finland, Institute for Economies in Transition.
    9. Liu, Zheng & Spiegel, Mark M. & Zhang, Jingyi, 2021. "Optimal capital account liberalization in China," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 117(C), pages 1041-1061.
    10. Makram El-Shagi & Lunan Jiang, 2017. "China Monetary Policy Transmission in China: Dual Shocks with Dual Bond Markets," CFDS Discussion Paper Series 2017/2, Center for Financial Development and Stability at Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China.
    11. Hsiao, Cody Yu-Ling & Jin, Tao & Kwok, Simon & Wang, Xi & Zheng, Xin, 2023. "Entrepreneurial risk shocks and financial acceleration asymmetry in a two-country DSGE model," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 81(C).
    12. Chang, Chun & Liu, Zheng & Spiegel, Mark M. & Zhang, Jingyi, 2019. "Reserve requirements and optimal Chinese stabilization policy," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 33-51.
    13. Higgins, Patrick & Zha, Tao & Zhong, Wenna, 2016. "Forecasting China's economic growth and inflation," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 41(C), pages 46-61.
    14. Kaiji Chen & Tao Zha, 2018. "Macroeconomic Effects of China's Financial Policies," NBER Working Papers 25222, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    15. Fu, Buben & Wang, Bin, 2020. "The transition of China's monetary policy regime: Before and after the four trillion RMB stimulus," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 89(C), pages 273-303.
    16. Lhuissier, Stéphane, 2017. "Financial intermediaries’ instability and euro area macroeconomic dynamics," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 98(C), pages 49-72.
    17. Xiaochen Fu, 2021. "Firm Funding and Investment under Bank Credit Control Policy: Evidence from China," Journal of Applied Finance & Banking, SCIENPRESS Ltd, vol. 11(4), pages 1-5.
    18. Kaihua Deng & Dun Jia, 2018. "Backtesting Stress Tests: A Guide for M2 Forward Guidance," Annals of Economics and Finance, Society for AEF, vol. 19(2), pages 443-471, November.
    19. Wang, Bin, 2019. "Measuring the natural rate of interest of China: A time varying perspective," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 176(C), pages 117-120.
    20. Jin, Tao & Kwok, Simon & Zheng, Xin, 2022. "Financial wealth, investment, and confidence in a DSGE model for China," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 114-134.
    21. Hongyi Chen & Michael Funke & Ivan Lozev & Andrew Tsang, 2020. "To Guide or Not to Guide? Quantitative Monetary Policy Tools and Macroeconomic Dynamics in China," International Journal of Central Banking, International Journal of Central Banking, vol. 16(5), pages 49-94, October.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    asymmetric credit allocation; endogenous regime switching; debt-to-GDP ratio; heavy GDP; heavy loans; real estate; land prices; GDP growth target; nonlinear effects;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • C13 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric and Statistical Methods and Methodology: General - - - Estimation: General
    • C3 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables
    • E02 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - General - - - Institutions and the Macroeconomy
    • E5 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit

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