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Returns to Green Tasks in Europe: Evidence from Online Job Vacancies

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  • Cass, Leanne
  • Frattini, Federico Fabio
  • Saussay, Aurélien
  • Sato, Misato
  • Vona, Francesco

Abstract

There is growing evidence that green jobs have higher skill requirements, but whether they offer sufficient wage incentives to encourage workers to acquire those skills remains unclear. We study the green wage premium and its drivers to isolate the average return to green tasks using online job vacancy (OJV) data for EU countries over the period 2018-2023. We develop a transparent LLM-based approach to classify job vacancies as green when they list at least one green task. Green jobs pay a premium of 5.5% relative to comparable postings within the same occupation, and this estimate is little changed when controlling for nonmonetary job attributes making these jobs more attractive. Roughly half of this premium is explained by firm fixed effects, consistent with an important role for firm rents. An Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition shows that the higher skill complexity explains a further one tenth of the premium, leaving a residual return to green tasks of around 2%. The green wage premium is higher outside the manufacturing sector, and for low-carbon roles.

Suggested Citation

  • Cass, Leanne & Frattini, Federico Fabio & Saussay, Aurélien & Sato, Misato & Vona, Francesco, 2026. "Returns to Green Tasks in Europe: Evidence from Online Job Vacancies," FEEM Working Papers 401248, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei (FEEM).
    • Handle: RePEc:ags:feemwp:401248
    DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.401248
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    JEL classification:

    • J24 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity
    • J6 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Mobility, Unemployment, Vacancies, and Immigrant Workers
    • F64 - International Economics - - Economic Impacts of Globalization - - - Environment

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